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Embedded Systems > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

1
Q

What is an embedded system?

A

Any computer system hidden in a product other than a computer.

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2
Q

What is a telegraph?

A

A device that allows you to connect a printer that has only a high-speed serial-port to a network.

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3
Q

Typical hardware needs foremost a _________.

A

microprocessor

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4
Q

Why does an embedded system need memory?

A

To store its program and to store its data.

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5
Q

Are the program and data stored in the same memory in embedded systems?

A

No, they use different memories.

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6
Q

What are some of the difficulties that you will encounter when you write embedded system software?

A

Throughput Response Testability Debugability Reliability Memory Space Program Installation Power Consumption Processor Hogs Cost

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7
Q

What is an example of an insulator?

A

Usually the outer covering of a wire

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8
Q

What is an example of a conductor?

A

Usually the wire itself

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9
Q

What is a semi-conductor?

A

Can either act as an insulator or a conductor

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10
Q

When silicon is dopped with Boron, it makes a(n) __-____ material and has 1 ______ electron in its outer shell

A

p-type fewer

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11
Q

When silicon is dopped with Phosphorus, it make a(n) __-_____ material and has 1 _____ electron in its outer shell

A

n-type more

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12
Q

Is there flow or no flow?

A

Flow

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13
Q

Is there flow or no flow?

A

No Flow

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14
Q

These are examples of:

A

Transistors

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15
Q

What are the two types of transistors?

A

p-type and n-type

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16
Q

True or false? n-type transistor is off by default?

A

True

gate = 1, connection
​gate = 0, no connection
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17
Q

True or false? In an n-type of transistor, if the gate has 0 voltage (logic 0), then there is no connection.

A

True

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18
Q

What type of transistor is this?

A

n-type

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19
Q

What type of transistor is this?

A

p-type

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20
Q

True or false? The p-type transistor is off by default

A

False. It’s on by default

gate = 0, connection
gate = 1, no connection
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21
Q

This is an example of a ____ gate.

A

not gate or inverter

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22
Q

These two gates are examples of

A

Buffer gate

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23
Q

What does a buffer do?

A

It corrects the signal. For example, takes 4.2 volts and outputs a logic 1.

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24
Q

What does mos stand for?

A

metal oxide semiconductor

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25
Q

What are the two types of semiconductors?

A

nmos and pmos

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26
Q

nmos does a good job passing along logic __ while pmos does a good job passing along logic __.

A

0
1

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27
Q

What is a complimentary mos (cmos)?

A

When pmos and nmos work together

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28
Q

Write the truth table for the following circuit

A
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29
Q

What type of gate is this?

A

nor gate

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30
Q

True or false? With a nand gate, we can make any logic function.

A

True

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31
Q

What type of gate is this?

A

nand gate

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32
Q

An inverter followed by an inverter is a _______.

A

buffer

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33
Q

True or false? A 3 input and gate and two 2 input and gates can do the same thing.

A

True

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34
Q

What type of gate is this?

A

An inverter using a nand gate

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35
Q

What type of gate is this?

A

AND gate using two nand gates

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36
Q

What type of gate is this?

A

A NAND gate using an OR gate and two inverters

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37
Q

Most typical electronic circuits today are built with semiconductor parts called ______ that are purchased from manufacturers specializing in building such parts.

A

chips

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38
Q

To attach the semiconductor to the outside world, each package has a collection of _____ that protrude from the sides of the package.

A

pins

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39
Q

Chip manufacturers provide information about each of their products in documents called _____ ______.

A

data sheets

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40
Q

What is the most common mechanism to connect the chips to one another?

A

Through a printed circuit board or board.

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41
Q

What are schematic diagrams?

A

Drawings that show each part needed in the circuit and the interconnections needed among them.

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42
Q

Most careful engineers will give a special name to each signal that is asserted when it is low by starting or ending the name with an ________, ending the name with a ______, or by putting the bar over the name.

A

asterick *

slash /

For example, MEMREAD/ or *MEMREAD would most likely by a signal that is set low to read from memory.

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43
Q

Chips have connections through which they expect to control the voltage level on the attached signal, _______, and other connections through which they expect to sense the voltage level on the attached signal, ________.

A

Outputs

inputs

44
Q

The part whose output controls the voltage on a give signal is said to _____ the signal.

A

drive

45
Q

If no part is driving the signal, it is said to be ________. Its voltage will be inderterminate and may change as time passes.

A

floating

46
Q

Describe a bus fight.

A

If two parts drive the same signal, but one sends a low signal while the other sends high. The result usually destroys the parts. Parts get really hot.

47
Q

True or False? An integer’s value in one language may differ from an integer’s value in another language.

A

True

48
Q

Give an example of how to name an integer ‘something’ using the Hungarian naming convention.

A

iSomething

49
Q

When talking about speed, what three things are we referring to?

A

Throughput

Response

Processor lags

50
Q

Define robustness

A

Testable

Reliable

Debuggable

51
Q

Define the characteristics of system design

A

Power

Memory

Cost

Software

52
Q

Describe what’s happening in this diagram. What is this?

A

It’s a tristate buffer. When the control bit is set to 1, the input is pushed through to the output. i.e. if input is 0, ouput is 0. If input is 1, output is 1.

