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Important to remember > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of Tecfidera (chemical?) and what were sales in 2018?

A

Biogen’s Tecfidera (dimethyl fumarate) is approved for MS and brought in $4.27B in 2018 revenue. They found that Tecfidera hyper “methylates” a genomic site in CD4 T-cells that encodes miR-21, a microRNA critical for producing MS-related T-cells

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2
Q

How does abeta levels and APOE4 status affect cognitive decline inflection point age?

A

Abeta negative - 78.8 years old
Only Abeta - 69.4 years old
Abeta/APOE4 - 65 years old

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3
Q

What diseases and what percentage of cases is TDP-43 a player?

A

97% of ALS cases, 45% of FTD, 60% of AD, 60% of chronic traumatic encephalophathy (CTE)

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4
Q

What is an estuary?

A

Estuary is a body of brackish water with rivers flowing into it that meets the open ocean. It is a transition zone of salt and fresh water.

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5
Q

Learning how to learn process (1-3 days) (3)?

A
  1. Read books - skimmed style (Read introduction, conclusion, read first paragraph of each chapter, read 1-2 pages of each chapter, read first sentence of each paragraph)
  2. Deconstruct skills
  3. Identify obstacles and ways to overcome them
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6
Q

What is tardive dyskenisia?

A

Side effect of antipsychotic drugs (inhibiting dopamine) - leads to stiff, jerky muscle movements of your face and body that you can’t control

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7
Q

What is the role of T-cells in MS?

A

MS happens when brain homing T-cells mistakenly attack the CNS.

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8
Q

Type of company valuations? (5) Describe them.

A
  1. Book valuation - Total assets - total liabilities - debt
  2. Liquidation valuation - if company was liquidated today (using assumptions of fixed/variable costs of products)
  3. Price-multiple valuation - share price x # of shares x multiple of similar company
  4. Market valuation - whatever market will pay
  5. Discounted cash flow - Estimate all future cash (stock sold, dividends paid, etc) and figure out “net present value” - assume with discount rate
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9
Q

What Allergan company acquisition in 2015 was not fruitful for depression?

A

Allergan bought Naurex for $560M upfront payment for repastinel (NMDA drug) for MDD, but this failed 3 Phase 3 clinical trials in 2019.

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10
Q

What is the average depth of the SF bay? How deep and where is the deepest point?

A

15 ft. The deepest point is 300ft underneath the Golden Gate bridge

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11
Q

What JNJ drug for depression got approved in 2019?

A

JNJ’s esketamine (Spravato), a nasal formulation of ketamine, got approved for MDD.

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12
Q

What is an instrument landing system (ILS)? Where does it operate from? What types of signals (2) does it provide?

A

ILS is a ground-based instrument that provides lateral and vertical guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway. It uses combination of radio signals and high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing.

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13
Q

How much does the government make a human life worth?

A

$9.1M (2019)

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14
Q

What is the rule of 70?

A

The number of years for value to double (dollar to double)= 70/Rate of change

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15
Q

What are the 3 financial statements?

A

Balance sheet, Income statement, Cash flow statement

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16
Q

What are the 5 stages of Alzheimer’s progression? When does MCI and dementia happen during these stages?

A
  1. Abeta accumulates
  2. Tau accumulates
  3. Brain structural changes (MCI happens years after brain structural changes happen and memory impairment starts)
  4. Memory impairment
  5. Functional impairment (Dementia occurs here)
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17
Q

What ions are at greater concentrations inside/outside neurons? What is the resulting membrane potential?

A

Neurons have a larger concentration of Na, Cl, and Ca on outside of cell and greater concentration of K and organic anions (A-) on inside resulting in potential difference of -70 mV across the neuron’s membrane when at rest.

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18
Q

What is a tender offer?

A

An offer to purchase some or all of a shareholder’s shares in a corporation (price offered is usually at a premium to market price and requires condition of at least 51% of the shares); often called a takeover bid

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19
Q

What are the 3 financial terms that are the “bottom line”?

A

Income, Profit, Earnings

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20
Q

1 mile conversion to km?

A

1 mile = 1.6 km

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21
Q

What is the biggest mountain on each continent?

A

Mt. Everest (Asia), Aconcagua (South America), Denali (McKinley) (North America), Kilamanjaro (Africa), Elbrus (Europe), Vinson Massif (Antarctica), Kosciusko (Australia)

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22
Q

Learning how to learn: What 4 things should you do in the preparation phase?

A
  1. Identify goal
  2. Create reward
  3. Choose testing condition
  4. Identify resources
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23
Q

How tall is Mount Everest, who first climbed it and when and where is it located?

A

29,028ft, Edmund Hillary and Tenzing were first to climb it in 1953, located on border of Nepal and China

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24
Q

What are the two financial terms for the “top line”

A

Sales and Revenue

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25
Q

What is sales - cost of goods sold called? (3 names)

A

Gross margin, gross profit, manufacturing margin

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26
Q

What is an epiphyte? Give 3 examples? Where do they grow?

A

A plant that grows on another plant that is not parasitic. Ferns, Air plants, and orchids. They grow on tree trunks in tropical rainforests.

