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Virology - All Viruses > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

1
Q

Adenoviruses: Class

A

Adenovirus

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2
Q

Adenoviruses: Disease(s) Caused

A

colds, conjunctivitis

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3
Q

Adenoviruses: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

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4
Q

Adenoviruses: General Epidemiology

A

stable when dried

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5
Q

Adenoviruses: Incubation Period

A

3-10 days

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6
Q

Adenoviruses: Transmission Route

A

airborne

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7
Q

CMV: Chemotherapy

A

ganciclovir, Foscarnet (PPi analogue)

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8
Q

CMV: Class

A

Herpesviruses

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9
Q

CMV: Disease(s) Caused

A

mononucleosis-like, most frequent viral congenital infection

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10
Q

CMV: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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11
Q

CMV: Epidemiology

A

appears like mononucleosis with negative heterophile test, transmission common in nursery schools, can be post blood transfusion complication, recurrent disease only in immunocompromised

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12
Q

CMV: Disease mechanisms

A

infected cells large with nuclear inclusion, primary infections before puberty often subclinical,infection of nursing infants is asymptomatic, most frequent viral congenital infection

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13
Q

CMV: Incubation Period

A

3-12 weeks

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14
Q

CMV: Lab Diagnostics

A

mononucleosis with negative heterophile test, owl’s eye inclusion bodies

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15
Q

CMV: Pathogenesis

A

virus can cross placenta to cause congenital disease, latent infected cell type unknown

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16
Q

CMV: Signs & Symptoms

A

congenital CMV can result in microcephalic mental retardation with intracerebral calcifications, neuro-sensory deafness, jaundice, enlarged liver/spleen, anemia// immunosuppressed get generalized infections, AIDS pts have high incidence of retinitis and gastroenteritis caused by CMV

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17
Q

CMV: Transmission Route

A

close contact, nasopharyngeal fluid, semen, urine, vaginal secretions

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18
Q

CMV: Vaccines

A

experimental live virus vaccine

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19
Q

Coxsackie A virus: Class

A

Picornavirus

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20
Q

Coxsackie A virus: Disease(s) Caused

A

aseptic meningitis, rash, colds, herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (children)

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21
Q

Coxsackie A virus: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

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22
Q

Coxsackie A virus: Epidemiology

A

stable in environment (daycare problem), large titers shed in feces

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23
Q

Coxsackie A virus: General Epidemiology

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

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24
Q

Coxsackie A virus: Lab Diagnostics

A

isolation/cell culture, rising antibody titers, PCR for RNA in CSF (aseptic meningitis cases)

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25
Q

Coxsackie A virus: Signs & Symptoms

A

Herpangina: sore throat, generalized infection, characteristic ulcerating vesicles in throat Hand-foot-and-mouth disease: in children, viremic disease, vesicular lesions appear at same time

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26
Q

Coxsackie A virus: Transmission Route

A

fecal-oral

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27
Q

Coxsackie A virus: Vaccines

A

None

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28
Q

Coxsackie B virus: Class

A

Picornavirus

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29
Q

Coxsackie B virus: Disease(s) Caused

A

aseptic meningitis, rash, colds, neonatal myocarditis, epidemic pleurodynia

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30
Q

Coxsackie B virus: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

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31
Q

Coxsackie B virus: Epidemiology

A

stable in environment (daycare problem), large titiers shed in feces

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32
Q

Coxsackie B virus: General Epidemiology

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

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33
Q

Coxsackie B virus: Lab Diagnostics

A

isolation/cell culture, rising antibody titers, PCR for RNA in CSF (aseptic meningitis cases)

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34
Q

Coxsackie B virus: Signs & Symptoms

A

Neonatal myocarditis: Generalized infection in infants (and heart- often fatal)
Epidemic pleurodynia: thoracic pain aggravated on deep breath (Devil’s grip)

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35
Q

Coxsackie B virus: Transmission Route

A

fecal-oral

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36
Q

Coxsackie B virus: Vaccines

A

None

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37
Q

Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD): Class

A

Prions (not viruses)

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38
Q

Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD): Epidemiology

A

Most common human spongiform encephalopathy, transmitted to primates, can be result of inherited mutation (most spontaneous), some iatrogenic via corneal transplants and GH preparations

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39
Q

Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD): Pathogenesis

A

Spongiform encephalopathy

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40
Q

Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD): Transmission Route

A

inherited mutations, spontaneous mutations, corneal transplants + GH preparations (iatrogenic)

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41
Q

Dengue virus: Class

A

Flavivirus

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42
Q

Dengue virus: Disease(s) Caused

A

Classical Dengue (“bone-break fever”), dengue hemorrhagic fever (fatal)

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43
Q

Dengue virus: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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44
Q

Dengue virus: Epidemiology

A

severe but not usually life-threatening disease, 4 antigenic types

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45
Q

Dengue virus: General Epidemiology

A

found in tropics/subtropics, esp in S.E. Asia and Caribbean islands, humans are not dead-end hosts

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46
Q

Dengue virus: Incubation Period

A

7 days

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47
Q

Dengue virus: Pathogenesis

A

dengue hemorrhagic fever from massive macrophage infection –> cytokine storm (after sequential infections w/2 diff antigentically cross-reacting dengue viruses)

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48
Q

Dengue virus: Signs & Symptoms

A

fevere, severe headache, muscle and joint pains, rash

dengue hemorrhagic fever causes patient to vomit blood/hemorrhage/go into shock (most often in native pop)

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49
Q

Dengue virus: Transmission Route

A

Aedes aegypti mosquito, humans

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50
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Class

A

Togavirus

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51
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Disease(s) Caused

A

Encephalitis

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52
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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53
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Epidemiology

A

75% clinical cases fatal, some subclinical infections, generally infects children under 10 yo

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54
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: General Epidemiology

A

most deadly arbovirus encephalitis in US, mostly infects children in swampy/wetland areas (mosquito habitats)

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55
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Incubation Period

A

7 days

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56
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Pathogenesis

A

humans and horses are dead-end hosts, virus maintained by birds and mosquitoes

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57
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Transmission Route

A

wild birds, mosquitoes (humans and horses dead-end hosts)

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58
Q

EBV: Class

A

Herpesviruses

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59
Q

EBV: Disease(s) Caused

A

mononucleosis, oral hairy leukoplakia or tumor (in immunocompromised), Burkitt’s lymphoma (esp African boys), nasopharyngeal carcinoma,hepatitis, fatal lymphoproliferative disease in pts w/mutation that blocks cell-mediated immunity

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60
Q

EBV: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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61
Q

EBV: Epidemiology

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma most frequent childhood tumor in Africa, boys at greater risk, if untreated will die in 6 months… can also cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin’s disease, gastric carcinoma, AIDS patients tumors

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62
Q

EBV: General Epidemiology

A

most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, disease of teenagers and young adults, immortalizes B-cells, virus found in saliva and produced by lymphoid cells in oro-pharynx

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63
Q

EBV: Incubation Period

A

4-6 weeks

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64
Q

EBV: Lab Diagnostics

A

heterophile test (antigenic cross-reactivity of Abs to EBV and sheep RBCs), Ab does not neutralize EBV

