everything after the midterm up to the final Flashcards
Macchu picchu
religous and political leaders lived there
What is archaeology?
The reconstruction of past cultures from their material remains and environmental data (what behaviors might have been possible in that environment).
*what we make (material aspects of culture)
Archaeological records include?
- Physical remains of human activity
- All associated written documents/maps/photos
- All reports from previous excavations
Subfeilds of archaeology?
Historical
Archaic
What is a type of applied archeology?
Cultural resource management
Doing archaeology in advance of development projects.
*Commercial archaeology
**check an area first to make sure no human remains or artifacts there.
B.C Heritage Conservation Act
1996
What are the 4 types of evidence in archaeology?
1) Artifacts/ Belongings (anything made or modified by humans).
2) Features (artifacts that cannot be easily moved (hearth, midden, house).
3) Ecofact (botanical or animal remains that have cultural relevance. (eg) plant residue inside a pot)?
4) Cultural landscape (distinctive geographic area with cultural significance)
What is a midden?
Discreet accumulation of garbage.
distinct and separated from other sites.
(eg) shells. Indigenous would harvest clams and toss the shells in a pale (a midden)
What is art used for in archaeology?
Its used to reconstruct the beliefs of past cultures.
(eg)
pictographs—religion,
jewelry—beauty,
burials—afterlife.
What is body adornment?
People wearing jewelry because they like to.
(eg) Leo and his pukas
What are venus figurines?
-France to Siberia
-made out of stone, wood, bone
-more than 200 found
-Most are female
*celebration of fertility with the land
-supported by the sculptures being found around farming areas.
What is an archaeological site?
Geographic areas that contain evidence of past human behavior and activity.
-Base camp
-Habitation sites
-Resource processing sites
-Pictographs and petroglyphs
Difference between pictographs and petroglyphs?
Pictographs: Drawing on stone
Petroglyphs: Carving on stone
How are archaeological sites found? (First phase)
First phase:
-Historical information
-Chance
-Anomalies in landscape
-Soil marks
(clam gardens in gulf islands)
How are archaeological sites found? (second phase)
Second phase:
-Ground penetrating radar (using a machine that uses radar signals to see if something is below the soil and if its been disturbed)
-Test pits (layer by layer in a 1 meter pit)
Context?
The relationship that artifacts have to each other and the situation.. something something i missed it
Dating methods?
-Dating by association: Designation of a site/ belonging or fossil association with other ecofacts/ belongings or geological features of a known age.
(eg) stratigraphy: based on the law of super position. (lower the strata = older it is)
Chronometric dating?
Dating artifacts or fossils in units of absolute time
(eg) potassium-argon dating (old sites over 200 000 thousand years old) (volcanic sediment (that is HOT) has potassium but on argon until it is COOLED).
Radio-carbon date (organic material or sites that are less than 50 000 thousand years old) C-14
radio-carbon dating
Turkeyhead artifacts (age)
1500 years ago
Name of the site at Turkeyhead?
Sitchanalth
What did people do at Turkeyhead
Where was Turkeyhead?
Willows beach
What is syntax?
The rules for the formation of phrases and sentences in a language
What is Semantics?
The literal meaning of phrases and sentences
What is Pragmatics?
The way context affects the meanings of words and phrases; language use.
Non-verbal communication
Gestures, body expressions, facial expressions
Kinesics is?
Cultural uses of body movement (includes gestures, emblems and illustrators)
What are emblems?
Hand gestures.
*stand in for words
**wave hand to represent “come here”
What are illustrators?
Requires context
*describing something
Gestures that mimics something.
Proxemics?
Cultural use of space.
Different versions of intimate space, social space, public space through cultures.
(eg) 12inch away is saved for loved ones and family.
Proxemics?
Cultural uses of space.
Haptics?
Cultural use of touch.
What are the categories of touch?
Functional: Assisting someone
Social
Friendship
Love
Sexual
What is paralanguage?
Using sounds.
sounds that accumpany our language but are not language.
Ways of communicating without words but with sounds.
Pitch, tempo, vocalization (mmhmm) gasping
Ethnolinguistics is?
The study of interdependent relationship between language and culture
transmission of cultural knowledge
categorize and makes sense of the world.
Focal vocabulary is?
a set of words describing particular domains (foci) of experiences.
Reveal what’s important to the culture
Potato’s to the Andes people because potato’s are culturally significant
What is a cultural model?
A widely shared understanding about the world that helps to shape our experience in it:
Metaphors
(eg) “time is money”
“argument is war”
Linguistic relativity principle:
Language influences the way we perceive the world.
Languages establish certain classification of reality & this shapes people perceptions of the world.
what is sociolinguistics?
THE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY
THROUGH EXAMINING HOW SOCIAL CATEGORIES INFLUENCE THE USE AND INTERPRETATION OF DISTINCTIVE STYLES OF SPEECH.
What is Markedness?
The hierarchical structuring of difference? some social categories are marked (gender, sex, age)
Unmarked is the norm from which others diverge, this power is masked or invisible.
Dialects definition?
Mutually intelligible variety of a language
Speech community definition?
A group that shares languages patterns
Prestige language definition?
A way of speaking associated w/ wealth success and power
What is cultural capital?
Knowledge, taste, habits specific to social class that influence one’s ability to gain access to valuable assets.
What is Lingua franca?
Language used for business transactions. used when two people with distinct languages need to do business or trade together.