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27
Q

Who is Vince Gilligan?

A

Writer of Breaking Bad

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28
Q

What is thromboplebitis?

A

Life threatening altitude induced blood clot

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29
Q

Solvency vs. profitability

A

Solvency is when you have enough cash to pay for bills, profitability is when your revenue is more than your costs (you can be profitable, but not solvent).

30
Q

What spaceship was Neil Armstrong on? (First to walk on the moon) What series were before Apollo?

A

Apollo 11 (Gemini were before Apollo)

31
Q

What did Leonardo de Vinci paint (3)?

A

Mona Lisa, Vitruvius Man, Last Supper

32
Q

When is humpback whaling migration in California? What about gray whales?

A

Humpback: April to December, migrate from Alaska to Hawaii; Gray whales: November to April

33
Q

What drug from Sage Therapeutics got approved in March 2019?

A

Brexanolone (GABAa modulator) now marketed as Zulresso ($7000/vial, $34K for whole treatment), 60 hour infusion required

34
Q

Anatomy of a good target (5)

A
  1. Human genetics
  2. Dysregulation or modulation in specific cells or tissues
  3. Druggable
  4. Effect of drug on pathophysiology
  5. Target engagement using biomarker
35
Q

How does Tau-PET relate to AD progression?

A

Tau-PET in the parietal lobe can detect patients who are fast progressors (patients who will convert from MCI to AD)

36
Q

What is discount rate? What is another name?

A

Used to calculate NPV, like interest, but in reverse. Sometimes called the “hurdle rate” - company’s minimum acceptable return

37
Q

What is present value?

A

Calculations used to compare cash flows (cash spent and received) at different times in the future.

38
Q

When was the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees?

A

7M years ago

39
Q

When is interest tax deductible?

A

Interest is tax deductible as a business expense (effective cost of capital is lowered by the 34% expected tax savings) Ex: 10% interest x 66% = 6.6% cost of equity capital

40
Q

What is discounting?

A

Discounting - process of finding the present value today of cash to be received at some future date.

41
Q

Debt financing from banks? How do banks set interest rate?

A

“Risk free” + “Risk premium” interest rate
Risk free - lending return from government bonds
Risk premium - based on how risky they determine the business to be

42
Q

What are the 4 Ts that matter for Type 1 behavior?

A

Autonomy of time, tasks, team, and techniques

43
Q

What is CAA? What 2 characteristics?

A

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy - characterized by amyloid beta in blood vessels in the brain; represent as microvascular lesions (microbleeds and microinfarcts)

44
Q

What are 3 innate psychological needs?

A
  1. Autonomy
  2. Competence
  3. Relatedness
45
Q

What is a proforma financial statement, what does it show?

A

Formatted like a historical financial statement, a proforma shows future financial operations of the company; answers “what might our financial future look like if we make this investment?”

46
Q

When was the last common ancestor of monkeys and apes?

A

25M years ago

47
Q

How does discount rate affect NPV value?

A

NPV is lower when discount rate is higher (because computed value of future cash flow is lower if discounted more) and NPV is higher when discount rate is lower

48
Q

Equation for Future Value

A

FV = PV * (1+i)^y (where i is interest and y is years)

49
Q

NPV (definition and equation) - what does higher and lower number mean?

A

NPV = -Co + Sum(1 to n years){Cy/(1+d)^y} where Co is initial investment and Cy is net cash flow (cash input - cash output for year y); NPV is value that will be added to a business after converting all future cash inflows and outflows into present value; if NPV is positive - add that value to the business, if negative - project should not be pursued.

50
Q

What does Type 1 behavior depend on (3)?

A
  1. Autonomy
  2. Mastery
  3. Purpose
51
Q

Equation for Present Value

A

PV = FV/(1+d)^y (where d is discount rate per year and y is years)

52
Q

3 Reasons why a dollar today is worth more than tomorrow.

A
  1. Inflation
  2. Risk
  3. Opportunity cost
53
Q

What is the risk of getting AD after 90? What two things are protective after 80 years old?

A

18% (doubling risk after 90), Hypertension and high cholesterol are protective against dementia after 80.

54
Q

What are the 3 laws of mastery?

A
  1. Mastery is a mindset
  2. Mastery is a pain
  3. Mastery is an asymptote
55
Q

What are the 4 types of apes?

A

Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Orangutans, Gibbons

56
Q

What type of antibody is Crenezumab? What patient population did it test in Phase 3 and 2? What doses?

A

Crenezumab - anti-amyloid beta IgG4 mAb (designed to bind Abeta oligomers, lack of vascular amyloid binding and low effector function backbone suggested as reasons for low ARIA risk), Phase III in prodromal or mild AD, Phase II in Mild-moderate AD; Phase III was 4x dose (60mg) as Phase 2 (15mg)

57
Q

What is Zolgensma?

