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Everything Flashcards

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1
Q

What is earth system science

A

The relationship between the spheres and the study of their interaction

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2
Q

What are the 4 spheres?

A

Atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere

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3
Q

What is an observation?

A

A contact with the world with the use of senses.

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4
Q

What is an inference?

A

An assumption. Expresses probability not certainty

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5
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

Question, information, hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusion, communicate.
(Queens in heels eat delicious chocolate cake)

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6
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable the experimenter minipulates

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7
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable that is dependent of the independent variable but is not directly manipulated by the experimenter.

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8
Q

What is an experimental group

A

The group that is not subject to the variable

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9
Q

What is a control group?

A

The group that is tested and subject to the variable

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10
Q

What is the memory aide for remembering the scientific Method

A

Queens in heels eat delicious chocolate cake

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11
Q

Explain the 4 graphing guidelines

A

Title you graph, label axes, plot in/dependent variable, choose an appropriate scale

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12
Q

When is it appropriate to use a line graph and when is it appropriate to use a bar graph?

A

Use a line graph when there is a direct corolation between the independent and dependent variable. Otherwise always use a bar graph always

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13
Q

What is accuracy?

A

How close a measurement is to an accepted value

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14
Q

What is precision?

A

How close together or how repeatable the results are

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15
Q

What are three ways experimental error can happen?

A

Instrument error, personal error, sampling error

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16
Q

What is the memory aide for learning the metric conversions? What do they stand for?

A

King Henry died by drinking chocolate milk

Kilo hecto deca basic deci centi milli

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17
Q

What is density?

A

The amount of matter (mass) in a given space (volume)

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18
Q

What are the 4 steps of problem solving?

A

Find knows and unknowns, show the formula, solve the problem (show your work), show answer

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19
Q

What are the three particles in an atom?

A

Proton, neutron, and electron

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20
Q

What charge does each particle in an atom have?

A

Proton+
Neutron+/-
Electron-

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21
Q

Where are each particle in an atom found within the atom?

A

The protons and neutrons are found within the nucleus.

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22
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A place where large amounts of water can be stored between sediments and rocks

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23
Q

What is permeability?

A

The ability for water to pass through a porous material

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24
Q

What is porosity?

A

The amount of spaces in a rock (or other material) for holding water

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25
Q

How do permeability and porosity relate to one another?

A

An object must be porous in order for it to be permeable (must have space to hold water to allow water to penetrate)

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26
Q

What is groundwater?

A

Water that is beneath the earths surface. Found in spaces between rock.

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27
Q

What is a plume?

A

A concentrated mass of pollutant that moves with the groundwater

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28
Q

What is the zone of aeration?

A

The Zone that lays on top of the water table

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29
Q

What is the Zone of saturation?

A

The lowest layer which is completely filled with water

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30
Q

What is a water table?

A

The surface of the zone of saturation.

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31
Q

What things affect how groundwater will move

A

Rocks that make it difficult for water to squeeze through

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32
Q

How do you determine the number of protons neutrons and electrons on an atom?

A

Atomic mass=number of protons and electrons. To find neutrons subtract attic number from atomic mass (#-mass)

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33
Q

What are energy levels? How many electrons to each level hold?

A

Energy levels store energy and surround the nucleus. The first level holds 2 electrons, the second and third hold 8 electrons, and the fourth hold 16 electrons

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34
Q

What makes an element “happy”?

A

When all (or a certain number) of its energy levels are full

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35
Q

If an atom LOSES electrons what charge will it acquire? Is an atom GAINS electrons what charge will it acquire?

A

Is it loses electrons it will gain positive charge. If it gains electrons it will get a negative charge.

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36
Q

What are the vertical columns on the periodic table called? What are the horizontal rows called?

A

Vertical- group

Horizontal- period

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37
Q

How is the size of atoms determined?

A

Based on where the number of electrons.

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38
Q

What is ionization energy?

A

The energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.

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39
Q

How does the size of atoms change from top to bottom on the periodic table? Left to right?

A

As you go down the table the size gets bigger. As you go right on the table the size gets smaller.

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40
Q

How does ionization change from tips to bottom on the periodic table? Left to right?

A

As you go down the ionization energy decreases and as you go right the ionization energy increases.

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41
Q

What types of elements form an ionic bond? Are electrons exchanged or shared?

