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HB test 1 > everythinggg > Flashcards

everythinggg Flashcards

1
Q

what are organelles

A

Structures within a cell of which many of them are formed by the cells internal membranes

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2
Q

Function of the mitochondria

A

Sausage shaped structured that are spread out throughout the cytoplasm. Known as the powerhouse of the cell as some of the chemical reactions of cellular respiration occur here

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3
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Small spheres bounded by a membrane that formed by the Golgi body - organelle contains digestive enzymes which are able to break down large molecules

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4
Q

Function of the cell membrane

A

Separates the cell from neighbouring cells and separates the cell contents from the environment outside the cell

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5
Q

Function of the nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane and nuclear pores

A

Contains the DNA which is contains inherited information. Controls the structure of the cell and the way it functions.

Nucleolus plays a part in the manufacture of proteins

Nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Nuclear pores allow large molecules to be able to enter and leave the nucleus

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6
Q

Function of the Golgi apparatus

A

To modify and package proteins for secretion from the cell.

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7
Q

Function of the endoplasic reticulum

A

Provide a surface for chemical reactions, storing and transporting molecules

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8
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

mRNA and tRNA join/bind together to synthesise polypeptides and proteins may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to membranes within the cell

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9
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Give the cell it’s shape and assist in the movement of molecules, organelles or the whole cell

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10
Q

Function of chromatin

A

Packages DNA

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11
Q

Function of peroxisome

A

Cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyse the production and breakdown of the hydrogen peroxide aka microbody

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12
Q

Function of the centriole

A

Development of spindle fibres in cell division and involved in the reproduction of the cell

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13
Q

Function of microtubule

A

Component of the cytoskeleton and connects to the chromosomes during mitosis to help with the first split

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14
Q

Function of vacuole

A

Support the organelle filled with inorganic and organic molecules along with water

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15
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Cellular environment is kept at a constant temperature and the concentration of fluids around the cell is kept constant

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16
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

The process of which organic molecules are broken down in the cell to release energy

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17
Q

Why is it important for cells to respire

A

To supply each cell with the energy it needs to function

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18
Q

Chemical formula for cellular respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

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19
Q

What happens to the waste produced in a cell

A

Products such as carbon dioxide are released into the tissue fluid as they cannot allowed to accumulate in the cell

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20
Q

Define tissue and state the four different types

A

A group of cells that are similar in structure and that work together to carry out a specific function

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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21
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

Protection against microorganisms
Absorb nutrients during digestion
secrete hormones in glands
excrete waste in the kidneys

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22
Q

Structure of epithelial tissue

A

Very closely packed together

Vary in shape from thin and flat to column and cube shaped

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23
Q

Where can u find epithelial tissue

A

Linings of the lungs, stomach and intestines
Outer layer of skin
Part of the digestive and circulatory systems

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24
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

Provides support for the body and helps hold all the body parts together
Provides a transport system for oxygen and other important substances within our body

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25
Q

Structure of connective tissue

A

Cells are not close together

Separated from each other by large amounts of material known as matrix (non cellular)

26
Q

Where can connective tissue be found

A

Bones
cartilage in external ear, tip of nose n joints
tendons
ligaments
fat storage under the skin
blood in blood vessels flows throughout the body

27
Q

Function of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal - voluntary movement of our bodies
Smooth - involuntary contractions that move fluids throughout our bodies
Cardiac - involuntary heart muscle that contracts which pumps blood around the body

28
Q

Structure of muscular tissue

A

Long, thin and are often called muscle fibres. Able to contract and become shorter
Skeletal - multiple nuclei, striated, cylindrical
Smooth - small and tapered with a single central nucleus
Cardiac - branches out in a Y, single nucleus and striated with intercalated disks which connects tissue

29
Q

Location of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal - connected to bones
Cardiac - wall of the heart
Smooth - walls of hollow, internal structures

30
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

Communication network
Serious changes in the environment both internal and external
Integration and interpretation of sensory information
Motor output - movement, changes in body are initiated

31
Q

Structure of nervous tissue

A

Dendrites, axon and cell body
Neurons which conduct electrochemical signals
Giant cell which insulated and maintains
3 neurons - motor, sensory and interneurons

32
Q

Where can nervous tissue be found

A

Central nervous system - brain and spinal chord

Peripheral nervous system - body

33
Q

Functions of the cell membrane

A

Physical barrier
Regulates passage of materials
Sensitivity detects changes
Support system which works with the cytoskeleton to provide shale and strength to the whole cell

34
Q

Difference between active and passive transport

A

Active energy requires energy, moves from a low to a high conc. area and travels AGAISNT conc. gradient

