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Question 1

What are the degrees of hearing loss

Answer 1

Normal: -10-15dB
Slight: 16-25dB
Mild: 26-40dB
Moderate: 41-55dB
Mod-Severe: 56-70dB
Severe: 71-90dB
Profound: 91+dB

Question 2

Unilateral UMN Dysarthria Info

Answer 2

Damage area: one side of UMN
Description: one-sided facial weakness, harsh voice, artic imprecision
Keyword: weakness, incoordination, spasticity

Question 3

Hyperkinetic Dysarthria Info

Answer 3

Damage area: basal ganglia
Description: involuntary movement, artic breakdown, voice stoppages
Keyword: involuntary movement (HD)

Question 4

Hypokinetic Dysarthria Info

Answer 4

Damage area: basal ganglia
Description: reduced volume, breathy/rough voice, reduced artic production (tongue weakness), irregular pacing/timing of words, reduced intonation/prosody,
Keyword: rigid, decreased ROM (PD)

Question 5

Ataxic Dysarthria Info

Answer 5

Damage area: cerebellum
Description: slow, harsh, uncoordinated speech sounds, prolonged phonemes, inaccurate phonemes of same sound could vary
Keyword: incoordination aka drunken speech (stroke, atrophy, MS, toxicity (alcoholism), SCA)

Question 6

Flaccid Dysarthria Info

Answer 6

Damage area: LMN
Description: hypernasal, breathy (frequent breaths), monopitch, slow-slurred, stridor
Keyword: weakness (Bell’s Palsy)

Question 7

Spastic Dysarthria Info

Answer 7

Damage area: bilateral UMN
Description: slow, imprecise, effortful, prolonged phonemes, harsh/strained, low pitch/loudness
Keyword: tight muscles (brainstem stroke, TBI or CP)

Question 8

Broca’s Aphasia Info

Answer 8

Damage area: frontal lobe
Description: non-fluent, effortful voice, agrammatic, telegraphic (omits words)
Intact: receptive skills and awareness
Problems with: repetition of words/phrases, writing, maybe reading

Question 9

Wernicke’s Aphasia Info

Answer 9

Damage area: left temporal gyrus
Description: fluent, neologism (creation of words), paraphasia (jumbled words/sentences), ok grammar
Intact: grammar and prosody
Problems with: repetition of words/phrases, receptive skills, reading, and writing

Question 10

Global Aphasia Info

Answer 10

Damage area: varies
Description: non-fluent, anomia (word finding)
Intact: everything varies
Problems with: everything varies

Question 11

Conduction Aphasia Info

Answer 11

Damage area: parietal lobe
Description: fluent, anomia (word finding), phonemic paraphasia (jumbled words/sentences)
Intact: receptive skills and awareness
Problems with: repetition of words/phrases

Question 12

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia Info

Answer 12

Damage area: behind Wernicke’s area
Description: fluent speech and semantic paraphasia (jumbled words/sentences)
Intact: repetition skills, maybe reading and writing
Problems with: receptive skills, awareness, maybe reading/writing

Question 13

Transcortical Motor Aphasia Info

Answer 13

Damage area: motor cortex in front of Broca’s area
Description: non-fluent speech, anomia ( word finding)
Intact: receptive and repetition skills
Problems with: writing and awareness

Question 14

Speech development and ages

Answer 14

reflexive vocalizing: automatic responses like burping (0-2m)
cooing: sounds made in the back of the mouth (2-4m)
vocal play: squealing, growls, and the start of CV syllables (4-6m)
babbling: reduplicated CVCV or variegated CV chains with differing sounds (6m+)
emergent: jargon and sentence like intonations (9+m)

Question 15

Form, Content, & Use (subcategories and meanings)

Answer 15

Form
phonology: speech sound patterns
syntax: word order
morphology: word endings (smallest unit of words)

Content
semantics: word meaning

Use
pragmatics: words used in social interactions

Question 16

Vocab Milestones (how many words at what age)

Answer 16

12m: 0
15m: 3
18m: 5-6
24m: 200-300
30m: 450
36m: 1000+

Question 17

Cranial Nerves for Speech

Answer 17

CN5: Trigeminal- muscles for chewing and jaw movement (B)
CN7: Facial- front of the tongue, muscles for facial expressions (B)
CN9: Glossopharyngeal- back of tongue (B)
CN10: Vagas- larynx, pharynx, and velum movement (B)
CN11: Accessory- neck/shoulder (M)
CN12: Hypoglossal- tongue movement (M)