A

An ionic bond occurs between a a metal and a nonmetal. An ionic bond occurs when electrons are exchanged (usually non metal takes electrons from a metal). Electrons are exchanged.

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42
Q

What type of elements will form covalent bonds? Are electrons exchanged or shared?

A

Will form between 2 no metals or a nonmetal and hydrogen. They share electrons

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43
Q

Is an ionic bond a physical bond or an attraction between opposites?

A

Attraction between opposites

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44
Q

Is a covalent bond a physical bond or an attraction between opposites?

A

A physical bond

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45
Q

How do you name ionic bonds?

A

Put the name of the metal first then the name of the nonmetal second. Then change the ending of the word to -IDE

46
Q

How do you use the cross cross method?

A

Find the ionic charge of both given elements, drop the charge(+/-), cross cross the numbers from one element to the other, subscript numbers become subscripts.

47
Q

What is electron affinity?

A

Electron affinity is the energy that causes elements to share electrons in a covalent bond.

48
Q

How do you determine the number of bonds an element will form in a covalent bond?

A

Subtract the number of valence electrons from the total number of electrons it wants in the outer level.

49
Q

What are the products and reactants in a chemical equation?

A

Reactants- the materials about to react
Products- newly formed materials
*reactants form the products

50
Q

What does the conservation of mass state?

A

Mass is neither created nor destroyed

51
Q

What is an endothermic reaction? How does it feel to touch?

A

A reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases. Feels cold

52
Q

What is an ectothermic reaction? How does it feel?

A

Reactions that release more energy that absorb. It feels warm

53
Q

Give 4 types of chemical reactions.

A

Synthesis reaction-
2H2+o2 = 2H2O

Decomposition reaction-
2H2O = 2H2 + O2

Single replacement reaction-
Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2

Double replacement-
AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl + NaNO3

54
Q

List 5 ways to define a mineral.

A 
Naturally Occurring
Inorganic
Solid
Definite Crystal Structure
Definite Chemical composition
55
Q

List 8 properties of a mineral.

A 
Crystal form
Luster
Streak
Cleavage/Fracture
Specific Gravity
Color
Hardness
Other
56
Q

What are the most abundant element on earth?

A

Oxygen, Silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium.

57
Q

What is rock?

A

A collection of minerals. Rocks can either have one or several minerals in their make up.

58
Q

What are two ways igneous rocks can be classified?

A

Type of magma

Location of formation

59
Q

List the main two types of magma

A

Mafic

Felsic.

60
Q

What is the texture of the rock? List 3 things that can affect it.

A

Refers to the size of the crystals.

  1. Where it was formed
  2. Amount of silica
  3. Amount of dissolved gasses.
61
Q

List 4 types of textures and define each.

A

Coarse- large crystals
Fine- small crystals
Glassy- no crystals
Porphyritic- variety of crystal sizes

62
Q

What are three ways to classify sedimentary rocks?

A

Chemical composition
Biological composition
Formation environment

63
Q

What are 4 steps of lithification?

A

Weathering, Erosion, deposition, compaction.

64
Q

What are the 4 agents of erosion?

A

Wind, water, ice, gravity

65
Q

What works to cement grains together in a sedimentary rock?

A

Materials that dissolve in water

66
Q

What is clastic rock?

A

Rocks that are made up of other rock fragments

67
Q

What is chemical rock?

A

Sedimentary rock that precipitate from chemicals.

68
Q

What is organic rock?

A

Foes from the remains of once living organisms

69
Q

What 2 factors create metamorphic rock?

A

Heat and pressure

70
Q

List two types metamorphism.

A

Contact- when hot magma pushes through overlaying rocks, the heat can change the composition of the rocks
Dynamic/Regional- large parts of the crust is put under huge stress which changes the formation during tectonic activity.

71
Q

What is parent rock?

A

When a rock is subject to changes a rock similar to its original form is the parent rock.

72
Q

What two ways are metamorphic rocks classified? Define each

A

Foliated- parallel bands of minerals

Non foliated- no distinct pattern

73
Q

What is the rock cycle?

A

A never ending group of changes a rock goes through

74
Q

What are the layers of the earth from inside to outside?

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

75
Q

Which layer of the earth is biggest? Which is the smallest?

A

Mantle. Crust

76
Q

Explain continental crust

A

Less dense than oceanic crust, 0 to 40 km thick, felsic rock

77
Q

Explain oceanic crust.

