Everything Flashcards
What is earth system science
The relationship between the spheres and the study of their interaction
What are the 4 spheres?
Atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
What is an observation?
A contact with the world with the use of senses.
What is an inference?
An assumption. Expresses probability not certainty
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Question, information, hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusion, communicate.
(Queens in heels eat delicious chocolate cake)
What is an independent variable?
The variable the experimenter minipulates
What is a dependent variable?
The variable that is dependent of the independent variable but is not directly manipulated by the experimenter.
What is an experimental group
The group that is not subject to the variable
What is a control group?
The group that is tested and subject to the variable
What is the memory aide for remembering the scientific Method
Queens in heels eat delicious chocolate cake
Explain the 4 graphing guidelines
Title you graph, label axes, plot in/dependent variable, choose an appropriate scale
When is it appropriate to use a line graph and when is it appropriate to use a bar graph?
Use a line graph when there is a direct corolation between the independent and dependent variable. Otherwise always use a bar graph always
What is accuracy?
How close a measurement is to an accepted value
What is precision?
How close together or how repeatable the results are
What are three ways experimental error can happen?
Instrument error, personal error, sampling error
What is the memory aide for learning the metric conversions? What do they stand for?
King Henry died by drinking chocolate milk
Kilo hecto deca basic deci centi milli
What is density?
The amount of matter (mass) in a given space (volume)
What are the 4 steps of problem solving?
Find knows and unknowns, show the formula, solve the problem (show your work), show answer
What are the three particles in an atom?
Proton, neutron, and electron
What charge does each particle in an atom have?
Proton+
Neutron+/-
Electron-
Where are each particle in an atom found within the atom?
The protons and neutrons are found within the nucleus.
What is an aquifer?
A place where large amounts of water can be stored between sediments and rocks
What is permeability?
The ability for water to pass through a porous material
What is porosity?
The amount of spaces in a rock (or other material) for holding water
How do permeability and porosity relate to one another?
An object must be porous in order for it to be permeable (must have space to hold water to allow water to penetrate)
What is groundwater?
Water that is beneath the earths surface. Found in spaces between rock.
What is a plume?
A concentrated mass of pollutant that moves with the groundwater
What is the zone of aeration?
The Zone that lays on top of the water table
What is the Zone of saturation?
The lowest layer which is completely filled with water
What is a water table?
The surface of the zone of saturation.
What things affect how groundwater will move
Rocks that make it difficult for water to squeeze through
How do you determine the number of protons neutrons and electrons on an atom?
Atomic mass=number of protons and electrons. To find neutrons subtract attic number from atomic mass (#-mass)
What are energy levels? How many electrons to each level hold?
Energy levels store energy and surround the nucleus. The first level holds 2 electrons, the second and third hold 8 electrons, and the fourth hold 16 electrons
What makes an element “happy”?
When all (or a certain number) of its energy levels are full
If an atom LOSES electrons what charge will it acquire? Is an atom GAINS electrons what charge will it acquire?
Is it loses electrons it will gain positive charge. If it gains electrons it will get a negative charge.
What are the vertical columns on the periodic table called? What are the horizontal rows called?
Vertical- group
Horizontal- period
How is the size of atoms determined?
Based on where the number of electrons.
What is ionization energy?
The energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.
How does the size of atoms change from top to bottom on the periodic table? Left to right?
As you go down the table the size gets bigger. As you go right on the table the size gets smaller.
How does ionization change from tips to bottom on the periodic table? Left to right?
As you go down the ionization energy decreases and as you go right the ionization energy increases.
What types of elements form an ionic bond? Are electrons exchanged or shared?
An ionic bond occurs between a a metal and a nonmetal. An ionic bond occurs when electrons are exchanged (usually non metal takes electrons from a metal). Electrons are exchanged.
What type of elements will form covalent bonds? Are electrons exchanged or shared?
Will form between 2 no metals or a nonmetal and hydrogen. They share electrons
Is an ionic bond a physical bond or an attraction between opposites?
Attraction between opposites
Is a covalent bond a physical bond or an attraction between opposites?
A physical bond
How do you name ionic bonds?
Put the name of the metal first then the name of the nonmetal second. Then change the ending of the word to -IDE
How do you use the cross cross method?
Find the ionic charge of both given elements, drop the charge(+/-), cross cross the numbers from one element to the other, subscript numbers become subscripts.
What is electron affinity?
Electron affinity is the energy that causes elements to share electrons in a covalent bond.
How do you determine the number of bonds an element will form in a covalent bond?
Subtract the number of valence electrons from the total number of electrons it wants in the outer level.
What are the products and reactants in a chemical equation?
Reactants- the materials about to react
Products- newly formed materials
*reactants form the products
What does the conservation of mass state?
Mass is neither created nor destroyed
What is an endothermic reaction? How does it feel to touch?
A reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases. Feels cold
What is an ectothermic reaction? How does it feel?
Reactions that release more energy that absorb. It feels warm
Give 4 types of chemical reactions.
Synthesis reaction-
2H2+o2 = 2H2O
Decomposition reaction-
2H2O = 2H2 + O2
Single replacement reaction-
Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2
Double replacement-
AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl + NaNO3
List 5 ways to define a mineral.
Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid Definite Crystal Structure Definite Chemical composition
List 8 properties of a mineral.
Crystal form Luster Streak Cleavage/Fracture Specific Gravity Color Hardness Other
What are the most abundant element on earth?
Oxygen, Silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium.