A

Novartis’ newly approved gene therapy for SMA

58
Q

9 principles of ultra learning

A
  1. Metalearning - first draw a map (start by learning how to learn the subject of skill you want to tackle. Discover how to do good research and how to draw on past competencies to learn new skills more easily)
  2. Focus - Carve our chunks of time you can focus on learning
  3. Directness - Learn by doing the thing you want to be good at, do not trade it off for other tasks that are convenient or comfortable
  4. Drill - Attack your weakest point, break down complex skills into small parts and build them back together again
  5. Retrieval - Test to learn (test before you feel confident)
  6. Feedback - Feedback is harsh and uncomfortable, don’t let ego get in the way
  7. Retention - Understand what you forget and why, learn to remember things for forever
  8. Intuition - Dig deep before building up
  9. Experimentation - Explore outside your comfort zone
59
Q

Metalearning (3 components)

A

Divide into why (your motivation) what (the knowledge and abilities you need to acquire - breaking down into concepts, procedures and obstacles that need to be overcome) and how (resources, environment and methods to use)

60
Q

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1)

A

Expanded CAG repeats coding for polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the N-terminal region of ataxin-1
SCA1 is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disease - characterized by cerebellar atrophy with severe loss of purkinje cells (ATXN1 alleles with more than 39 uninterrupted CAG repeats can cause SCA1, with tight inverse correlation between length of CAG repeats and age of disease onset.
The pathogenic mechanism is mainly driven by gain of function mechanism mediated by the interaction of polyQ-expanded ataxin-1 with its binding parter Capicua (CIC), cognition mechanism is unknown.

61
Q

Identifying the “what” for ultralearning (3 lists)

A
  1. Concepts - needs to be understood
  2. Facts - needs to be memorized
  3. Procedures - needs to be practiced
62
Q

Answering the “how” of ultralearning (2 ways)

A
  1. Benchmarking (how others have learned skill - research)
  2. Emphasize/Exclude method - emphasize and exclude portions of benchmarked curriculum to better direct learning skill for your application
63
Q

Ultralearning (drills)

A

Identify bottlenecks of learning your skill and focus specifically on those parts.
Direct-then-drill approach (the cycle of learning)
1. Time slicing - isolate slice in time of a longer sequence of actions (ex few bars in musical piece)
2. Cognitive components - ex for language - grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary
3. Copycat - copy others’ works or edit your older versions
4. Magnifying glass method - spend more time on one component of the skill than you would otherwise (for when you have to create the whole piece from scratch)
5. Prerequisite chaining - go back to foundational topics if you don’t have prerequisites for learning the skill

64
Q

What is average Board member and SAB compensation (equity and cash)?

A

Equity:
BOD (independent members) - anywhere from 0.25-1% (less for later stage; more for chair (typically 1-1.5% for latter); usually see four year vesting, sometimes with one year cliff and monthly thereafter but often just monthly immediately

SAB - typically have seen 0.1-0.25%; rare to see higher than that; vesting may be shorter e.g. 2 years because needs change over time at the company; usually vest monthly starting right away (as I’ve seen for regular consultants)

Cash:
BOD - $15-30k annually (usually lower end of that); usually don’t see extra for committee work but sometimes do (more usual for public not private companies); more like $30-40k + if independent chair

SAB - either hourly rate as advisor ($350-700 depending on seniority/expertise; usually ~ $500); annual retainer ($5-20k, depending on how involved); sometimes a combo (e.g., for 0.1-.0.2% equity, they will charge half usual hourly rate, or take a smaller retainer. SAB chair may be higher

65
Q

Types of feedback (3)

A

Outcome feedback - right/wrong, but no details
Informational feedback - tells you what you are doing wrong, but not how to fix it
Corrective feedback - what you are doing wrong and how to fix it (usually only through teacher or mentor)

66
Q

Retention mechanisms for Ultralearning (4)

A
  1. Spacing - Repeat to Remember
  2. Proceduralization - make some parts of learning dependent on procedural circuits - conversation, motor function
  3. Overlearning - practice core components of skill or go up a level to overlearn initial level
  4. Mnemonics
67
Q

What is the Feynman technique? (3)

A
  1. Write down the concept or problem you want to understand at the top piece of paper
  2. In the space below, explain the idea as if you had to teach it to someone else
    A. If it is a concept, ask yourself how you would convey the idea to someone who has never heard of it before.
    B. If it’s a problem, explain how to solve it and crucially - why the solution prosecute makes sense to you.
  3. When you get stuck, go back to your book, notes, teacher, or reference material to find the answer
68
Q

Temperature of the sun

A

9,941 Fahrenheit

5600 Celsius

69
Q

Formula (5 laws of success)

A
  1. Performance drives success, and when performance can’t be measured, networks drive success.
  2. Performance is bounded, but success is unbounded
  3. Past success x fitness = Future success
  4. While team success requires diversity and balance, a single individual with receive credit for the group’s achievements.
  5. With persistence, success can come at any time
70
Q

When and who did IBM’s Deep Blue computer beat at chess?

A

1997 - Garry Kasparov (world champion in chess)

71
Q

How to form a good habit (4)

A

Cue (make it obvious)
Craving (make it attractive)
Response (make it easy)
Reward (make it satisfying)

Important to remember (1 decks)

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