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65
Q

EBV: Pathogenesis

A

infects B-cells (attacked by CTLs)… for Burkitt’s lymphoma, often involves translocation placing c-myc protoncogene under Ig promoter

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66
Q

EBV: Signs & Symptoms

A

fever, sore throat, lymphadenpathy… oral hairy leukoplakia (white patches on tongue/buccal mucosa)

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67
Q

EBV: Transmission Route

A

first-basing (kissing, duh!), close oral contact, shared items

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68
Q

ECHO viruses: Class

A

Picornavirus

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69
Q

ECHO viruses: Disease(s) Caused

A

rash, leading cause of aseptic meningitis

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70
Q

ECHO viruses: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

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71
Q

ECHO viruses: Epidemiology

A

leading cause of aseptic meningitis, stable in environment (daycare problem), large titiers shed in feces

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72
Q

ECHO viruses: General Epidemiology

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

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73
Q

ECHO viruses: Transmission Route

A

fecal-oral

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74
Q

ECHO viruses: Vaccines

A

None

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75
Q

Enteric adenoviruses: Class

A

Adenovirus

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76
Q

Enteric adenoviruses: Disease(s) Caused

A

gastroenteritis, diarrhea

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77
Q

Enteric adenoviruses: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

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78
Q

Enteric adenoviruses: Incubation Period

A

3-10 days

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79
Q

Enteric adenoviruses: Transmission Route

A

fecal-oral

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80
Q

Enterovirus 70: Class

A

Picornavirus

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81
Q

Enterovirus 70: Disease(s) Caused

A

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

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82
Q

Enterovirus 70: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

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83
Q

Enterovirus 70: General Epidemiology

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

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84
Q

Enterovirus 70: Transmission Route

A

fecal-oral

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85
Q

Enterovirus 71: Class

A

Picornavirus

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86
Q

Enterovirus 71: Disease(s) Caused

A

HFMD, CNS infections

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87
Q

Enterovirus 71: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

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88
Q

Enterovirus 71: General Epidemiology

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

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89
Q

Enterovirus 71: Transmission Route

A

fecal-oral

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90
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Chemotherapy

A

Passive immunization

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91
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Class

A

Picornavirus

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92
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Disease(s) Caused

A

Hepatitis A

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93
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

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94
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Epidemiology

A

0.1% mortality

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95
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Incubation Period

A

~ 30 days

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96
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Lab Diagnostics

A

LFTs, serological tests (anti-HAV-IgG/M comparison)

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97
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Pathogenesis

A

Acute onset

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98
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Signs & Symptoms

A

anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice

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99
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Transmission Route

A

fecal-oral

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100
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Vaccines

A

Formaldehyde-killed vaccine

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101
Q

Hepatitis B: Chemotherapy

A

alpha-IFN and lamivudine (RT inhibitor)

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102
Q

Hepatitis B: Class

A

Hepadnavirus

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103
Q

Hepatitis B: Disease(s) Caused

A

Hepatitis B, hepatocellular carcinoma

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104
Q

Hepatitis B: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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105
Q

Hepatitis B: Epidemiology

A

HBeAG correlated with presence of infectious HBV and progression to hepatic carcinoma in chronically infected patients, responsible for 500k cancer deaths annually

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106
Q

Hepatitis B: General Epidemiology

A

High incidence with IV drug users, unsafe male homosexual sex, 5% cases become chronic (2-4% of chronic develop primary hepatocellular carcinoma), 90% perinatal transmission results in chronic HBV carriers where 25% of carriers will die of liver carcinoma or chronic hepatitis

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107
Q

Hepatitis B: Incubation Period

A

~ 70 days (insiduous onset)

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108
Q

Hepatitis B: Lab Diagnostics

A

Serological tests for HB-Ags (core and surface), PCR test

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109
Q

Hepatitis B: Pathogenesis

A

CD8+ cells recognize HBV peptides presented by MHC I, kills hepatocytes (killing + regeneration leads to mutations/transformation of cells), tumors have integrated HepB DNA (but not required for replication)

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110
Q

Hepatitis B: Signs & Symptoms

A

anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice, prodromal rash/arthritis

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111
Q

Hepatitis B: Transmission Route

A

Parenteral transfer of blood, sexual transmission, perinatal infection of neonates (more likely to result in chronic disease and cause primary liver carcinoma)

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112
Q

Hepatitis B: Vaccines

A

At birth from HBV infected mother: neonate given passive anti-HBV Abs AND vaccine immediately after birth
Inactivated subunit vaccine against HBV surface Ags

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113
Q

Hepatitis C: Chemotherapy

A

alpha-IFN, Ribivirin, and telaprevir/boceprevir (essential HCV protease inhibitors)

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114
Q

Hepatitis C: Class

A

Flavivirus

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115
Q

Hepatitis C: Disease(s) Caused

A

Hepatitis C, hepatocellular carcinoma

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116
Q

Hepatitis C: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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117
Q

Hepatitis C: General Epidemiology

A

75% chronically infected, 20% develop cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma 10-20 years after acture HCV infection
Results in 10k dpy in US, 4 mil Americans chronically infected

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118
Q

Hepatitis C: Incubation Period

A

~60 days (insiduous onset)

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119
Q

Hepatitis C: Lab Diagnostics

A

Serological and PCR tests

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120
Q

Hepatitis C: Pathogenesis

A

CD8+ cells recognize HCV peptides presented by MHC I, kills hepatocytes (again higher chance of mutations), virus does not integrate into the genome

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121
Q

Hepatitis C: Signs & Symptoms

A

anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice, prodromal rash/arthritis

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122
Q

Hepatitis C: Transmission Route

A

STD, needle-sharing, blood transfusion, perinatal

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123
Q

Hepatitis D: Chemotherapy

A

HBV treatment protects

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124
Q

Hepatitis D: Class

A

[Deltavirus]

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125
Q

Hepatitis D: Disease(s) Caused

A

Hepatitis D

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126
Q

Hepatitis D: Epidemiology

A

2-30% mortality, acute onset with severe pathology

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127
Q

Hepatitis D: General Epidemiology

A

Immunity to HepB induced HepD immunity (does not encode envelope proteins)

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128
Q

Hepatitis D: Incubation Period

A

~50 days (acute onset)

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129
Q

Hepatitis D: Lab Diagnostics

A

Serological or PCR test of unique HepD protein

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130
Q

Hepatitis D: Transmission Route

A

only infectious in people infected with HepB as well

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131
Q

Hepatitis D: Vaccines

A

HBV vaccine protects

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132
Q

Hepatitis E: Class

A

[Hepevirus]

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133
Q

Hepatitis E: Disease(s) Caused

A

Hepatitis E

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134
Q

Hepatitis E: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

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135
Q

Hepatitis E: Epidemiology

A

20% mortality in pregnant women of developing countries

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136
Q

Hepatitis E: General Epidemiology

A

fecal-oral

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137
Q

Hepatitis E: Incubation Period

A

~ 30 days (acute onset)