What is rock?
A collection of minerals. Rocks can either have one or several minerals in their make up.
What are two ways igneous rocks can be classified?
Type of magma
Location of formation
List the main two types of magma
Mafic
Felsic.
What is the texture of the rock? List 3 things that can affect it.
Refers to the size of the crystals.
- Where it was formed
- Amount of silica
- Amount of dissolved gasses.
List 4 types of textures and define each.
Coarse- large crystals
Fine- small crystals
Glassy- no crystals
Porphyritic- variety of crystal sizes
What are three ways to classify sedimentary rocks?
Chemical composition
Biological composition
Formation environment
What are 4 steps of lithification?
Weathering, Erosion, deposition, compaction.
What are the 4 agents of erosion?
Wind, water, ice, gravity
What works to cement grains together in a sedimentary rock?
Materials that dissolve in water
What is clastic rock?
Rocks that are made up of other rock fragments
What is chemical rock?
Sedimentary rock that precipitate from chemicals.
What is organic rock?
Foes from the remains of once living organisms
What 2 factors create metamorphic rock?
Heat and pressure
List two types metamorphism.
Contact- when hot magma pushes through overlaying rocks, the heat can change the composition of the rocks
Dynamic/Regional- large parts of the crust is put under huge stress which changes the formation during tectonic activity.
What is parent rock?
When a rock is subject to changes a rock similar to its original form is the parent rock.
What two ways are metamorphic rocks classified? Define each
Foliated- parallel bands of minerals
Non foliated- no distinct pattern
What is the rock cycle?
A never ending group of changes a rock goes through
What are the layers of the earth from inside to outside?
Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
Which layer of the earth is biggest? Which is the smallest?
Mantle. Crust
Explain continental crust
Less dense than oceanic crust, 0 to 40 km thick, felsic rock
Explain oceanic crust.
More dense than oceanic crust, thinner, 0 to 10 km, mafic rock
What helps us to know about the earths layers?
Earthquakes and the seismic waves they produce.
What is refraction?
Bending and changing of speed or direction or waves.
How are the inner and outer cores different?
Inner- solid iron and nickel
Outer- dense liquid iron
What is a shadow zone? Why does it occur?
The shadow zone is a place where seismic waves are not recorded. This Is because the waves cannot travel through the earths core.
What 2 ideas lead to the idea of plate tectonics?
Continental Drift and Sea-floor Spreading.
What is continental drift? What is some evidence to support it?
Moving of continents. Glacial evidence, continents fit together, similar land forms in other continents.
What is Sea-Floor Spreading? List evidence of it.
New material is created in the Rift Valley of a spreading center. Warm temperature near the center, age of rock,
What causes sea floor spreading
Slab pull (convection currents in the mantle)
List and define the 4 parts of the plate tectonic theory.
- Earths crust is divided into plates
- Plates move due to slab pull
- New crust is created at ridges
- Old crust is destroyed at trenches
What are three types of divergent boundaries?
Divergent- moves away
Transform- move past each other
Convergent- moving toward each other
What feature for at ocean to ocean collision?
Subduction- more dense plate will dive under forming trenches and volcanic arc
What features form at ocean to continent collision?
Subduction- denser plate dives and forms trench and volcanic mountains.
What features form at continent to continent collision?
No subduction- folded mountains formed.
What features form at divergent boundries?
Mid ocean ridges, Rift Valley, pillow lava, plume, convection cells
What features form at transform boundries?
Faults
What are the formulas used to find the rate of motion?
R=D/T
T=D/R
D=T/R
What is elastic rebound?
When a plate is caught on another and it builds up tension and finally releases.
List the types of faults and the boundary type and the type of stress.
Edit later!!!!!!
List the type of earthquake waves. Define as well
P waves- faster, travel through any material.
S waves- slower, can’t travel through liquid
Compare and contrast epicenter and focus
Epicenter- the place on the surface directly above the earthquake.
Focus- the place where the greatest amount if slippage occurs.
What does the S-P delay tell is about earthquakes.
Helps to tell us where the earthquake came from by giving us three accurate readings
How many seismic stations does it take to determine the location of an earthquake
3
What is the Richter scale and what does it tell us?
The Richter scale is a scale that rates the severity of an earthquake on a 1 to 10 scale.
Why Do some earthquakes occur deeper in the crust?
As plates subduction into the mantle they go deeper and deeper until an earthquake occurs.
List 4 factors that affect earthquake destruction.
Intensity, duration, type of material the ground and surrounding structures are made with, structure.
What is a tsunami?
A large wave created by an off shore earthquake or large amount of material falls into the ocean.
What are four methods to predict earthquakes?
Seismic graphs, foreshocks, changes in rock, radon gas level, animal activity.
List and explain the different types of volcanoes.
Composite- consists of alternating layers of lava and ash. Very violent
Cinder cone- small steep sides, medium violent
Shield- large gentle loop, least violent.
What is viscosity?
The ability for magma to flow.
What is the difference between low and high viscosity?
Low viscosity means it is easier to flow. High is less easy to flow.
What are three types of lava.? Define.
Pohoehoe- ropy, lava- mafic composition
Aa- sharp edged. Mafic composition
Pillow lava- globular. Mafic composition.
List and define three types of pyroclastics.
Volcanic ash- fine grained particles blown from the volcano.
Volcanic Blocks- large fragments of rock.
Volcanic bombs- medium sized fragments of rock.
What is the ring of fire?
A group of active volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean.
