Everything but smoking cessation Flashcards
What is public health?
The science of protecting and improving the health of populations
What are the hallmarks of public health during the Colonial Period?
-Epidemic disease considered a sign of poor moral and spiritual connection (humorism)
-Lack of public effort (no known public health agencies)
-Quarantine and Isolation used
What is humorism?
The idea that the body is made up of four humors (bodily fluids) and an imbalance of these is what causes sickness
What are the four humors and what do they represent?
Blood -Air
Yellow Bile -Fire
Black bile -Earth
Phlegm -Water
What were the 3 treatments commonly used during the colonial period?
-Blood letting
-Purging
-Sweating
What are the hallmarks of public health during the 18th Century?
-Quarantine and isolation
-SMALLPOX
-Smallpox Law
-Poor Law
-Voluntary Hospitals
-Act for relief of sick and disabled seamen
What was the Smallpox Law?
Created during the 18th century, it required all sailors to be quarantined and isolated to prevent the spread of smallpox
What was the Poor Law?
Created in the 18th century, it required that people who could not pay for medical treatment be looked after by charitable hospitals
What are the hallmarks of public health during the 19th Century?
-Sanitation problem
-Cholera Epidemic
-Industrialization problem
-Public Health Act of 1848
-Creation of the American Public Health System!!!
What was Snow’s Theory?
-John Snow collected data about a cholera outbreak in London
-He did not believe that the epidemic was a spiritual issue
-He mapped the spread of disease across multiple cities and traced the outbreak back to a singular water pump
What changes to public health were brought about by the Spanish Flu?
-Era of socialized medicine (medical and hospital care for all)
-Reporting system
What changes to public health were brought about by National Health Agencies?
-Mental Health Awareness (Dorothea Diks)
-Social responsibility
-Health department laboratories (experimented on treatments)
-Bacteriology (pasteurization)
-Role Expansion (majority of the male population was not fit for military service, led to increased medical access)
What other overarching differences were created in public health by National Health Agencies?
-Prevention vs Treatment
-Population-Level vs Individual-Level therapy
-Ranked Prevention
-Health Promotion vs Symptom Promotion
-Interdisciplinary Collaboration
What is “Conventional Medicine”?
Medicine practiced by a MD/DO or other healthcare professional
Evidence-based with guidelines
What is “Complementary Medicine”?
Nontraditional medicine used TOGETHER with conventional medicine
What is “Alternative Medicine”?
Nontraditional approach used IN PLACE OF conventional medicine
What is “Integrative Medicine”?
COORDINATED patient-centered care between patients, providers, and institutions
What are the reasons why people use CAM?
-Natural so perceived as safe
-Easy Access
-Hope (desperation)
-Dissatisfaction
-Adjunctive therapy
-Independence
-Cultural tradition
What is the most commonly used CAM?
Natural products
(nonvitamin/ nonmineral)
What is the most common condition treated with CAM?
Pain
What is manipulative and body-base practice?
Manipulation and/or movement of one or more body parts
ex: chiropractic and massage
What is the of Mind and Body Medicine?
Enhances the mind’s ability to affect physical functioning and promote health
What is energy medicine and what are some examples of it?
Involves the use of energy fields
Biofield: affects energy that surrounds and penetrates the body (reiki, healing touch)
Bioelectromagnetic: uses electromagnetic fields
What is homeopathy based on?
-Like cures like
-Law of minimum dose
How does homeopathy work?
Placebo effect!
-many remedies are so dilute that no molecules of the original substance remain
What is primary prevention?
An intervention that prevents the disease process from ever beginning
How can you remember “primary prevention”?
Primary= PREVENT
What is secondary prevention?
An intervention that identifies and stops a disease early on before the individual realizes anything is wrong (asymptomatic)
How can you remember “secondary prevention”?
Secondary= SCREENING
What is tertiary prevention?
An intervention that is used for individuals already having clinical signs of a disease.
-These interventions attempt to cure, decrease morbidity, decrease mortality, or increase quality of life
How can you remember “tertiary prevention”?
Tertiary= TREAT
What is the main service provided by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)?
Screenings
What do the different letter grades assigned by the USPSTF indicate?
A + B= Recommended
C= Depends on the patient’s situation
D= Not recommended
I= Not enough evidence to make a recommendation
Who should be screened for hypertension?
Adults > or = 18yo
How often should patients be screened for hypertension?
18-39yo: every 3-5 years
40 yo or those at high risk: annually
Who should be screened for Prediabetes and Diabetes?
Adults (35 to 70 yo) who are overweight or obese
How often should patients be screened for prediabetes and diabetes?
Every 3 years
Who should be screened for Hepatitis C?
Adults (18-79yo)
How often should patients be screened for Hepatitis C?
Most adults= one time screening
Those at risk (ex: injection drug users)= periodically
Who should be screened for HIV?
Non-pregnant adolescents and adults (15-65yo)
–Pregnant women
How often should patients be screened for HIV?
Non-pregnant adolescents and adults:
-Insufficient evidence
-Repeat screening is reasonable among persons at high risk
Pregnant women:
-During the third trimester
Who should be screened for tobacco use?
Adults > or = 18yo
How often should patients be screened for tobacco use?
Every health visit (vital sign)
How many Americans have high blood pressure?
Nearly half
(about 120 million)
What is the protocol for conducting blood pressure screenings?
-Ensure proper technique
—Feet flat on floor, not crossed
—Sitting at least 5 minutes
—Arm at heart level, palm face up
— > or = 2 readings obtained on > or = 2 occassions
-Outside of clinical setting measurements recommended to confirm diagnosis
What is Point of Care (POC) testing?
Involves performing a diagnostic test outside a laboratory that produces a rapid and reliable result
What is the BMI equation?
Weight (kg) divided by height^2 (m)
OR
Weight (lb) x 703 divided by height^2 (in)
Does BMI take sex or age into consideration?
NO
What range of BMI is considered “overweight”?
BMI 25 to <30
What range of BMI is considered “obese”?
BMI> or = 30