Passive requires no energy, moves from high to low conc. and travels ALONG the conc. gradient

35
Q

Explain movement of materials through diffusion

A

Random movement of particles from an area of high to low conc.
Greater the gradient the faster the transport
Molecules are evenly spread - dynamic equilibrium
Net diffusion is the amount of molecules moving along this conc. gradient

36
Q

What materials are seen in diffusion

A

Small - oxygen and carbon dioxide fit between lipid tales

Fats - dissuade through the lipid part of the cell membrane e.g. Alcohol, steroids

Water soluble - pass through protein channels e.g. Water, ions

37
Q

Explain the movement of facilitated diffusion

A

Protein transports molecule along the concentration gradient with no energy required

38
Q

What materials are seen in facilitated diffusion

A

Channel proteins - transports water soluble molecules

Carrier proteins - transport specific molecules which are too large or a charged e.g. glucose

39
Q

Explain the movement of osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from high to low conc. of water
Water: small and abundant
Cell can’t control movement
Moves through channel proteins

40
Q

What is hypotonic solution in osmosis

A

Solution has a higher conc. of solute outside than inside the cell so water moves inside the cell meaning if too much water comes in, cell can swell and burst open

41
Q

What is hypertonic solution in osmosis

A

Higher conc. inside the cell than outside meaning water moves out of the cell. If too much water leaves then the cell can swell

42
Q

What is isotonic solution in osmosis

A

The conc. of solute in the solution is equal to the conc. of solute inside the cell

43
Q

What is protein pumps

A

Transport proteins that require energy to do work - protein changes shape to move molecules

44
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Taking bulky material into a cell by forming a vesicle. Cell membrane uses energy to fold in around particles
Pinocytosis - taking in of liquid - drinking
Phagocytosis- taking in of solids - eating

45
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Material is removed from the cell in bulk

Membrane surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane and cell changes shape requiring energy. Hormones and waste is released from the cell

46
Q

What are some factors that affect the exchange of materials across the cell membrane

A

Surface area to volume ratio
Concentration of gradient
Physical and chemical nature of the materials being exchanged

47
Q

Nutrients and their uses + where they can be obtained

Water

A

Fluid in which other substances are dissolved. Chemical reactions in the cell occur in water and water molecules may take part in some reactions

48
Q

Nutrients and their uses + where they can be obtained

Carbohydrates

A

Main source of energy for cells, broken down into simple sugars ( glucose ) which are then broken down in cellular respiration to release energy

49
Q

Nutrients and their uses + where they can be obtained

Lipids

A

Broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Glycerol can be broken down to release energy

50
Q

Nutrients and their uses + where they can be obtained

Proteins

A

Broken down into amino acids, aa molecules can be assembled into new proteins. Most important proteins are made in enzymes which control metabolism by controlling the chemical reactions which occur in the body

51
Q

Nutrients and their uses + where they can be obtained

Minerals

A

Part of enzymes, function as co factors for enzymes or part of ATP

52
Q

Nutrients and their uses + where they can be obtained

Vitamins

A

Act as co enzymes for many of the chemical reactions in metabolism

53
Q

Define and give examples of anabolic reactions

A

Building metabolic process of which simple molecules build into more complex substances. Require energy to create bonds between molecules
Examples:
protein synthesis to make hormones, muscles and hair
DNA replication

54
Q

Define and give examples of catabolic reactions

A

Destructive metabolic process of which complex substances are broken down into simpler ones which releases energy
Examples:
Cellular respiration
Break down of fat to form glucose

55
Q

Define enzymes

A

Proteins that catalyse or increase rate of specific chemical reactions without themselves being altered

56
Q

Characteristics of enzymes

A 
Proteins 
Catalyse 
Lowering activation energy 
Not used or altered 
Reaction specific 
Work in special conditions 
Denatured by heat
57
Q

Enzymes can be affected by what

A 
pH
Temperature 
Presence of inhibitors 
Co factors and enzymes 
Concentration reactants and products
58
Q

What is the process of anaerobic respiration and the word equation

A

Breakdown of glucose to Pyruvic acid in cytoplasm in the absence of oxygen

Glucose > 2ap + lactic acid

59
Q

What is the process of aerobic and word equation

A

Breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water in the cytoplasm an mitochondria in the presence of oxygen

Glucose + oxygen = 38ATP + carbon dioxide + water

60
Q

Location of anaerobic respiration

A

Cytoplasm

61
Q

Location of aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria - inner membrane

HB test 1 (1 decks)

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