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138
Q

Hepatitis E: Transmission Route

A

fecal-oral

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139
Q

HHV-6: Class

A

Herpesviruses

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140
Q

HHV-6: Disease(s) Caused

A

roseola infantum (system infection w/rash in infants), MS, CFS, epilepsy

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141
Q

HHV-6: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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142
Q

HHV-6: General Epidemiology

A

90% prevalence worldwide, 1% have HHV-6 integration

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143
Q

HHV-6: Signs & Symptoms

A

systemic infection with rash in infants, high fever

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144
Q

HHV-7: Class

A

Herpesviruses

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145
Q

HHV-7: Disease(s) Caused

A

none known

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146
Q

HHV-7: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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147
Q

HHV-8, KSHV: Class

A

Herpesviruses

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148
Q

HHV-8, KSHV: Disease(s) Caused

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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149
Q

HHV-8, KSHV: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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150
Q

HHV-8, KSHV: General Epidemiology

A

most frequent neoplasm in persons with AIDS, 15-20% AIDS patients develop KS

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151
Q

HHV-8, KSHV: Pathogenesis

A

tumor cells express high cellular VEGF (for vascularization)

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152
Q

HHV-8, KSHV: Signs & Symptoms

A

multiple, pigmented, highly-vascularized nodules on skin

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153
Q

HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Chemotherapy

A

HAART, nucleoside analog RT inhibitors (AZT), non-nucleoside RT inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors (Fuzeon), integrase inhibitors (isentress), CCR5 inhibitors (maraviroc)

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154
Q

HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Class

A

Retroviruses

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155
Q

HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Disease(s) Caused

A

HIV, AIDS

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156
Q

HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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157
Q

HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Epidemiology

A

AIDS patients have increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and tumors (Kaposi’s sacoma, B-cell lymphoma, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, chronic lymphadenopathy, dementia/diffuse brain disease in later stages of infection)

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158
Q

HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): General Epidemiology

A

3 stages… early stage with mono-like symptoms + high viremia, middle stage 3-10 years latency with decline in CD4 cells, late stage is AIDS and immunodeficiency… HIV-1 infected women progress to AIDS faster than men of same viral load

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159
Q

HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Lab Diagnostics

A

ELISA (forv viral antigens gp41 or p24), Western blot (less sensitive but more specific than ELISA), PCR for HIV RNA

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160
Q

HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Pathogenesis

A

gradual depeltion of CD4+ cells, suppression of cell-mediated immunity (variable progression to AIDS), cytopathic effect, CTL destruction of infected cells, apoptosis of CD4 cells, HIV also targets CD4 Th17 cells (imp for mucosal imm – bacteria)

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161
Q

HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Signs & Symptoms

A

Primary infection: mono-like or flu-like with fever/enlarged lymph nodes/tiredness/headache

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162
Q

HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Transmission Route

A

sexual contact, blood, tears, vaginal secretions, breast milk, transplacental, perinatal

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163
Q

HSV-1: Chemotherapy

A

trifluridine for recurrent keratitis, adenine arabinoside for encephalitis, acyclovir for systemic infection and for encephalitis

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164
Q

HSV-1: Class

A

Herpesviruses

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165
Q

HSV-1: Disease(s) Caused

A

herpes, cold sores, herpes simplex encephalitis/keratitis

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166
Q

HSV-1: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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167
Q

HSV-1: Epidemiology

A

latent infections activated by fever, UV light, emotion (virions transported down axon to site of initial infection, produce cold sores)… 80% seroprevalence in adults

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168
Q

HSV-1: General Epidemiology

A

primary infection often subclinical… often recurrent infections

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169
Q

HSV-1: Incubation Period

A

7-14 days

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170
Q

HSV-1: Lab Diagnostics

A

PCR detection in CSF for herpes simplex encephalitis

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171
Q

HSV-1: Pathogenesis

A

primarily infect nose/eyes/fingers/mouth… travels into sensory ganglia for latent infection

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172
Q

HSV-1: Signs & Symptoms

A

cold sores, stomatitis (with vesicles in mouth), encephalitis (temporal lobe), keratitis (red eyes)

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173
Q

HSV-1: Transmission Route

A

saliva

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174
Q

HSV-2: Chemotherapy

A

acyclovir

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175
Q

HSV-2: Class

A

Herpesviruses

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176
Q

HSV-2: Disease(s) Caused

A

genital herpesm neonatal herpes simplex (perinatal infection, 6 days after birth)

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177
Q

HSV-2: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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178
Q

HSV-2: Epidemiology

A

can cause recurrent infection, 20% of US population seropositive, vaginal lesions before delivery indication for C-section

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179
Q

HSV-2: General Epidemiology

A

most fatal perinatal infection is acute primary infection around time of delivery, hepato-adrenal necrosis in neonates

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180
Q

HSV-2: Incubation Period

A

7-14 days

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181
Q

HSV-2: Pathogenesis

A

primarily infect sensory ganglia in genital region (sacral ganglia)

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182
Q

HSV-2: Signs & Symptoms

A

lesions on genitalia, primary infection - bilateral lesions or asymptomatic, recurrent disease - fewer lesions that are unilateral

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183
Q

HSV-2: Transmission Route

A

sex, perinatal infectiion

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184
Q

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Class

A

Retroviruses

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185
Q

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Disease(s) Caused

A

adult T-cell leukemia (ATL; from HTLV-1), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

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186
Q

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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187
Q

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Epidemiology

A

ususally asymptomatic, 0.1% infected individuals develop ATL after 10-30 year latency

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188
Q

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): General Epidemiology

A

endemic in southern Japan, central Africa, Caribbean… 0.025% incidnece in US

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189
Q

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Pathogenesis

A

viral tax protein is transcription factor that induces IL-2 and receptor for autocrine loop for transformation

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190
Q

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Transmission Route

A

sexual contact, blood, breast milk (horizontal transmission)

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191
Q

Influenza A: Chemotherapy

A

Tamiflu and zanamivir: NA inhibitors reduce symptomatic period 1-2 days… only effective if given early, resistance against these drugs increasing… Adamantanes (not recommended in US since many A viruses have resistance against it and do not inhibit B viruses) effective in combination with NA inhibitors against H1N1 viruses, given before infection, nontoxic…. amantadine inhibits Influenza A uncoating

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192
Q

Influenza A: Class

A

Orthomyxoviruses

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193
Q

Influenza A: Disease(s) Caused

A

Influenza (fever, chills, aches), can lead to pneumonia

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194
Q

Influenza A: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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195
Q

Influenza A: Epidemiology

A

Epidemics 2-3 years, Pandemics 10-30 years (from antigenic shift of recombination with other viral host)

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196
Q

Influenza A: General Epidemiology

A

most deaths in elderly and infants, usually associated with underlying respiratory insufficiency (CPD, etc.)