Pidgin
Grammatically simplified language based on two or more languages;facilitates communication; not a mother tongue
Creole
evolved pidgin; complete language, mother tongue (CHINOOK, HAWAIIAN,)
Increased adoption of loanwords is a by product of what?
the effects of globalization on language
the 10 most prominent languages in the world is adopted by what % of the world?
Approx 50%
Name some reasons for language loss.
Assimilation (residential schools)
Economy
Trauma (disease, warfare)
Language revitalization is based on several factors, what are they?
Number of domains it can be used (Government, business, broader economy, education)
The status of the language (stigma)
Number and age of speakers (most indigenous languages)
Availability of resources (money, training schools)
Sex
Our biological and physiological differences, including sex chromosomes,hormones, reproductive structures and external genitalia.
Intersex
They have a combination of physiological or morphological traits that place them on the sex spectrum (and possibly gender spectrum) in a way that does not allow simple definition of male or female.
*1 person in every 2000 is born intersex
5-alpha reductase deficiency
A condition that affects male sexual development before birth and during puberty. People with this condition are genetically male with one X and one Y chromosome in each cell.
Gender
A persons internal experience of identity as male, female, both, or neither, as well as the expression of that identity in social behavior.
Gender identity
A persons internal experience of identity as male, female, both, or neither
Gender role
Culturally appropriate roles of individuals in a society. They express the culture norms expected of a person of different sexes.
(eg) girl growing up in america plays will dolls and thats considered “feminine” (girl-like) gender characteristics
Gender norms
The set of expectations about tasks, attitudes, and behaviors that are culturally assigned based on sex and gender.
Gender expression
The outward display of a persons gender in clothing, mannerisms, and language use.
Cisgender
Those who experience their gender identity as matching their assigned sex at birth.
Transgender
To have a gender identity and/or expression that more closely matched another gender.
Third gender
A gender role accepted in some societies as combining elements of both male and female genders.
Hijra
A third gender found in India and Pakistan in which male-bodied or intersex individuals adopt female mannerisms and dress.
Sexuality
Romantic or physical attraction to another person
Masculinity
Qualities and attributes regarded as characteristics of men
Femininity
Qualities and attributes regarded as characteristics of females.
Enculturation
The process by which culture is passed from generation to generation
Gender performance
Body modification
The practice of altering the body for reasons of identity, attractiveness, or social status.
Moko
The Maori, an indigenous Polynesian culture, historically practiced the elaborate form of facial tattooing called Moko.
Rights of passage
Rituals marking life’s important transitions from one social or biological role to another.
Biological adaptations
A physical adaptation that allows an organism to survive netter in its environment
Fitness
The quantitative representation of individual reproductive success.
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype
The physical expression of a genotype
Natural selection
Organisms that are more adapt to their environment will have a greater chance of survival.
Darwins finches
Gene flow
The movement of genes between populations.
(eg) A caribou from one herd mating with a caribou of another herd
Genetic drift
The radon factor in evolution, including changes in allele frequencies by chance rather than selection.
(eg) A population of rabbits with brown fur and white fur, white being the dominant, something happens and only the brown furs remain.
Mutation
An error in the replication of DNA
Melanin
A substance in your body that produces hair, eye, and skin pigmentation
Folate
A vitamin B naturally found in food.
Needed to make DNA and other genetic materials. idrk
Race
Varieties or subspecies of a species
*incorrectly used to refer to human differences
Cline (clinal distribution)
A gradient of a phenotype or genetic character within a species.
(eg) skin colour: long term residents of the tropics have maximum amounts of pigmentations in their skin conpared to long term residents of people living in the arctic
Concordance vs Discordance
concordance: agreement between 2 random variables.
discordance: disagreement between 2 random variables.
Idk if this is right.
Polymorphism
The presence of 2 or more variant forms of a specific DNA sequence that can occur among different individuals or populations.
(eg) blood types
Social race
A social construct used to group epople.
Scientific racism
A belief that different racial or ethnic groups have innately differing levels of physical, intellectual, and moral development that distinguishes them as superior or inferior
Craniometry
The measurement of the cranium
Miscegenation
Sexual relationships or reproduction between people of different ethnic groups.
Ethnicity
A term used to describe heritage, geographic origin, language, and other features of a person
Cultural racism vs institutional racism
Language
A symbolic system expressing meaning through sounds and/ or gestures
Sign
In communication, something that stands for something else.
Symbol
Something that stands for something else with little or no natural relationship to its referent; A type of sign
Index sign
An emotional expression that carries meaning directly related to the response
(eg) using an image of smoke to indicate fire.
Phonetics
The study of the sounds in human speech
Phonemics
The study of how sounds convey meaning
Morpheme
The smallest part of a word that conveys meaning.
(eg) “Quickest”
Free: the word “quick” can stand alone
Bound: “est” because it is needed with the word and cannot be used alone
(eg) in-come-ing
Morphology
The study of words and their parts
Phoneme
The smallest UNIT of a word
*(eg) the word “hat” has 3 phonemes (h,a and t)
Gendered speech
Different speech patterns based on the cultural expectations of the different sexes
Ice-free corridor
The space two ice sheets covering most of Canada during the last ice age,providing a possible route from Beringia to areas south of a society.
Hyoid bone
Plays a vital role in speech and swallowing. Bone sits in front of the throat under the chin and it holds the weight of the tongue
Hypoglossal canal
Located in the occipital bone.
It transmits the nerve that supplies the muscle of the tongue .
Larynx
Contains vocal chords.
below the pharynx
