Everything else Flashcards

Question

Which heart rhythm is mono / polymorphic ??

Answer 1

Lung infections, older age, infant, malignancys, wound infections,

Answer 2

1) hypo / low map reduced blood volume in systemic circulation, as blood vessels have become leaky due to an influx of white cell mediators. Blood forced out of vessels resulting in reduced volume pumped by heart 2) reduced BV results in decreased tissue perfusion, as hemoglobin helps to carry O2 to tissues, isnt happening therefore increase CO2 is in the tissues + pt ^ RR as they trying to get more O2 perfusion into tissue 3) hypoxic inadequate blood flow and subsequent O2 - therefore cell ischemia + inability for tissues to function correctly - therefore GCS/confused as hypoxic

Answer 3

1) primary insult - response to pathogen 2) Increase cytokines produces dysregulated inflammatory response 3) influx of cell mediators, disrupts vascular permiability - blood leaks from vessels into extracellular matrix. 4) results in decreased systemic circulation, blood pooling, decreased tissue perfusion. 5) cell ischemia 6) tissue death 7) multiorgan failure

Answer 4

depends on MOI blunt (baseball bat) mechanical thermal (hot/cold) chemical (acid) electrical O2 dep Radiation expos

Answer 5

MOI - causes inflamm response - vasoconstriction/shock therefore increase HR, RR, SBP, decrease o2

Answer 6

1) FNO (establish if brain, peripheries, muscle and skin receptors are functioning effectively) 2) C.spine Precautions (ensure stability of cervical spine has not been compromised) 3) Falls risk assessment (could result in further injury)

Answer 7

Pregnant Supine Hypotensive Syndrome Keep pregnant patients in left lateral decubitus position to avoid excessive hypotension Paediatric treatment focus: 1) Fluid resuscitation – 20ml/kg of 0.9% saline and repeat if necessary 2) Treat raised intracranial pressure – 20% mannitol or 3% saline

Answer 8

1) Tension pneumothorax MIDLINE SHIFT + ATELECTASIS influx of air into pleural space, resulting in ^ pressure therefore causing decreased space for lung expansion. S+S ?: WOB, SOB, incr RR, uneven breath sounds. 2) Haemothorax - penetrating trauma Blood collecting in pleural space S+S: decreased SBP, increase WOB, SOB, increased RR, diminished breath sounds. 3) Flail chest 2 or more broken ribs that move seperately when breathing. 4) Open pneumothorax Opening of chest cavity where air enters pleural space. Increased air pressure and decreased ability for lungs to expand. S+S: Increased RR, decrease O2, impairs O2 ventilation.

Answer 9

- Blood filling in pericardium - Becks triad 1hypotension 2distended jug veins 3muffled heart sounds

Answer 10

ALL decrease tissue perfusion, hypoxia, decrease GCS + SBP with increase HR 1haemorrhagic 2obstructive (CT + tension pneu) 3Neurogenic shock *SPI

Answer 11

1needle decompression 2nd intercostal space, midclav 2tube thoracostomy 5th intercostal anterior axillary line

Answer 12

cricothyrotomy is usually done in an emergent situation when you are unable to intubate someone and need to get access to someone's airway in a hurry. It's done through the cricothyroid membrane (through the Adam's apple). A tracheostomy is placed lower down in the trachea, between the tracheal rings. It can be placed in an operating room or at the bedside in an ICU setting. It is usually placed if someone is going to need the support of a ventilator for a long time This allows the patient to talk and not have the extreme discomfort of a tube going down his mouth into his trachea.

Answer 13

hypertension, age, DVT prev, bad lifestyle choices etc

Answer 14

Anticoagulant + antiplatelet, angiogram (blood clots + vessel issues)

Answer 15

Fluid Administration: Plasma Volume Expanders Goal: To restore intravascular volume by boosting oncotic pressure space. Effect: Increases several hemodynamic factors: Central Venous Pressure (CVP) Cardiac Output Types of Fluid Expanders: 1. Crystalloid Solutions Common Types: Normal Saline Hartmann’s Solution (CSL) Characteristics: Balanced salt solutions that easily cross capillary walls. Half-Life: 30 to 60 minutes (O'Neill, 2011). Usage: Cause rapid but short-lived plasma expansion. Effective for fluid replacement or maintaining fluid balance. Can be combined with colloids to sustain plasma volume expansion Colloid fluids Commonly used colloids include: ● Gelatins (Gelofusin) ● Albumin 4% or 20% (albumex) Colloids are better than crystalloids at expanding the circulatory volume, because their larger molecules are retained more easily in the intravascular space and increase osmotic pressure. Gelatins can cause anaphylactic reactions and there is concern regarding the possible transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad cow disease) Products also used if shock is due to hemorrhage  whole blood  Packed RBC’s