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Question 1

what are organelles

Answer 1

Structures within a cell of which many of them are formed by the cells internal membranes

Question 2

Function of the mitochondria

Answer 2

Sausage shaped structured that are spread out throughout the cytoplasm. Known as the powerhouse of the cell as some of the chemical reactions of cellular respiration occur here

Question 3

Function of lysosomes

Answer 3

Small spheres bounded by a membrane that formed by the Golgi body - organelle contains digestive enzymes which are able to break down large molecules

Question 4

Function of the cell membrane

Answer 4

Separates the cell from neighbouring cells and separates the cell contents from the environment outside the cell

Question 5

Function of the nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane and nuclear pores

Answer 5

Contains the DNA which is contains inherited information. Controls the structure of the cell and the way it functions.

Nucleolus plays a part in the manufacture of proteins

Nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Nuclear pores allow large molecules to be able to enter and leave the nucleus

Question 6

Function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 6

To modify and package proteins for secretion from the cell.

Question 7

Function of the endoplasic reticulum

Answer 7

Provide a surface for chemical reactions, storing and transporting molecules

Question 8

Function of ribosomes

Answer 8

mRNA and tRNA join/bind together to synthesise polypeptides and proteins may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to membranes within the cell

Question 9

Function of cytoskeleton

Answer 9

Give the cell it’s shape and assist in the movement of molecules, organelles or the whole cell

Question 10

Function of chromatin

Answer 10

Packages DNA

Question 11

Function of peroxisome

Answer 11

Cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyse the production and breakdown of the hydrogen peroxide aka microbody

Question 12

Function of the centriole

Answer 12

Development of spindle fibres in cell division and involved in the reproduction of the cell

Question 13

Function of microtubule

Answer 13

Component of the cytoskeleton and connects to the chromosomes during mitosis to help with the first split

Question 14

Function of vacuole

Answer 14

Support the organelle filled with inorganic and organic molecules along with water

Question 15

Define homeostasis

Answer 15

Cellular environment is kept at a constant temperature and the concentration of fluids around the cell is kept constant

Question 16

What is cellular respiration

Answer 16

The process of which organic molecules are broken down in the cell to release energy

Question 17

Why is it important for cells to respire

Answer 17

To supply each cell with the energy it needs to function

Question 18

Chemical formula for cellular respiration

Answer 18

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 19

What happens to the waste produced in a cell

Answer 19

Products such as carbon dioxide are released into the tissue fluid as they cannot allowed to accumulate in the cell

Question 20

Define tissue and state the four different types

Answer 20

A group of cells that are similar in structure and that work together to carry out a specific function

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

Question 21

Function of epithelial tissue

Answer 21

Protection against microorganisms
Absorb nutrients during digestion
secrete hormones in glands
excrete waste in the kidneys

Question 22

Structure of epithelial tissue

Answer 22

Very closely packed together

Vary in shape from thin and flat to column and cube shaped

Question 23

Where can u find epithelial tissue

Answer 23

Linings of the lungs, stomach and intestines
Outer layer of skin
Part of the digestive and circulatory systems

Question 24

Function of connective tissue

Answer 24

Provides support for the body and helps hold all the body parts together
Provides a transport system for oxygen and other important substances within our body

Question 25

Structure of connective tissue

Answer 25

Cells are not close together | Separated from each other by large amounts of material known as matrix (non cellular)

Question 26

Where can connective tissue be found

Answer 26

Bones cartilage in external ear, tip of nose n joints tendons ligaments fat storage under the skin blood in blood vessels flows throughout the body

Question 27

Function of muscular tissue

Answer 27

Skeletal - voluntary movement of our bodies Smooth - involuntary contractions that move fluids throughout our bodies Cardiac - involuntary heart muscle that contracts which pumps blood around the body

Question 28

Structure of muscular tissue

Answer 28

Long, thin and are often called muscle fibres. Able to contract and become shorter Skeletal - multiple nuclei, striated, cylindrical Smooth - small and tapered with a single central nucleus Cardiac - branches out in a Y, single nucleus and striated with intercalated disks which connects tissue

Question 29

Location of muscular tissue

Answer 29

Skeletal - connected to bones Cardiac - wall of the heart Smooth - walls of hollow, internal structures

Question 30

Function of nervous tissue

Answer 30

Communication network Serious changes in the environment both internal and external Integration and interpretation of sensory information Motor output - movement, changes in body are initiated

Question 31

Structure of nervous tissue

Answer 31

Dendrites, axon and cell body Neurons which conduct electrochemical signals Giant cell which insulated and maintains 3 neurons - motor, sensory and interneurons

Question 32

Where can nervous tissue be found

Answer 32

Central nervous system - brain and spinal chord | Peripheral nervous system - body

Question 33

Functions of the cell membrane

Answer 33

Physical barrier Regulates passage of materials Sensitivity detects changes Support system which works with the cytoskeleton to provide shale and strength to the whole cell

