Everything Flashcards
Proteins are made of?
20 different amino acids
What do proteins contain?
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and some also contain sulphur.
What are proteins held together by?
peptide bonds
What is the primary structure of a protein?
order the amino acids are put in
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
some chains of amino acids coil up, weak chemical forces of attraction between hydrogen bonds
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
Coiled chain then turns into a ball because they are held together by a mixture of hydrogen bonds and strong disulphide bonds
What do carbohydrates contain?
Hydrogen, oxygen and carbon
Types of carbohydrates?
sugars, starch, cellulose
What is a monosaccharide?
single unit from which all the carbohydrates are built. ( eg. glucose and fructose)
What is a disaccharide?
two monosaccharides are joined together and form water (e.g glucose+glucose —> maltose+water
or glucose+fructose —–> sucrose+water)
What is a polysaccharide?
polymer e.g starch ( amylose and amylopectin)
What are lipids?
oils and fats
What is a triglyceride?
Is a group of lipids, which contain one molecule of glucose an three fatty acids attached to it
What is a fatty acid?
Long chain of carbon atoms with an acid group
If carbon atoms have a single bond they are?
saturated
If carbon atoms have a double bond they are?
unsaturated
What are enzymes?
- biological catalysts
- speed up the rate of reactions
- globular proteins
Eukaryotic cells?
complex cells eg. plants and animals, algal and fugal cells. Multi- cellular organism, which contain membrane-bound organelles. DNA wrapped around proteins (histones) , long straight DNA, DNA coiled up tightly to fit in the cell
Prokaryotic cells?
single-celled organisms eg. bacteria. No organized nucleus, DNA is clumped in an are but there is no organized nucleus with a membrane. Chromosomes are loose, DNA in a loop, has a plasmid, dosent have histones
What is an organelle?
parts of the cell
What do animal cells contain?
cell surface (plasma) membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, ribosome, lysosme
What do plant cells contain?
cell surface membrane, chloroplasts, rough endoplasmic reticulum, plasmodesmata, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, vacuole, cell wall, ribosomes, nucleus, cytoplasm, smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleic acid is the monomer of?
monomer of the polymer DNA strand
Glucose is the monomer of?
monomer of the polymer of the carbohydrate molecule
Amino acid is the monomer of ?
proteins
What type of reaction is it when water is formed when making a polymer?
condensation reaction
What type of reaction is it when polymers are broken down into their monomers with the addition of water?
hydrolosis reaction
