EVERYTHING TO KNOW FOR EXAM LOLLLL NIGHT BEFORE REVISION Flashcards
globalisation
the process by which states are becoming more connected through the increasing efficiency of the movement of goods, services, people, and the development of technology.
sovereignty
refers to the capacity of a state to exercise effective control of its territory within defined and recognized borders
social impacts of globalisation
increases in connections between people of different cultures due to migration
economic impacts of globalisation
rapid economic growth in some developing states, however it can also lead to the exploitation of labor
political impact of globalisation
expedites the impact of political movements and creates globalised political issues
positive impacts of tncs
reducing the rate of unemployment and boosting the economy.
negative impacts of tncs
exploitation of workers in developing countries and produces waste to maintain trends, which pollutes the environment
impacts of globalisation on states and populations
- economic growth in both developed and developing states, due to vast increases in trade and easy access to cheap labor in developing states
- greater economic inter-dependence which discourages major wars between states.
- environmental issues to many developing states
- cheap labor causes local industries to collapse
- food prices in developing states to rise past an affordable level.
define refugee
a person who is forced to seek protection in another state due to fear of persecution as a result of nationality, ethnicity, race, religion, social group or political views
define asylum seeker
a person who is forced to seek protection in another country due to fear of persecution as a result of nationality, ethnicity, race, religion, social group or political views, however is yet to have their claim processed and is not legally classified as a refugee.
operation sovereign borders
Australia’s border protection policy: turning back all boats approaching Australia and implementing offshore detention, refusing visas to boat arrivals
aus refugee intake
limit of 13,750 refugees annually
plane arrival policy
allowed to live in the community while their claim is being processed, and then are allowed to resettle once granted refugee status
example of right given to refugees by treaty (violated)
2
- protection against unlawful expulsion or detention
- freedom of movement
example of obligation on refugee states from treaty (violated)
2
- as far as possible, provide refugees the same rights as citizens of the state
- provide protection for refugees whose claims have been found to be genuine
boat arrivals policy
denied resettlement to asylum seekers arriving by boat since July 19th 2013
conventions of refugees
1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees and 1967 Optional Protocol on Refugees
non-refoulement
no refugee should be returned to a country where they would face persecution
australian policies: realism
exercises its right as a sovereign state to control the flow of people in and out of its borders by denying visas and resettlement to asylum seekers who arrive by boat
(states should protect their own national interests above all else.)
australian policies: realism
exercises its right as a sovereign state to control the flow of people in and out of its borders by denying visas and resettlement to asylum seekers who arrive by boat
(states should protect their own national interests above all else.)
australian policies: cosmopolitanism
greens party claim seeking asylum is a human right and immigration must be non-discriminatory.
imitates the element of Cosmopolitanism that promotes a single, international community.
(all people deserve equal treatment and share a common humanity)
australian policies: cosmopolitanism
greens party claim seeking asylum is a human right and immigration must be non-discriminatory.
imitates the element of Cosmopolitanism that promotes a single, international community.
(all people deserve equal treatment and share a common humanity)
define terrorism
Terrorism is the act of committing or threatening to commit lethal violence, which aims to achieve a political goal
causes of terrorism
motivated by a sense of injustice against either their ethnic/religious/national group.
terrorism cause by extreme religious/racial ideologies
‘Islamic State’ group justifies its extreme violence through a distorted interpretation of Islamic beliefs from the Koran
White Supremacists justify terrorism in the name of achieving racial ‘purity’.
multilateral responses to terrorism
involve multiple states cooperating to resolve and issue, such as the coordinated airstrike on Iraq and Syria by Iraqi, U.S, French and Australian air forces intended to drive IS out of their occupied territory
challenges faced by states in preventing terrorism
- States can’t stop online radicalisation through YouTube and blogs
- airstrikes are mostly ineffective against terrorist groups who are difficult to locate
- balance between laws that protect the security of civilians against terrorist attacks without undermining principles of liberal democracy
effectiveness of responses to terrorism
Changing laws can be seen as a win for terrorists. New regulations restrict civil liberties and remove democratic rights. However, can help detain potential terrorists and stop terrorist acts from occurring
example of radicalisation online
15 year old boy from nsw in october, 2015, shot dead a civillian worker at a police station after being radicalised online and given a gun
example of violation of civil rights (law introduced to combat terrorism)
the Justice Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act introduced in Victoria in 2018 which allows for preventative detention of terror suspects for up to 4 days for an adult and 36 hours for a child
example of extremist islamist group excluding is
Boko Haram in Nigeria. seeking to establish an Islamic state in Nigeria and end ‘western education’. The group abducted over 200 schoolgirls in April, 2014
example of white supremacist terrorism
Anders Brevik in 2011. Brevik enacted a large scale massacre of young members of the Labour Party in Norway, as he blamed the party for the increase in Muslims due to their immigration policies.
role of UN in protecting human rights
- provide a platform for states to resolve disputes diplomatically.
- works collaboratively with states to encourage respect for rights and freedoms.
- Further, the UNGA can introduce international laws, which states can sign or ratify.
role of NGOs in protecting human rights
- external force to put pressure on states in order to protect human rights.
- Most NGOs provide aid to disadvantaged or persecuted populations,
- used as a platform to protest human rights abuses.
example of human rights campaign
oxfam endeavors to advance the rights of First Nations peoples in Australia. divert funds away from policing and towards community programs, health initiatives to reduce life gap
UN response to child soldiers
Optional Protocol to the Convention of the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, which was instigated by the UNGA in 2000. Acts to prevent the use of child soldiers in armed conflict.
NGO response to child soldiers
- build resistance to child recruitment in communities,
- reintegrate children who have been demobilized,
- persuade governments and armed groups to end child recruitment.
effectiveness of responses to human rights
Successful in pressuring or negotiating the release of child soldiers from both state and non-state groups.
However, there are still 14 states remaining on the UN’s list that are abusing children as soldiers in armed conflict
