everything else

Question 1

In what part of the cell are chromosomes found

Answer 1

nucleus

Question 2

Rank the following in order of INCREASING size: DNA molecule, nucleotide base, chromosom

Answer 2

Base-chromosome-gene-dna

Question 3

Gametes are also known as __sex_____ cells. Human gametes have ______ chromosomes.

Answer 3

23

Question 4

Explain the difference between the words homozygous and heterozygous.

Answer 4

Homozygous: You inherit the same version of the gene from each parent, so you have two matching genes. Heterozygous: You inherit a different version of a gene from each parent

Question 5

Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis

Answer 5

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, whereas meiosis results in four sex cells.
mitosis-Involves one cell division 
Results in diploid daughter cells
Daughter cells are genetically identical
process is used for growth, to replace cells
meiosis-
Involves two successive cell divisions
Results in four daughter cells
Results in haploid daughter cells
Daughter cells are genetically different
process used for cells for sexual reproduction
SIMILIARITIES-
diploid parent cells
ends with cytokinesis

Question 6

3.) State 3 differences between DNA and RNA.

Dna-

Answer 6

deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, thymine base(T), Rna- Ribose sugar, single stranded, Uracil base(U)

Question 7

Describe the role Hydrogen Bonds play in DNA Structure.

Answer 7

These hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides are what keeps the two strands of a DNA helix together.

Question 8

List the 3 steps involved in DNA Replication. Describe them briefly. Include the Roles of DNA Polymerase, Ligase, Helicase, Primase and Single Stranded Binding Proteins in these steps:

Answer 8

The 3 steps are- the opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands, the priming of the template strand, and the assembly of the new DNA segment. DNA polymerases are responsible for synthesizing DNA. Helicase is the first replication enzyme to load on at the origin of replication cubed. Helicase’s job is to move the replication forks forward by “unwinding” the DNA. Proteins called single-strand binding proteins coat the separated strands of DNA near the replication fork, keeping them from coming back together into a double helix. Primase makes an RNA primer, or short stretch of nucleic acid complementary to the template, that provides a 3’ end for DNA polymerase to work on. The nicks that remain after the primers are replaced get sealed by the enzyme DNA ligase.

Question 9

Describe Semi-Conservative Replication

Answer 9

The mode by which DNA replicates. the two complementary halves of the double helix) separate during replication; each strand then serves as a template for a new DNA strand

Question 10

Describe the process Protein Synthesis.
i.) Describe transcription. Where does it occur and what is turned into what? What enzymes are involved? What steps are involved?

Answer 10

Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. It includes three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. RNA polymerase is the main transcription enzyme. takes place in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes and in nucleus in eukaryotes. It uses DNA as a template to make an RNA (mRNA) molecule. During transcription, a strand of mRNA is made that is complementary to a strand of DNA.

Question 11

ii.) Describe translation. Where does it occur and what is turned into what? Describe the role of tRNA in this process. Describe the role of the ribosome in this process. Be sure to mention the role of the start codon AUG

Answer 11

Translation, or making a protein from an mRNA sequence, occurs on ribosomes. The amino acids are brought to the ribosome by transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The tRNA pairs up with the mRNA by matching up complementary nucleotides. This ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the protein. The codon AUG both codes for methionine and serves as an initiation site: the first AUG in an mRNA’s coding region is where translation into protein begins

Question 12

what is protein synthesis?

Answer 12

Protein synthesis is the process in which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation

Question 13

Describe the steps involved in Mitosis

Answer 13

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells
Interphase,- grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division.
Prophase- chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope (the membrane surrounding the nucleus) breaks down
metaphase- all the genetic material is condensing into chromosomes
, anaphase,-each chromatid pair separates into two identical chromosomes that are pulled to opposite ends of the cell by the spindle fibres
and telophase.- the spindle disappears and the nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis is the final physical cell division that follows telophase, and is therefore sometimes considered a sixth phase of mitosis.

Question 14

Describe the role of a gamete in sexual reproduction.

Answer 14

Gametes are the cells used during sexual reproduction to produce a new individual organism or zygote.

Question 15

13.) Describe the difference between Complete, Incomplete and Co-Dominance. Use 3 monohybrid crosses between a heterozygous flower with Red (R) or white (r) petals to demonstrate this difference.

Answer 15

In complete dominance, only one allele in the genotype is seen in the phenotype. In codominance, both alleles in the genotype are seen in the phenotype. In incomplete dominance, a mixture of the alleles in the genotype is seen in the phenotype

Question 16

16. ) Describe the ABO blood system.

i. ) Describe its mode of inheritance

Answer 16

The ABO blood type is inherited in an autosomal codominant fashion.

Question 17

ii.) Describe the Alleles involved (A, B and O). Which allele acts as a “recessive” allele?

Answer 17

The A and B alleles are codominant, and the O allele is recessive

Question 18

iii.) Describe the possible Phenotypes involved in the ABO Blood System

Answer 18

AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, and OO

Question 19

17.) Differentiate between genetic and environmental impacts on phenotypes

Answer 19

An organism’s phenotype is determined by its genotype, which is the set of genes the organism carries
Environmental factors such as diet, temperature, oxygen levels, humidity, light cycles, and the presence of mutagens can all impact which of an animal’s genes are expressed, which ultimately affects the animal’s phenotype.

Question 20

21.) A particular breed of Plant can have red (RR), pink (Rr), or white (rr) petals. This is an example of what kind of dominance?

Answer 20

Incomplete dominance

Question 21

where does protein synthesis occur

Answer 21

on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 22

what are carriers

Answer 22

person who has one allele for a recessive trait. they are not affected but can pass the gene on. represented by half colouring or a dot. carriers are always heterozygous.