A

More dense than oceanic crust, thinner, 0 to 10 km, mafic rock

78
Q

What helps us to know about the earths layers?

A

Earthquakes and the seismic waves they produce.

79
Q

What is refraction?

A

Bending and changing of speed or direction or waves.

80
Q

How are the inner and outer cores different?

A

Inner- solid iron and nickel

Outer- dense liquid iron

81
Q

What is a shadow zone? Why does it occur?

A

The shadow zone is a place where seismic waves are not recorded. This Is because the waves cannot travel through the earths core.

82
Q

What 2 ideas lead to the idea of plate tectonics?

A

Continental Drift and Sea-floor Spreading.

83
Q

What is continental drift? What is some evidence to support it?

A

Moving of continents. Glacial evidence, continents fit together, similar land forms in other continents.

84
Q

What is Sea-Floor Spreading? List evidence of it.

A

New material is created in the Rift Valley of a spreading center. Warm temperature near the center, age of rock,

85
Q

What causes sea floor spreading

A

Slab pull (convection currents in the mantle)

86
Q

List and define the 4 parts of the plate tectonic theory.

A
  1. Earths crust is divided into plates
  2. Plates move due to slab pull
  3. New crust is created at ridges
  4. Old crust is destroyed at trenches
87
Q

What are three types of divergent boundaries?

A

Divergent- moves away
Transform- move past each other
Convergent- moving toward each other

88
Q

What feature for at ocean to ocean collision?

A

Subduction- more dense plate will dive under forming trenches and volcanic arc

89
Q

What features form at ocean to continent collision?

A

Subduction- denser plate dives and forms trench and volcanic mountains.

90
Q

What features form at continent to continent collision?

A

No subduction- folded mountains formed.

91
Q

What features form at divergent boundries?

A

Mid ocean ridges, Rift Valley, pillow lava, plume, convection cells

92
Q

What features form at transform boundries?

A

Faults

93
Q

What are the formulas used to find the rate of motion?

A

R=D/T
T=D/R
D=T/R

94
Q

What is elastic rebound?

A

When a plate is caught on another and it builds up tension and finally releases.

95
Q

List the types of faults and the boundary type and the type of stress.

A

Edit later!!!!!!

96
Q

List the type of earthquake waves. Define as well

A

P waves- faster, travel through any material.

S waves- slower, can’t travel through liquid

97
Q

Compare and contrast epicenter and focus

A

Epicenter- the place on the surface directly above the earthquake.
Focus- the place where the greatest amount if slippage occurs.

98
Q

What does the S-P delay tell is about earthquakes.

A

Helps to tell us where the earthquake came from by giving us three accurate readings

99
Q

How many seismic stations does it take to determine the location of an earthquake

A

3

100
Q

What is the Richter scale and what does it tell us?

A

The Richter scale is a scale that rates the severity of an earthquake on a 1 to 10 scale.

101
Q

Why Do some earthquakes occur deeper in the crust?

A

As plates subduction into the mantle they go deeper and deeper until an earthquake occurs.

102
Q

List 4 factors that affect earthquake destruction.

A

Intensity, duration, type of material the ground and surrounding structures are made with, structure.

103
Q

What is a tsunami?

A

A large wave created by an off shore earthquake or large amount of material falls into the ocean.

104
Q

What are four methods to predict earthquakes?

A

Seismic graphs, foreshocks, changes in rock, radon gas level, animal activity.

105
Q

List and explain the different types of volcanoes.

A

Composite- consists of alternating layers of lava and ash. Very violent
Cinder cone- small steep sides, medium violent
Shield- large gentle loop, least violent.

106
Q

What is viscosity?

A

The ability for magma to flow.

107
Q

What is the difference between low and high viscosity?

A

Low viscosity means it is easier to flow. High is less easy to flow.

108
Q

What are three types of lava.? Define.

A

Pohoehoe- ropy, lava- mafic composition
Aa- sharp edged. Mafic composition
Pillow lava- globular. Mafic composition.

109
Q

List and define three types of pyroclastics.

A

Volcanic ash- fine grained particles blown from the volcano.
Volcanic Blocks- large fragments of rock.
Volcanic bombs- medium sized fragments of rock.

110
Q

What is the ring of fire?

A

A group of active volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean.

Geophysical Science (1 decks)

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