If the tristate buffer is set to 0, we get a Z (high impedence) as the output, which means that very little current passes through.

53
Q

Show a tristate buffer that works on the complement of the control signal.

A
54
Q

This is an example of a _____.

A

bus

55
Q

What is packaging referring to?

A

The plastic or ceramic that encases integrated circuits

56
Q

_______ are metal legs that allow for connections to input/output.

A

Pins

57
Q

_______ are designs that show parts and their connections

A

Schematics

58
Q

What does ‘asserted’ mean?

A

Signaling whatever it’s supposed to signal

59
Q

True or False? You can assert a logic 1 into a 0, and 0 to 1.

A

True

60
Q

What do the forward slash and asterisk mean in the following examples?

MINREAD/

*M
M*

A

Asserted Low

61
Q

To _____ a value on a signal means that you’re giving it a definite measurable value.

A

drive

62
Q

In a _____ source, the voltage signal is not connected to any absolute reference or any common ground, such as earth or building ground

A

floating

63
Q

What is the result of a bus fight?

A

Crowbar

64
Q

Pull-___ resistor is connected to logic 1
Pull-____ resistor is connected to logic 0

A

Pull-up

Pull-down

65
Q

The _____ helps with timing in a circuit and we base everything on the rising (0 to 1) or falling edge (1 to 0)

A

Clock

66
Q

What is propagation?

A

Timing consideration.

67
Q

What is the critical path?

A

The longest path in a circuit

68
Q

What does a D-Flip Flop look like?

A
69
Q

In a D-flip flop, when the clock has a ______ edge, D will be brought in and output to Q.

A

Rising

70
Q

What’s the truth table for an SR Flip Flop?

A
71
Q

What’s the truth table for a JK flip flop?

A
72
Q

What’s the truth table for a toggle?

A
73
Q

____-____ is the amount of data you’ll take in as a unit

A

Word-size

74
Q

Nintendo 64 worked with ___ bits

A

64

75
Q

Show Q for the following input

A
76
Q

What does volatile mean?

A

If power loss, whatever is in RAM in now gone

77
Q

What type of memory is ROM?

A

Non-Volatile. Can’t change regardless of power outage.

78
Q

True or False? Flash memory is non-volatile but some things you can change.

A

True

79
Q

_____ is where your program and OS will be stored.

A

ROM

80
Q

_____ ______ lets the chip know that you are talking to it.

A

Chip enable (CE)

81
Q

Chip and Read enable are active ___.

A

low

82
Q

If CE and RE are not both 0, then the chip will not output something to the ____ line.

A

data

83
Q

What is PROM and show an example.

A

PROM is programable ROM. It’s programable once.

84
Q

What is EPROM?

A

Erasable Programable ROM. You can erase it with UV light for example.

85
Q

What is EEPROM?

A

Electronically Erasable Programable ROM. For example, with a burner.

86
Q

True or False? RAM is fast for reading/writing.

A

True

87
Q

What type of ram requires refresh?

A

Dynamic RAM. Has to be refreshed periodically (i.e. 10 times/second). Static RAM (D-Flip-Flop) does not require refresh and retains the value until power loss.

88
Q

What do address lines specify?

A

Where in memory you have the word you want to read/write

89
Q

Realistically, there are ___ to ___ address lines and ___ to ___+ data lines.

A

16 to 64 address lines

8 to 64+ data lines

90
Q

What do the following lines make up?

Address | Data | Read/ | Write/ | Clock

A

They form a bus

91
Q

Why would you need two clocks?

A

You can have different clocks, if you have fast parts, you can have a fast clock and for the slower parts, a slower clock.

92
Q

In the following drawing, what do MSB and LSB signify?

A

Most Significant Bit

Least Significant Bit

93
Q

You need ___ address lines for 32k memory and ____ address lines for 16k memory.

A

15

14

94
Q

Draw a diagram for accessing the 4 types of memories. Remember, active low.

A
95
Q

True or false? The CPU doesn’t know the difference between one big memory chip and 4 small memory chips.

A

True

96
Q

What does stroking mean?

A

Pulsing a signal for a short time.

97
Q

What’s the difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor?

A

Microcontroller is usually less capable than a microprocessor. Arudino is a microcontroller while a Raspberry Pi is a microprocessor.

98
Q

The number of lines a microprocessor can access is limited by the number of _____ lines.

A

address

99
Q

What is memory mapping?

A

When devices appear to be memory. For example, replacing a memory chip with an IO device.

100
Q

What is the I/O address space?

A

A way for the CPU to interact with the I/O devices.

101
Q

The ____ is in charge of timing.

A

CPU

102
Q

What is bus handshaking?

A

Process of CPU communicating with the memory or other devices

103
Q

True or false? There doesn’t have to be handshaking.

A

True. When other devices are fast enough to keep up

104
Q

____ _____ is when the CPU waits automatically. Time it waits is up to the ____-_____ generator.

A

Wait state

105
Q

Serial ports send ___ bit of data per time. Parallel ports send ____ pieces of data at a time

A

one

multiple

106
Q

____-____ access lets I/O devices talk directly to the RAM

A

Direct-Memory Access

Embedded Systems (2 decks)

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