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197
Q

Influenza A: Incubation Period

A

3-6 days

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198
Q

Influenza A: Lab Diagnostics

A

Lab diagnosis by virus isolation in eggs/tissue or by comparison of acute vs. convalescent sera looking for rise in anti-HA Ab via HI assay… rapid diagnosis via fluorescent Ab on throat swab specimen

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199
Q

Influenza A: Pathogenesis

A

droplets infect upper rispiratory tract, infection may extend to lower respiratory tract… destroys ciliated epithellium in respiratory tract, viremia uncommon (no role in pathogenesis), systemic symptoms caused by toxic components from sites of growth to cause H/A and muscle pains… complicated by pneumonia (sometimes secondary to bacterial pneomonia; pneumococcus most common; staphylococcos most fatal)

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200
Q

Influenza A: Signs & Symptoms

A

fevers, chills aches

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201
Q

Influenza A: Transmission Route

A

airborne

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202
Q

Influenza A: Vaccines

A

Trivalent seasonal killed vaccine: 2 influenza A viruses, 1 B virus… need IgA so immunity only lasts 3-10 years… FluMist (live-attenuated intranasal spray vaccine) effective in children

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203
Q

Influenza B: Chemotherapy

A

Tamiflu and zanamivir: NA inhibitors reduce symptomatic period 1-2 days… only effective if given early, resistance against these drugs increasing… Adamantanes (not recommended in US since many A viruses have resistance against it and do not inhibit B viruses) effective in combination with NA inhibitors against H1N1 viruses, given before infection, nontoxic…. amantadine inhibits Influenza A uncoating

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204
Q

Influenza B: Class

A

Orthomyxoviruses

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205
Q

Influenza B: Disease(s) Caused

A

Influenza (fever, chills, aches), can lead to pneumonia

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206
Q

Influenza B: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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207
Q

Influenza B: Epidemiology

A

Epidemics 3-6 years

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208
Q

Influenza B: General Epidemiology

A

most deaths in elderly and infants, usually associated with underlying respiratory insufficiency (CPD, etc.)

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209
Q

Influenza B: Incubation Period

A

3-6 days

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210
Q

Influenza B: Lab Diagnostics

A

Lab diagnosis by virus isolation in eggs/tissue or by comparison of acute vs. convalescent sera looking for rise in anti-HA Ab via HI assay… rapid diagnosis via fluorescent Ab on throat swab specimen

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211
Q

Influenza B: Pathogenesis

A

droplets infect upper rispiratory tract, infection may extend to lower respiratory tract… destroys ciliated epithellium in respiratory tract, viremia uncommon (no role in pathogenesis), systemic symptoms caused by toxic components from sites of growth to cause H/A and muscle pains… complicated by pneumonia (sometimes secondary to bacterial pneomonia; pneumococcus most common; staphylococcos most fatal)

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212
Q

Influenza B: Signs & Symptoms

A

fevers, chills aches

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213
Q

Influenza B: Transmission Route

A

airborne

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214
Q

Influenza B: Vaccines

A

Trivalent seasonal killed vaccine: 2 influenza A viruses, 1 B virus… need IgA so immunity only lasts 3-10 years… FluMist (live-attenuated intranasal spray vaccine) effective in children

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215
Q

Influenza C: Class

A

Orthomyxoviruses

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216
Q

Influenza C: Disease(s) Caused

A

Influenza (fever, chills, aches), can lead to pneumonia

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217
Q

Influenza C: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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218
Q

Influenza C: Epidemiology

A

Minor clinical significance

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219
Q

Influenza C: General Epidemiology

A

most deaths in elderly and infants, usually associated with underlying respiratory insufficiency (CPD, etc.)

220
Q

Influenza C: Incubation Period

A

3-6 days

221
Q

Influenza C: Lab Diagnostics

A

Lab diagnosis by virus isolation in eggs/tissue or by comparison of acute vs. convalescent sera looking for rise in anti-HA Ab via HI assay… rapid diagnosis via fluorescent Ab on throat swab specimen

222
Q

Influenza C: Pathogenesis

A

droplets infect upper rispiratory tract, infection may extend to lower respiratory tract… destroys ciliated epithellium in respiratory tract, viremia uncommon (no role in pathogenesis), systemic symptoms caused by toxic components from sites of growth to cause H/A and muscle pains… complicated by pneumonia (sometimes secondary to bacterial pneomonia; pneumococcus most common; staphylococcos most fatal)

223
Q

Influenza C: Signs & Symptoms

A

fevers, chills aches

224
Q

Influenza C: Transmission Route

A

airborne

225
Q

JC Virus: Class

A

Papovaviruses

226
Q

JC Virus: Disease(s) Caused

A

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

227
Q

JC Virus: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

228
Q

JC Virus: General Epidemiology

A

Occurs in immunocompromised, slow virus

229
Q

JC Virus: Pathogenesis

A

Demyelinating disease of brain that infects oligodendeoglia, no inflammation, reactivation of JC virus causes PML that progresses to blindness/dementia/coma/death within 6 months

230
Q

JC Virus: Transmission Route

A

aerosols

231
Q

Kuru: Class

A

Prions (not viruses)

232
Q

Kuru: Epidemiology

A

limited to stone-age tribe in New Guinea (Fore tribe), caused 1/2 total mortality at peak, transmissible via brain products, low incidence now with reduced cannibalism

233
Q

Kuru: Pathogenesis

A

Progressive degenerative disorder of CNS (especially cerebellum), causes spongiform encephalopathy

234
Q

Kuru: Transmission Route

A

Consuming brains

235
Q

Measles: Chemotherapy

A

Vitamin A reduces mortality, but no antiviral therapy available

236
Q

Measles: Class

A

Paramyxoviruses

237
Q

Measles: Disease(s) Caused

A

Measles, encephalitis, pneumonia, otitis media, rare giant-cell pneumonia (w/o rash when cell-mediated immunity is defective), subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), photophobia

238
Q

Measles: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

239
Q

Measles: Epidemiology

A

Local epidemics every 3rd winter (before vaccine), needs large population to survive, cell-mediated immunity important in clearing infection, 5-25% measles mortality in developing countries… SSPE results from people with uncomplicated measles infections from 4-17 years previous and at early age (2yo)

240
Q

Measles: General Epidemiology

A

Lifelong immunity from infection, IgG neutralizes, long incubation period, not related to parainfluenza, most contagious disease known, almost never causes subclinical infections

241
Q

Measles: Incubation Period

A

14 days

242
Q

Measles: Lab Diagnostics

A

Hemagglutination, multi-nucleaed giant cells in lymph tissue (result of virus-induced cell fusion), SSPE: see inclusion bodies w/helical nucleocapsids + high Ab titers to measles virus + CNS has measles antigen

243
Q

Measles: Pathogenesis

A

Viremia important… primary infection in respiratory tract and multiplies in epithelium/local lymph nodes/conjunctiva results in viremia 3 days prior to rash, virus excretion from respiratory tract and in tears and urine for a few days before/after rash

244
Q

Measles: Signs & Symptoms

A

Prodromal: fever, cold-like symptoms, Koplik spots (bright red lesions with central white spot on buccal mucosa), conjunctivitis, photophobia… anergy of cell-mediated immunity… severe hemorrhagic rash in fatal cases (death from fatal synergism of measles and malnutrition)… SSPE symptoms include insidious onset of intellectual deterioration/psych disturbances/fatal with terminal paralysis and blindness

245
Q

Measles: Transmission Route

A

airborne

246
Q

Measles: Vaccines

A

Live-attenuated vaccine (MMR; twice)

247
Q

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Class

A

Poxviruses

248
Q

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Disease(s) Caused

A

Molluscum contagiosum

249
Q

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Enveloped?