Question 34

Difference between active and passive transport

Answer 34

Active energy requires energy, moves from a low to a high conc. area and travels AGAISNT conc. gradient Passive requires no energy, moves from high to low conc. and travels ALONG the conc. gradient

Question 35

Explain movement of materials through diffusion

Answer 35

Random movement of particles from an area of high to low conc. Greater the gradient the faster the transport Molecules are evenly spread - dynamic equilibrium Net diffusion is the amount of molecules moving along this conc. gradient

Question 36

What materials are seen in diffusion

Answer 36

Small - oxygen and carbon dioxide fit between lipid tales Fats - dissuade through the lipid part of the cell membrane e.g. Alcohol, steroids Water soluble - pass through protein channels e.g. Water, ions

Question 37

Explain the movement of facilitated diffusion

Answer 37

Protein transports molecule along the concentration gradient with no energy required

Question 38

What materials are seen in facilitated diffusion

Answer 38

Channel proteins - transports water soluble molecules Carrier proteins - transport specific molecules which are too large or a charged e.g. glucose

Question 39

Explain the movement of osmosis

Answer 39

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from high to low conc. of water Water: small and abundant Cell can't control movement Moves through channel proteins

Question 40

What is hypotonic solution in osmosis

Answer 40

Solution has a higher conc. of solute outside than inside the cell so water moves inside the cell meaning if too much water comes in, cell can swell and burst open

Question 41

What is hypertonic solution in osmosis

Answer 41

Higher conc. inside the cell than outside meaning water moves out of the cell. If too much water leaves then the cell can swell

Question 42

What is isotonic solution in osmosis

Answer 42

The conc. of solute in the solution is equal to the conc. of solute inside the cell

Question 43

What is protein pumps

Answer 43

Transport proteins that require energy to do work - protein changes shape to move molecules

Question 44

What is endocytosis

Answer 44

Taking bulky material into a cell by forming a vesicle. Cell membrane uses energy to fold in around particles Pinocytosis - taking in of liquid - drinking Phagocytosis- taking in of solids - eating

Question 45

What is exocytosis

Answer 45

Material is removed from the cell in bulk Membrane surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane and cell changes shape requiring energy. Hormones and waste is released from the cell

Question 46

What are some factors that affect the exchange of materials across the cell membrane

Answer 46

Surface area to volume ratio Concentration of gradient Physical and chemical nature of the materials being exchanged

Question 47

Nutrients and their uses + where they can be obtained | Water

Answer 47

Fluid in which other substances are dissolved. Chemical reactions in the cell occur in water and water molecules may take part in some reactions

Question 48

Nutrients and their uses + where they can be obtained | Carbohydrates

Answer 48

Main source of energy for cells, broken down into simple sugars ( glucose ) which are then broken down in cellular respiration to release energy

Question 49

Nutrients and their uses + where they can be obtained | Lipids

Answer 49

Broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Glycerol can be broken down to release energy

Question 50

Nutrients and their uses + where they can be obtained | Proteins

Answer 50

Broken down into amino acids, aa molecules can be assembled into new proteins. Most important proteins are made in enzymes which control metabolism by controlling the chemical reactions which occur in the body

Question 51

Nutrients and their uses + where they can be obtained | Minerals

Answer 51

Part of enzymes, function as co factors for enzymes or part of ATP

Question 52

Nutrients and their uses + where they can be obtained | Vitamins

Answer 52

Act as co enzymes for many of the chemical reactions in metabolism

Question 53

Define and give examples of anabolic reactions

Answer 53

Building metabolic process of which simple molecules build into more complex substances. Require energy to create bonds between molecules Examples: protein synthesis to make hormones, muscles and hair DNA replication

Question 54

Define and give examples of catabolic reactions

Answer 54

Destructive metabolic process of which complex substances are broken down into simpler ones which releases energy Examples: Cellular respiration Break down of fat to form glucose

Question 55

Define enzymes

Answer 55

Proteins that catalyse or increase rate of specific chemical reactions without themselves being altered

Question 56

Characteristics of enzymes

Answer 56

``` Proteins Catalyse Lowering activation energy Not used or altered Reaction specific Work in special conditions Denatured by heat ```

Question 57

Enzymes can be affected by what

Answer 57

``` pH Temperature Presence of inhibitors Co factors and enzymes Concentration reactants and products ```

Question 58

What is the process of anaerobic respiration and the word equation

Answer 58

Breakdown of glucose to Pyruvic acid in cytoplasm in the absence of oxygen Glucose > 2ap + lactic acid

Question 59

What is the process of aerobic and word equation

Answer 59

Breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water in the cytoplasm an mitochondria in the presence of oxygen Glucose + oxygen = 38ATP + carbon dioxide + water

Question 60

Location of anaerobic respiration

Answer 60

Cytoplasm

Question 61

Location of aerobic respiration

Answer 61

Mitochondria - inner membrane