Everything I need to know for plant and animal responses:

Question 1

Taxis definition
- In response to what…
- How does it occur

Answer 1

Directional movement in response to a stimuli. Movement can be positive or negative
(Uses sensory organs/appendages to detect the strength of stimulus)

Question 2

Kinesis definition

Answer 2

Non-directional movement in response to a stimulus
(randomly increases the chance of going into a favourable environment)

Question 3

Orthokinesis

Answer 3

change in speed

Question 4

Klinokinesis

Answer 4

change in rate of turning

Question 5

Homing

Answer 5

The ability of an organism to find its way home over unfamiliar territory

Question 6

Migration

Answer 6

Regular, often repeated and seasonal, mass movement of animals from one place to another, linked to feeding and breeding)

Question 7

Day neutral plants

Answer 7

A plant in which flowering can occur irrespective of the day length

Question 8

Endogenous

Answer 8

Rhythm controlled by an internal clock due to their DNA

Question 9

Entrainment

Answer 9

The resetting of the biological clock on a regular basis, forcing it to take up the period of the environmental cue

Question 10

Free running period

Answer 10

The period of a biological clock rhythm in the absence of external environmental cues

Question 11

Auxin

Answer 11

Synthesised in the shoot tips and is responsible for cell elongation in the plant stem

Question 12

Phase shift

Answer 12

When light/dark is altered, the phase shift is the amount by which the period alters

Question 13

Photoperiodism

Answer 13

The response of an organism to changes in day length ( a photoperiod)

Question 14

Phytochrome - during the day

Answer 14

Pr — Pfr

Question 15

Phytochrome - during the night

Answer 15

Pfr — Pr

Question 16

Long day plant phytochrome concentration

Answer 16

High conc of Pfr and this will initiate flowering

Question 17

Short day plant phytochrome concentration

Answer 17

High conc of Pr (low conc of Pfr) initiate flowering

Question 18

SCN

Answer 18

Cells in the brain which receive information from the retina in the eye and connect to the pineal gland
(Suprachiasmatic Nucleus)

Question 19

Zeitgeber

Answer 19

An external/environmental cue that entrains an organisms biologial rhythms
(provides stimulus setting or resetting)

Question 20

Tropism definition

Answer 20

Directional Growth in response to a stimuli - can be positive or negative

Question 21

Nastic/ Nasty definition

Answer 21

Non- directional movement in response to stimuli. It is fast and reversible

Question 22

How to tropism responses occur:

Answer 22

Auxin. It’s produced in the tips of roofs and shoots. In shoots it accumulated on the shaded/untouched side of the shoot, causing the cells to elongate and the shoot to grow in a certain direction. In roots auxin INHIBITS cell elongation, so growth will be in other direction (the shaded side contains more auxin and grow less, so the root bends away from the light).

Question 23

How do nastic responses occur

Answer 23

Rapid change in the ion concentration (K+/ potassium ions) of cells. As the ions move out of the cells, so does the water through osmosis. This loss of water from the cell vacuole changes the Turgor pressure of the cell. This can be quickly reversed by the movement of ions back into the cells and increasing turgor pressure)
When this occurs in the cells on one side e.g of the ptiole/ leaf stalk the leaves will bend and move (e.g. venus flytrap).

Question 24

Types of interspecific relationships:

Answer 24

Competition, Mutualism, commensalism, Parasitism, herbivory, predation

Question 25

Types of intraspecific relationships:

Answer 25

Competition, Hierarchies, territories, Courtship/Pair bonding, Parental care

Question 26

Types of mimicry:

Answer 26

Batesian - Mimics a toxic model, without having those traits itself

Mullerian = Two or more species have similar traits that predators have learned to avoid e.g. bright colors
e.g. markings of snakes (red, black yellow vs yellow, red, black etc)

Question 27

Linear hierarchies

Answer 27

One individual dominates all the other individuals in a group, the second dominates all but the first, and so on, until the bottom, where one individual is not dominant over any others (e.g. pecking order)

Question 28

Complex hierarchies:

Answer 28

Affiliations and subordinate groupings (more and less powerful) generally an alpha male in charge
(Maintained through dominance and submissive behaviours)

Question 29

Competition: aggressive vs. agnostic behaviours

Answer 29

Aggressive = Threats or harmful actions towards another individual (inter and intra)

Agnostic= Between members of the same species, not always competition, and can be appeasement or avoidance

Question 30

Monogamy + advantage

Answer 30

one mate during life time
= Shared cost of raising the young, defend and protect

Question 31

Polygyny + advantage

Answer 31

male mates with multiple females
= Males increased reproductive success (but could reduce genetic diversity and cause inbreeding)

Question 32

Polyandry + advantage

Answer 32

Female mates with multiple males
= Females have higher reproductive success

Question 33

Polygynandry + advantage

Answer 33

multiple males mate with multiple females (e.g. a social group)
= Females increased reproductive success, greater genetic diversity, less competition of males, greater care of young from group

Question 34

Parental care:

Answer 34

The investment of time and energy into raising offspring

Question 35

K strategy definition

Answer 35

A small number of offspring + higher level of parental input

(fewer reproductive events, larger offspring, slow growing populations)

Question 36

R strategy definition

Answer 36

A large number of offspring + little to no parental input

(many reproductive events, short lived individuals, fast growing populations,

Question 37

Pros and cons of R Strategy

Answer 37

Pros = High chance of SOME individuals surviving due to large quantity. More energy into reproductive output, but less energy spent on parental care

Cons= Lower chance of survival per individual

Question 38

Pros and cons of K Strategy

Answer 38

Pros = Increased survival and success of alleles being passed on (offspring can grow and reproduce)

Cons = Energy costs of raising young

Question 39

Courtship in animals, purpose and benefits:

Answer 39

To facilitate atraction and mate with the oppostie sex (sexual dimorphism from displays)

Question 40

Group living advantages and disadvantages:

Answer 40

Pros = Increases chance of survival, decreased predation, increases resource gathering and protection, group raises young together = offspring survival

Cons = Spread of disease, intraspecific competition, inbreeding