A

Enveloped and Non-enveloped (can withstand adverse conditions better)

250
Q

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Epidemiology

A

Diagnosis difficult, virus grows poorly in culture

251
Q

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): General Epidemiology

A

Self-limiting disease (may take months/years to subside)

252
Q

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Incubation Period

A

2-8 weeks

253
Q

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Signs & Symptoms

A

Pearly white papules

254
Q

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Transmission Route

A

Intimate cutaneous contact (Ow-owwww!!!) often among young children, wrestlers, and lovers

255
Q

Mumps: Class

A

Paramyxoviruses

256
Q

Mumps: Disease(s) Caused

A

Mumps, orchitis, aseptic meningitis

257
Q

Mumps: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

258
Q

Mumps: Epidemiology

A

30% infections subclinical, no antiviral therapy, MMR vaccine (live-attenuated)

259
Q

Mumps: General Epidemiology

A

Lifelong immunity from infection, IgG neutralizes, long incubation period, antigenically related to parainfluenza

260
Q

Mumps: Incubation Period

A

18-21 days

261
Q

Mumps: Lab Diagnostics

A

Hemagglutination

262
Q

Mumps: Pathogenesis

A

Viremia important… primary infection in respiratory epithelium/local lymph nodes that results in viremia to infect other organs. Mumps grows in parotid gland and is excreted in saliva before/after swelling

263
Q

Mumps: Signs & Symptoms

A

Prodromal fever/malaise/anorexia followed by uni/bilateral swelling of parotid glands. Usual presenting symptom is parotiditis.

264
Q

Mumps: Transmission Route

A

airborne

265
Q

Mumps: Vaccines

A

Live-attenuated vaccine (MMR; twice)

266
Q

Norwalk virus (norovirus): Class

A

Calcivirus

267
Q

Norwalk virus (norovirus): Disease(s) Caused

A

adolescent/infant gastroenteritis

268
Q

Norwalk virus (norovirus): Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

269
Q

Norwalk virus (norovirus): Epidemiology

A

Seen in shellfish/salad (contamination), increased susceptiblity in blood type O individuals

270
Q

Norwalk virus (norovirus): General Epidemiology

A

Seen on cruiselines, school, nursing homes, camps… rare complications… highly infectious

271
Q

Norwalk virus (norovirus): Transmission Route

A

fecal-oral

272
Q

Other coronaviruses: Class

A

Coronaviruses

273
Q

Other coronaviruses: Disease(s) Caused

A

common cold

274
Q

Other coronaviruses: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

275
Q

Other coronaviruses: Transmission Route

A

airborne, others?

276
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV): Class

A

Papovaviruses

277
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV): Disease(s) Caused

A

Papillomas (plantar genital, and anogenital warts), cervical carcinoma, condylomas, association w/H&N cancers

278
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV): Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

279
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV): Epidemiology

A

condylomas (from nononcogenic HPV 6b and 11), >75% cervical carcinomas from HPV16 and HPV18

280
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV): General Epidemiology

A

1/3 college women have HPV in cervix, 80-90% of cervical carcinomas have HPV integrated into host genome, other cofactors like smoking can cause cervical carcinoma

281
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV): Lab Diagnostics

A

Pap smears

282
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV): Pathogenesis

A

in warts the viral genome is not integrated, in cervical tumors, early genes are integrated. early genes E6 binds p53 to inactivate it and E7 binds Rb to inactivate it (both tumor suppressors)

283
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV): Transmission Route

A

direct contact, sexual contact, perinatal

284
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV): Vaccines

A

recombinant vaccine based on viral capsid protein

285
Q

Parainfluenza (1-4): Chemotherapy

A

severe croup treated with glucocorticoids

286
Q

Parainfluenza (1-4): Class

A

Paramyxoviruses

287
Q

Parainfluenza (1-4): Disease(s) Caused

A

non-systemic respiratory disease, croup

288
Q

Parainfluenza (1-4): Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

289
Q

Parainfluenza (1-4): Epidemiology

A

Most common cause of croup (acute laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis), peak incidence at 2 yo

290
Q

Parainfluenza (1-4): General Epidemiology

A

no major shifts in antigenicity (single segment of RNA), cause severe febrile lower respiratory infection on initial infection, infection does not result in lifelong imunity, causes hemagglutination

291
Q

Parainfluenza (1-4): Lab Diagnostics

A

Hemagglutination

292
Q

Parainfluenza (1-4): Signs & Symptoms

A

fever, croup: dyspnea and stridor (high pitched inspiration)

293
Q

Parainfluenza (1-4): Transmission Route

A

airborne

294
Q

Parvovirus B-19: Chemotherapy

A

Passive immunization with pooled IgG for people with immunological defects that result in prolonged anemia

295
Q

Parvovirus B-19: Class

A

Parvovirus

296
Q

Parvovirus B-19: Disease(s) Caused

A

Transient aplastic crisis, erythema infectiosum (childhood rash = slapped cheek), hydrops fetalis if infected in first or second trimester

297
Q

Parvovirus B-19: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

298
Q

Parvovirus B-19: Epidemiology

A

Patients with pre-existing RBC deficit (anemia, sickle cell anemia) have more severe infection = Transient Aplasic Crisis

299
Q

Parvovirus B-19: General Epidemiology

A

often subclinical infection, can cause acute arthritis (most common symptom), infection during pregnancy can cause fetal death via edema (hydrops fetalis)

300
Q

Parvovirus B-19: Incubation Period

A

7 days

301
Q

Parvovirus B-19: Pathogenesis

A

infects RBC precursors (inhibits RBC production during incubation)

302
Q

Parvovirus B-19: Signs & Symptoms

A

normal people have asymptomatic infection OR ///fever, malaise, rash (erythema infectiosum caused by immune complexes)… keratitis presents with red eye/irritation/photophobia (can cause blindness)

303
Q

Parvovirus B-19: Transmission Route

A

airborne

304
Q

Poliovirus: Class

A

Picornavirus

305
Q

Poliovirus: Disease(s) Caused

A

polio (paralytic or bulbar), aseptic meningitis

306
Q

Poliovirus: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

307
Q

Poliovirus: Epidemiology

A

0.1-1% paralytic rate in older groups

308
Q

Poliovirus: General Epidemiology

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

309
Q

Poliovirus: Incubation Period

A

2-3 weeks

310
Q

Poliovirus: Pathogenesis

A

Virus swallowed, multiplication in tonsils/Peyer’s patches/ lymph nodes of SI and fecal-oral excretion of virus (route to next person via environment or hands), invasion of CNS (via viremia) in cases that cause paralysis, circulating Ab too late to prevent CNS invasion (paralysis occurs despite Ab)

