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Public Health > Everything but smoking cessation > Flashcards

Everything but smoking cessation Flashcards

1
Q

What is public health?

A

The science of protecting and improving the health of populations

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2
Q

What are the hallmarks of public health during the Colonial Period?

A

-Epidemic disease considered a sign of poor moral and spiritual connection (humorism)

-Lack of public effort (no known public health agencies)

-Quarantine and Isolation used

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3
Q

What is humorism?

A

The idea that the body is made up of four humors (bodily fluids) and an imbalance of these is what causes sickness

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4
Q

What are the four humors and what do they represent?

A

Blood -Air
Yellow Bile -Fire
Black bile -Earth
Phlegm -Water

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5
Q

What were the 3 treatments commonly used during the colonial period?

A

-Blood letting
-Purging
-Sweating

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6
Q

What are the hallmarks of public health during the 18th Century?

A

-Quarantine and isolation

-SMALLPOX

-Smallpox Law

-Poor Law

-Voluntary Hospitals

-Act for relief of sick and disabled seamen

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7
Q

What was the Smallpox Law?

A

Created during the 18th century, it required all sailors to be quarantined and isolated to prevent the spread of smallpox

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8
Q

What was the Poor Law?

A

Created in the 18th century, it required that people who could not pay for medical treatment be looked after by charitable hospitals

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9
Q

What are the hallmarks of public health during the 19th Century?

A

-Sanitation problem

-Cholera Epidemic

-Industrialization problem

-Public Health Act of 1848

-Creation of the American Public Health System!!!

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10
Q

What was Snow’s Theory?

A

-John Snow collected data about a cholera outbreak in London
-He did not believe that the epidemic was a spiritual issue
-He mapped the spread of disease across multiple cities and traced the outbreak back to a singular water pump

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11
Q

What changes to public health were brought about by the Spanish Flu?

A

-Era of socialized medicine (medical and hospital care for all)

-Reporting system

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12
Q

What changes to public health were brought about by National Health Agencies?

A

-Mental Health Awareness (Dorothea Diks)

-Social responsibility

-Health department laboratories (experimented on treatments)

-Bacteriology (pasteurization)

-Role Expansion (majority of the male population was not fit for military service, led to increased medical access)

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13
Q

What other overarching differences were created in public health by National Health Agencies?

A

-Prevention vs Treatment

-Population-Level vs Individual-Level therapy

-Ranked Prevention

-Health Promotion vs Symptom Promotion

-Interdisciplinary Collaboration

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14
Q

What is “Conventional Medicine”?

A

Medicine practiced by a MD/DO or other healthcare professional

Evidence-based with guidelines

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15
Q

What is “Complementary Medicine”?

A

Nontraditional medicine used TOGETHER with conventional medicine

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16
Q

What is “Alternative Medicine”?

A

Nontraditional approach used IN PLACE OF conventional medicine

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17
Q

What is “Integrative Medicine”?

A

COORDINATED patient-centered care between patients, providers, and institutions

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18
Q

What are the reasons why people use CAM?

A

-Natural so perceived as safe

-Easy Access

-Hope (desperation)

-Dissatisfaction

-Adjunctive therapy

-Independence

-Cultural tradition

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19
Q

What is the most commonly used CAM?

A

Natural products
(nonvitamin/ nonmineral)

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20
Q

What is the most common condition treated with CAM?

A

Pain

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21
Q

What is manipulative and body-base practice?

A

Manipulation and/or movement of one or more body parts

ex: chiropractic and massage

22
Q

What is the of Mind and Body Medicine?

A

Enhances the mind’s ability to affect physical functioning and promote health

23
Q

What is energy medicine and what are some examples of it?

A

Involves the use of energy fields

Biofield: affects energy that surrounds and penetrates the body (reiki, healing touch)

Bioelectromagnetic: uses electromagnetic fields

24
Q

What is homeopathy based on?

A

-Like cures like
-Law of minimum dose

25
Q

How does homeopathy work?

A

Placebo effect!

-many remedies are so dilute that no molecules of the original substance remain

26
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

An intervention that prevents the disease process from ever beginning

27
Q

How can you remember “primary prevention”?

A

Primary= PREVENT

28
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

An intervention that identifies and stops a disease early on before the individual realizes anything is wrong (asymptomatic)

29
Q

How can you remember “secondary prevention”?

A

Secondary= SCREENING

30
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

An intervention that is used for individuals already having clinical signs of a disease.

-These interventions attempt to cure, decrease morbidity, decrease mortality, or increase quality of life

31
Q

How can you remember “tertiary prevention”?

A

Tertiary= TREAT

32
Q

What is the main service provided by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)?

A

Screenings

33
Q

What do the different letter grades assigned by the USPSTF indicate?

A

A + B= Recommended

C= Depends on the patient’s situation

D= Not recommended

I= Not enough evidence to make a recommendation

34
Q

Who should be screened for hypertension?

A

Adults > or = 18yo

35
Q

How often should patients be screened for hypertension?

A

18-39yo: every 3-5 years

40 yo or those at high risk: annually

36
Q

Who should be screened for Prediabetes and Diabetes?

A

Adults (35 to 70 yo) who are overweight or obese

37
Q

How often should patients be screened for prediabetes and diabetes?

A

Every 3 years

38
Q

Who should be screened for Hepatitis C?

A

Adults (18-79yo)

39
Q

How often should patients be screened for Hepatitis C?

A

Most adults= one time screening

Those at risk (ex: injection drug users)= periodically

40
Q

Who should be screened for HIV?

A

Non-pregnant adolescents and adults (15-65yo)

–Pregnant women

41
Q

How often should patients be screened for HIV?

A

Non-pregnant adolescents and adults:
-Insufficient evidence
-Repeat screening is reasonable among persons at high risk

Pregnant women:
-During the third trimester

42
Q

Who should be screened for tobacco use?

A

Adults > or = 18yo

43
Q

How often should patients be screened for tobacco use?

A

Every health visit (vital sign)

44
Q

How many Americans have high blood pressure?

A

Nearly half
(about 120 million)

45
Q

What is the protocol for conducting blood pressure screenings?

A

-Ensure proper technique
—Feet flat on floor, not crossed
—Sitting at least 5 minutes
—Arm at heart level, palm face up
— > or = 2 readings obtained on > or = 2 occassions

-Outside of clinical setting measurements recommended to confirm diagnosis

46
Q

What is Point of Care (POC) testing?

A

Involves performing a diagnostic test outside a laboratory that produces a rapid and reliable result

47
Q

What is the BMI equation?

A

Weight (kg) divided by height^2 (m)

OR

Weight (lb) x 703 divided by height^2 (in)

48
Q

Does BMI take sex or age into consideration?

A

NO

49
Q

What range of BMI is considered “overweight”?

A

BMI 25 to <30

50
Q

What range of BMI is considered “obese”?

A

BMI> or = 30

Public Health (4 decks)

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