Question 18

5 Language Theories and their theorists

Answer 18

Nature: Chomsky- language skills are pre-determined from birth
Nurture: language skills develop via environmental experiences
Cognitive: Piaget- language develops via intellectual processes
Behavioral: Skinner- language develops via conditioning (stimulus=lang. acquisition)
Semantic: Filmore/Bloom- language stimulated due to the child’s desire to communicate

Question 19

Swallowing Phases

Answer 19

Oral phase: oral prep and transport (voluntary)

Pharyngeal (involuntary)
initiation: larynx/hyoid rises, epiglottis blocks airway, and velopharyngeal flap closes
bolus nears tongue base: pharynx walls contract
bolus nears UES: pharynx walls contract

Esophageal (involuntary)
food transport: from pharynx to stomach

Question 20

Swallowing treatment: Compensatory

Answer 20

• Swallowing maneuvers

Breath holding: supraglottic or super-supraglottic (hold breath as you swallow then cough)

Mendelsohn: swallow and hold larynx up for 1-3 seconds then swallow again

Effortful swallow: push/squeeze muscles to swallow hard

Question 21

Swallowing treatment: Sensory

Answer 21

*Muscle strengthening exercise

Lingual resistance: strengthen tongue with depressor

CTAR: (chin tuck against resistance) squeeze ball between chin and neck with max force. Strengthens UES

Shaker head lift: lay on back, lift head to look at toes, hold for 1 minute. Repeat 3x’s. Strengthens UES

EMST: (expiratory muscle strength training) pinch nose with clip/fingers, take deep breathe, hold, then blow hard/fast into device. Practice for 20-30 minutes

Question 22

Definition of Dysphonia

Answer 22

Auditory perceptual disorder

Question 23

Types of Organic Voice disorders

Answer 23

Structural: physical changes to vocal mechanisms

Neurogenic: impaired/damaged nerves used in voice structures

Question 24

Types of Functional Voice disorders

Answer 24

Misuse: improper use of voice

Psychogenic: problems caused by psychological disorders

Question 25

Auditory Structures

Answer 25

Peripheral: outer, middle, and inner ear
Central: cochlear nucleus to the primary auditory cortex

CN13; cortex located in the temporal lobe

Question 26

3 Types of hearing loss

Answer 26

Conductive: damage to outer/mid ear (air/bone gap higher than 10db)

Sensorineural: damage to inner ear/CN13 (air/bone threshold is equal, both display a loss)

Mixed: conductive and sensory loss

Question 27

ASHA CoE: Principle 1

Answer 27

honor the responsibility of the people they serve professionally or via research/scholarly activities as well as treat animals involved with humane manners

Question 28

ASHA CoE: Principle 2

Answer 28

achieve and maintain the highest level of professional competence and performance

Question 29

ASHA CoE: Principle 3

Answer 29

honor the responsibility to the public when advocating unmet needs and provide accurate info involving any aspect of the profession

Question 30

ASHA CoE: Principle 4

Answer 30

uphold dignity and autonomy of the profession, collaborate intra/interprofessional, and accept the self-imposed standards

Question 31

Dysarthria definition

Answer 31

difficulty speaking due to muscle weakness

Question 32

Aphasia definition

Answer 32

inability to comprehend/formulate language due to damage to specific parts of the brain

Question 33

Dysphagia definition

Answer 33

difficulty moving food/liquid from the mouth, throat, or esophagus, to the stomach

Question 34

Apraxia definition

Answer 34

a neurological disorder that impairs the ability to plan or program sensory commands to coincide with direct movement necessary for speech

Question 35

Voice disorders definition

Answer 35

inappropriate quality, pitch, and/or loudness of one’s voice based on age, gender, cultural background, or geographic location

Question 36

FEES info

Answer 36

-assess the larynx, surrounding structures, and secretions (have to be able to tolerate the scope)

-good for assessing food/liquid texture, laryngeal anomolies, paralysis/absence of sensation, and secretion management

• great for pre/post surgies because patient doesn’t have to be up-right

*no radiation!!

Question 37

VFSS info

Answer 37

• assess oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal function in both lateral and AP view via x-ray (30 frames per sec. typically no longer than 5 minutes)
• good for screening patients with head/neck cancer, neuro conditions affecting laryngeal strength

-only done in the up-right position

*check to make sure patients aren’t allergic to barium beforehand and great for those who can’t handle the scope

Question 38

Fluent aphasia’s

Answer 38

Wernicke’s, Trans Sensory, Conduction, and Anomic

Question 39

Nonfluent aphasia’s

Answer 39

Broca’s, Global, Trans Motor, and Mixed

Question 40

Anomic aphasia

Answer 40

Damage area:
Description: fluent, uses lots of fillers
Intact: receptive skills, repetition, and awareness, reading
Problems with: anomia, writing