311
Q

Poliovirus: Signs & Symptoms

A

Aseptic meningitis: H/A. stiff neck, fever, increased leukocytes in CSF…Spinal polio: destroys motor neurons… withered leg, equinus foot Bulbar polio: attacks respiratory centers in medulla/cranial nerves

312
Q

Poliovirus: Transmission Route

A

fecal-oral

313
Q

Poliovirus: Vaccines

A

Killed (Salk) Vaccine: formaldehyde-fixed vaccine of 3 serotypes, not originally given much in US but now preferred since low risk, IM injection Live Attenuated (Sabin) Vaccine: viral mutants that grow in gut but do not invade CNS, oral, causes gut proliferation/viremia

314
Q

Rabies virus: Chemotherapy

A

Passive immunization (hyperimmune human serum; given to delay symptoms)

315
Q

Rabies virus: Class

A

Rhabdovirus

316
Q

Rabies virus: Disease(s) Caused

A

Rabies

317
Q

Rabies virus: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

318
Q

Rabies virus: Epidemiology

A

Prophylactic immunization recommended for residents where rabies is common and for vets… bite wounds should be washed to remove virus… transmission in US from wild animals, dogs required to be vaccinated… most rabies in US from bats

319
Q

Rabies virus: General Epidemiology

A

Infections in humans and dogs nearly always fatal, long incubation allows successful immunization after infection, treatment will not work after virus invades CNS, 30,000 people in US treated per year for possible infection… SINGLE antigenic type

320
Q

Rabies virus: Incubation Period

A

Weeks to months

321
Q

Rabies virus: Lab Diagnostics

A

Negri bodies (cytoplasmic inclusions) in nerve cells , fluorescent Ab to confirm inclusion bodies are rabies virus

322
Q

Rabies virus: Pathogenesis

A

Travels from bite site into nerve cells, travels to CNS, then can go from CNS to salivary glands

323
Q

Rabies virus: Signs & Symptoms

A

Initial symptoms: fever, anorexia, hydrophobia… late symptoms is coma/paralysis/death…., causes encephalitis

324
Q

Rabies virus: Transmission Route

A

Bite from infected animal (virus in saliva) - viremia not required

325
Q

Rabies virus: Vaccines

A

Killed vaccine (human diploid cell vaccine, highly immunogenic and very safe)

326
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Chemotherapy

A

Ribovirin: aerosol to treat RSV (efficacy unknown) in high-risk patients and severe infections… Passive immunization of high-risk infants (premature, pulmonary displasia) with mAb against RSV (prevents severe RSV pneumonia)

327
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Class

A

Paramyxoviruses

328
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Disease(s) Caused

A

non-systemic respiratory disease, lower respiratory infection, pneumonia, induces giant cells

329
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

330
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Epidemiology

A

most frequent cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants and significant infection of elderly

331
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): General Epidemiology

A

no major shifts in antigenicity (single segment of RNA), cause severe febrile lower respiratory infection on initial infection, infection does not result in lifelong imunity, causes hemagglutination

332
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Lab Diagnostics

A

Hemagglutination

333
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Signs & Symptoms

A

fever

334
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Transmission Route

A

airborne

335
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Vaccines

A

No vaccines available

336
Q

Rhinovirus: Class

A

Picornavirus

337
Q

Rhinovirus: Disease(s) Caused

A

colds

338
Q

Rhinovirus: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

339
Q

Rhinovirus: Epidemiology

A

poor growth at body temperature and low pH, 80+ antigenic types

340
Q

Rhinovirus: General Epidemiology

A

MOST COMMON cause of colds

341
Q

Rhinovirus: Lab Diagnostics

A

Trachea organ culture

342
Q

Rhinovirus: Transmission Route

A

airborne

343
Q

Rhinovirus: Vaccines

A

Too many serotypes

344
Q

Rotavirus: Chemotherapy

A

Rehydration therapy

345
Q

Rotavirus: Class

A

Reovirus

346
Q

Rotavirus: Disease(s) Caused

A

rotavirus gastroenteritis

347
Q

Rotavirus: Enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

348
Q

Rotavirus: Epidemiology

A

Common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants (most infected by 2yo), major cause of infant mortality in developing countries

349
Q

Rotavirus: General Epidemiology

A

peaks in winter, endemic worldwide (poor countries)

350
Q

Rotavirus: Signs & Symptoms

A

Diarrhea

351
Q

Rotavirus: Transmission Route

A

fecal-oral

352
Q

Rotavirus: Vaccines

A

Live-attenuated vaccines available (Rotarix, RotaTeq)

353
Q

Rubella: Class

A

Togavirus

354
Q

Rubella: Disease(s) Caused

A

Rubella (German Measles), congenital rubella

355
Q

Rubella: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

356
Q

Rubella: Epidemiology

A

sometimes subclinical infection, can be more severe in adults, can cause transient arthritis… all infections produce lifelong immunity

357
Q

Rubella: General Epidemiology

A

after multiplies in respiratory epithelium, viremia develops…less contagious than measles

358
Q

Rubella: Incubation Period

A

18 days

359
Q

Rubella: Pathogenesis

A

multiplies in respiratory epithelium… can cross placenta during pregnancy to cause congenital rubella (earlier infectied, more likely to have defects -esp 1st trimester)

360
Q

Rubella: Signs & Symptoms

A

rash lasts 3 days with fever/lymphadenopathy… congenital rubella can cause cataracts/heart defects like patent ductus arteriosus/deafness/retardation of child (also spontaneous abortion)

361
Q

Rubella: Transmission Route

A

airborne

362
Q

Rubella: Vaccines

A

live-attenuated vaccine (MMR; 2 doses)

363
Q

SARS-associated coronavirus: Class

A

Coronaviruses

364
Q

SARS-associated coronavirus: Disease(s) Caused

A

SARS

365
Q

SARS-associated coronavirus: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

366
Q

SARS-associated coronavirus: Epidemiology

A

in adults, severity increasses with age, case-fatality rate of 9%, first appeared in China then spread worldwide, but quarantine may have stopped spread

367
Q

SARS-associated coronavirus: Incubation Period

A

2-10 days

368
Q

SARS-associated coronavirus: Signs & Symptoms

A

dry cough, dyspnea

369
Q

SARS-associated coronavirus: Transmission Route

A

airborne, others?

370
Q

Smallpox virus: Chemotherapy

A

Passive immunization with human vaccinia-immune globulia for severe infections

371
Q

Smallpox virus: Class

A

Poxviruses

372
Q

Smallpox virus: Disease(s) Caused

A

Smallpox (papules, vesicles, pustules)

373
Q

Smallpox virus: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped and Non-enveloped (can withstand adverse conditions better)

374
Q

Smallpox virus: Epidemiology

A

Respiratory infection leads to more severe infection, vaccination halted in US in 1971 (vaccine protects for 10-20 years, partial immunity for longer), weaponized by Soviets (Yarr!), current policy to vaccinate medical and other personnel, use ring vaccination to prevent outbreak

375
Q

Smallpox virus: General Epidemiology

A

Oral mucosa lesions likely cause of spreading infection, smallpox has been eradicated by immunization (ring vaccination around any cases found), no non-human reservoirs and no subclinical infections

376
Q

Smallpox virus: Pathogenesis

A

Primary infection in upper respiratory tract with growth in mucosa/lymph nodes, then viremia allows to spread to lungs/liver/spleen, secondary infection in skin (via viremia) causes papules/pustules/vesicles

377
Q

Smallpox virus: Signs & Symptoms

A

Papules, vesicles, pustules

378
Q

Smallpox virus: Transmission Route

A

airborne

379
Q

Smallpox virus: Vaccines

A

Live-attenuated (use vaccinia virus)

380
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Class

A

Flavivirus

381
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Disease(s) Caused

A

Encephalitis

382
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

383
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Epidemiology

A

Generally infects adults over 50yo, 10% cases fatal (mostly in elderly), many subclinical infections, St Louis from N America, West Nile from N Africa and Middle East

384
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: General Epidemiology

A

requires multiplication in arthropod host (usually 2 incubation periods; intrinsic 7 days in humans; extrinsic 14 days in arthropod), humans are dead-end hosts b/c not high enough viremia

385
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Incubation Period

A

7 days

386
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Pathogenesis

A

Encephalitis after 7 day incubation period, viremia from multiplication in vascular endothelium, prodromal febrile malaise followed by encephalitis with paralysis/coma/death

387
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Signs & Symptoms

A

fever, malaise

388
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Transmission Route

A

arthropods (mosquitoes; urban/rural habitat), wild/domestic birds

389
Q

Variant CJD (“mad cow”): Class

A

Prions (not viruses)

390
Q

Variant CJD (“mad cow”): Epidemiology

A

Outbreak in England linked to eating beef from infected cows

391
Q

Variant CJD (“mad cow”): Pathogenesis

A

Spongiform encephalopathy of cows (mad cow disease) from using brains/marrow of cow/sheep for bovine food

392
Q

Variant CJD (“mad cow”): Transmission Route

A

Consuming beef from infected cows (who were fed brains/bone marrow of cows/sheep)

393
Q

VZV: Chemotherapy

A

Passive immunization with IgG (VZIG), acyclovir (can reduce risk of post-herpetic neuralgia too), foscarnet

394
Q

VZV: Class

A

Herpesviruses

395
Q

VZV: Disease(s) Caused

A

chickenpox (primary infection), zoster/shingles (recurrent disease), congenital varicella syndrome

396
Q

VZV: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

397
Q

VZV: Epidemiology

A

zoster risk increases after 50 yo (decline in cell-mediated immunity), immunosuppressed pts at risk for disseminated zoster (spread by viremia)

398
Q

VZV: General Epidemiology

A

winter-spring epidemics every few years, patients with impaired immune response get severe/fatal chickenpox

399
Q

VZV: Incubation Period

A

14-21 days

400
Q

VZV: Pathogenesis

A

infection in respiratory tract followed by viremia, latency established in sensory ganglia, monocyte infiltration of involved ganglion

401
Q

VZV: Signs & Symptoms

A

fever, rash, lesions… congenital varicella can result in limb atrophy/scarring of skin… post-herpetic neuralgia (pain after zoster lesions heal), zoster lesions have unilateral, dermatomal distribution

402
Q

VZV: Transmission Route

A

airborne, cotact with lesions

403
Q

VZV: Vaccines

A

live-attenuated (reduces clinical infecions by 85%, reduces severe infections by 97%, elderly should receive booster

404
Q

West Nile Virus: Class

A

Flavivirus

405
Q

West Nile Virus: Disease(s) Caused

A

Encephalitis

406
Q

West Nile Virus: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

407
Q

West Nile Virus: Epidemiology

A

Generally infects adults over 50yo, 10% cases fatal (mostly in elderly), many subclinical infections, St Louis from N America, West Nile from N Africa and Middle East

408
Q

West Nile Virus: General Epidemiology

A

requires multiplication in arthropod host (usually 2 incubation periods; intrinsic 7 days in humans; extrinsic 14 days in arthropod), humans are dead-end hosts b/c not high enough viremia

409
Q

West Nile Virus: Incubation Period

A

7 days

410
Q

West Nile Virus: Pathogenesis

A

Encephalitis after 7 day incubation period, viremia from multiplication in vascular endothelium, prodromal febrile malaise followed by encephalitis with paralysis/coma/death

411
Q

West Nile Virus: Signs & Symptoms

A

fever, malaise

412
Q

West Nile Virus: Transmission Route

A

arthropods (mosquitoes; urban/rural habitat), wild/domestic birds

413
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Class

A

Togavirus

414
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Disease(s) Caused

A

Encephalitis

415
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

416
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Epidemiology

A

10% clinical cases fatal, many subclinical infections, infects infants and adults over 50 yo

417
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: General Epidemiology

A

mosquito habitat: rural

418
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Incubation Period

A

7 days

419
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Pathogenesis

A

humans and horses are dead-end hosts, virus maintained by birds and mosquitoes

420
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Transmission Route

A

wild birds, mosquitoes (humans and horses dead-end hosts)

421
Q

Yellow Fever Virus: Class

A

Flavivirus

422
Q

Yellow Fever Virus: Disease(s) Caused

A

Yellow fever

423
Q

Yellow Fever Virus: Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

424
Q

Yellow Fever Virus: Epidemiology

A

High mortality, some subclinical infections

425
Q

Yellow Fever Virus: General Epidemiology

A

only in rural tropical Africa and South America

426
Q

Yellow Fever Virus: Incubation Period

A

7 days

427
Q

Yellow Fever Virus: Pathogenesis

A

Primary infection in vascular endothelial cells, then viremia, then secondarily infects liver and other organs (spleen, kidney)

428
Q

Yellow Fever Virus: Signs & Symptoms

A

fever, nausea, jaundice

429
Q

Yellow Fever Virus: Transmission Route

A

humans, Aedes aegypti mosquito (jungle yellow fever can infect tree mosquito and monkeys…tree mosquito infects human, which then is bitten by Aedes aegypti)

430
Q

Yellow Fever Virus: Vaccines

A

live-attenuated vaccine (17-D vaccine) gives lifelong protection

431
Q

Rotavirus: How Virus Multiplies

A

vRNA functions as template for synthesis of mRNA, uses RdRp (packed with virion; hence, RNA alone not infectious)

432
Q

Adenoviruses: How Virus Multiplies

A

Viruses assembled in nucleus, have early mRNA (replication proteins) and late mRNA (structural; virions)

433
Q

Enteric adenoviruses: How Virus Multiplies

A

Viruses assembled in nucleus, have early mRNA (replication proteins) and late mRNA (structural; virions)

434
Q

Smallpox virus: How Virus Multiplies

A

Virus carries DdRp in virion to make mRNA (only DNA virus that encodes own RNApol), virus multiplies in cytoplasm (forms inclusion body when histologically stained)

435
Q

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): How Virus Multiplies

A

Virus carries DdRp in virion to make mRNA (only DNA virus that encodes own RNApol), virus multiplies in cytoplasm (forms inclusion body when histologically stained)

436
Q

HSV-1: How Virus Multiplies

A

virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid

437
Q

HSV-2: How Virus Multiplies

A

virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid

438
Q

VZV: How Virus Multiplies

A

virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid

439
Q

CMV: How Virus Multiplies

A

virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid

440
Q

EBV: How Virus Multiplies

A

virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid

441
Q

HHV-6: How Virus Multiplies

A

virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid

442
Q

HHV-7: How Virus Multiplies

A

virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid

443
Q

HHV-8, KSHV: How Virus Multiplies

A

virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid

444
Q

HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): How Virus Multiplies

A

viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 binds host CD4, cellular CXCR4 or CCR5 (chemokine co-receptors) needed for absorption, gp41 mediates envelope fusion, HIV is a nondefective virus

445
Q

SARS-associated coronavirus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

ss+RNA, one segment

446
Q

Other coronaviruses: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

ss+RNA, one segment

447
Q

Norwalk virus (norovirus): Nucleic Acid/structure

A

ss+RNA

448
Q

Parainfluenza (1-4): Nucleic Acid/structure

A

ss-RNA, one segment

449
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Nucleic Acid/structure

A

ss-RNA, one segment

450
Q

Mumps: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

ss-RNA, one segment

451
Q

Measles: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

ss-RNA, one segment

452
Q

Influenza A: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

ss-RNA, 8 segments

453
Q

Influenza B: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

ss-RNA, 8 segments

454
Q

Influenza C: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

ss-RNA, 8 segments

455
Q

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): How Virus Multiplies

A

RT makes DNA from RNA, DNA integrates into host genome

456
Q

Hepatitis B: How Virus Multiplies

A

Packaged with reverse transcriptase, viral DNA gaps filled in nucleocapsid on way to nucleus, late in infection long RNA created (pregenomes) and packaged in nucleocapsid, are copied via RT into DNA inside the nucleocapsid while RNA is degraded , virus buds thru plasma membrane

457
Q

Influenza A: How Virus Multiplies

A

Packaged with RdRp, HA binds sialic acid recptors, NA cleaves off for viral budding, infects cells of respiratory tract to cause infleunza

458
Q

Influenza B: How Virus Multiplies

A

Packaged with RdRp, HA binds sialic acid recptors, NA cleaves off for viral budding, infects cells of respiratory tract to cause infleunza

459
Q

Influenza C: How Virus Multiplies

A

Packaged with RdRp, HA binds sialic acid recptors, NA cleaves off for viral budding, infects cells of respiratory tract to cause infleunza

460
Q

Rabies virus: How Virus Multiplies

A

Packaged with RdRp, cytoplasmic Negri bodies

461
Q

Parainfluenza (1-4): How Virus Multiplies

A

Packaged with RdRp in virion

462
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): How Virus Multiplies

A

Packaged with RdRp in virion

463
Q

Mumps: How Virus Multiplies

A

Packaged with RdRp in virion

464
Q

Measles: How Virus Multiplies

A

Packaged with RdRp in virion

465
Q

Smallpox virus: Virion Structure

A

No symmetry (only virus family like this)

466
Q

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Virion Structure

A

No symmetry (only virus family like this)

467
Q

Parvovirus B-19: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

linear ssDNA

468
Q

HSV-1: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

linear dsDNA

469
Q

HSV-2: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

linear dsDNA

470
Q

VZV: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

linear dsDNA

471
Q

CMV: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

linear dsDNA

472
Q

EBV: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

linear dsDNA

473
Q

HHV-6: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

linear dsDNA

474
Q

HHV-7: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

linear dsDNA

475
Q

HHV-8, KSHV: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

linear dsDNA

476
Q

Poliovirus: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral (VP1/2/3, CD155 binding sites)

477
Q

Coxsackie A virus: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

478
Q

Coxsackie B virus: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

479
Q

ECHO viruses: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

480
Q

Enterovirus 70: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

481
Q

Enterovirus 71: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

482
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

483
Q

Rhinovirus: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

484
Q

Rotavirus: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

485
Q

Adenoviruses: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

486
Q

Enteric adenoviruses: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

487
Q

Hepatitis B: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

488
Q

Hepatitis C: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

489
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

490
Q

West Nile Virus: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

491
Q

Yellow Fever Virus: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

492
Q

Dengue virus: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

493
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

494
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

495
Q

Rubella: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

496
Q

Parvovirus B-19: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

497
Q

HSV-1: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

498
Q

HSV-2: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

499
Q

VZV: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

500
Q

CMV: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

501
Q

EBV: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

502
Q

HHV-6: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

503
Q

HHV-7: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

504
Q

HHV-8, KSHV: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

505
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV): Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

506
Q

JC Virus: Virion Structure

A

icosahedral

507
Q

Rabies virus: Virion Structure

A

Helical nucleocapsid, bullet-shaped

508
Q

Influenza A: Virion Structure

A

helical

509
Q

Influenza B: Virion Structure

A

helical

510
Q

Influenza C: Virion Structure

A

helical

511
Q

Parainfluenza (1-4): Virion Structure

A

helical

512
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Virion Structure

A

helical

513
Q

Mumps: Virion Structure

A

helical

514
Q

Measles: Virion Structure

A

helical

515
Q

SARS-associated coronavirus: Virion Structure

A

helical

516
Q

Other coronaviruses: Virion Structure

A

helical

517
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV): How Virus Multiplies

A

has early and late (capsid) genes… early gene can bind promoter to recruit DNApol for genome replication, all genes essential for virus growth,

518
Q

Rotavirus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

dsRNA, 10 segments

519
Q

Adenoviruses: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

dsDNA, linear one segment

520
Q

Enteric adenoviruses: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

dsDNA, linear one segment

521
Q

Smallpox virus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

dsDNA, largest nucleic acid content of all animal viruses

522
Q

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Nucleic Acid/structure

A

dsDNA, largest nucleic acid content of all animal viruses

523
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV): Nucleic Acid/structure

A

circular dsDNA (10 genes so relies greatly on host proteins)

524
Q

JC Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

circular dsDNA

525
Q

Hepatitis B: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

circular DNA, ds for most of length (2 gapped single stranded regions), one segment

526
Q

Hepatitis D: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

circular -RNA

527
Q

Poliovirus: How Virus Multiplies

A

Binds CD155 receptors

528
Q

Poliovirus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA, one segment

529
Q

Coxsackie A virus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA, one segment

530
Q

Coxsackie B virus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA, one segment

531
Q

ECHO viruses: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA, one segment

532
Q

Enterovirus 70: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA, one segment

533
Q

Enterovirus 71: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA, one segment

534
Q

Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA, one segment

535
Q

Rhinovirus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA, one segment

536
Q

Hepatitis C: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA

537
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA

538
Q

West Nile Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA

539
Q

Yellow Fever Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA

540
Q

Dengue virus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA

541
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA

542
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA

543
Q

Rubella: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA

544
Q

Hepatitis E: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+RNA

545
Q

Rabies virus: Nucleic Acid/structure

A

-ssRNA

546
Q

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA, two identical copies

547
Q

HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Nucleic Acid/structure

A

+ssRNA, two identical copies

Virology - All Viruses (1 decks)

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