Everything Flashcards
Adenoviruses: Class
Adenovirus
Adenoviruses: Disease(s) Caused
colds, conjunctivitis
Adenoviruses: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Adenoviruses: General Epidemiology
stable when dried
Adenoviruses: Incubation Period
3-10 days
Adenoviruses: Transmission Route
airborne
CMV: Chemotherapy
ganciclovir, Foscarnet (PPi analogue)
CMV: Class
Herpesviruses
CMV: Disease(s) Caused
mononucleosis-like, most frequent viral congenital infection
CMV: Enveloped?
Enveloped
CMV: Epidemiology
appears like mononucleosis with negative heterophile test, transmission common in nursery schools, can be post blood transfusion complication, recurrent disease only in immunocompromised
CMV: Disease mechanisms
infected cells large with nuclear inclusion, primary infections before puberty often subclinical,infection of nursing infants is asymptomatic, most frequent viral congenital infection
CMV: Incubation Period
3-12 weeks
CMV: Lab Diagnostics
mononucleosis with negative heterophile test, owl’s eye inclusion bodies
CMV: Pathogenesis
virus can cross placenta to cause congenital disease, latent infected cell type unknown
CMV: Signs & Symptoms
congenital CMV can result in microcephalic mental retardation with intracerebral calcifications, neuro-sensory deafness, jaundice, enlarged liver/spleen, anemia// immunosuppressed get generalized infections, AIDS pts have high incidence of retinitis and gastroenteritis caused by CMV
CMV: Transmission Route
close contact, nasopharyngeal fluid, semen, urine, vaginal secretions
CMV: Vaccines
experimental live virus vaccine
Coxsackie A virus: Class
Picornavirus
Coxsackie A virus: Disease(s) Caused
aseptic meningitis, rash, colds, herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (children)
Coxsackie A virus: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Coxsackie A virus: Epidemiology
stable in environment (daycare problem), large titers shed in feces
Coxsackie A virus: General Epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
Coxsackie A virus: Lab Diagnostics
isolation/cell culture, rising antibody titers, PCR for RNA in CSF (aseptic meningitis cases)
Coxsackie A virus: Signs & Symptoms
Herpangina: sore throat, generalized infection, characteristic ulcerating vesicles in throat Hand-foot-and-mouth disease: in children, viremic disease, vesicular lesions appear at same time
Coxsackie A virus: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
Coxsackie A virus: Vaccines
None
Coxsackie B virus: Class
Picornavirus
Coxsackie B virus: Disease(s) Caused
aseptic meningitis, rash, colds, neonatal myocarditis, epidemic pleurodynia
Coxsackie B virus: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Coxsackie B virus: Epidemiology
stable in environment (daycare problem), large titiers shed in feces
Coxsackie B virus: General Epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
Coxsackie B virus: Lab Diagnostics
isolation/cell culture, rising antibody titers, PCR for RNA in CSF (aseptic meningitis cases)
Coxsackie B virus: Signs & Symptoms
Neonatal myocarditis: Generalized infection in infants (and heart- often fatal)
Epidemic pleurodynia: thoracic pain aggravated on deep breath (Devil’s grip)
Coxsackie B virus: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
Coxsackie B virus: Vaccines
None
Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD): Class
Prions (not viruses)
Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD): Epidemiology
Most common human spongiform encephalopathy, transmitted to primates, can be result of inherited mutation (most spontaneous), some iatrogenic via corneal transplants and GH preparations
Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD): Pathogenesis
Spongiform encephalopathy
Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD): Transmission Route
inherited mutations, spontaneous mutations, corneal transplants + GH preparations (iatrogenic)
Dengue virus: Class
Flavivirus
Dengue virus: Disease(s) Caused
Classical Dengue (“bone-break fever”), dengue hemorrhagic fever (fatal)
Dengue virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Dengue virus: Epidemiology
severe but not usually life-threatening disease, 4 antigenic types
Dengue virus: General Epidemiology
found in tropics/subtropics, esp in S.E. Asia and Caribbean islands, humans are not dead-end hosts
Dengue virus: Incubation Period
7 days
Dengue virus: Pathogenesis
dengue hemorrhagic fever from massive macrophage infection –> cytokine storm (after sequential infections w/2 diff antigentically cross-reacting dengue viruses)
Dengue virus: Signs & Symptoms
fevere, severe headache, muscle and joint pains, rash
dengue hemorrhagic fever causes patient to vomit blood/hemorrhage/go into shock (most often in native pop)
Dengue virus: Transmission Route
Aedes aegypti mosquito, humans
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Class
Togavirus
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Disease(s) Caused
Encephalitis
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Epidemiology
75% clinical cases fatal, some subclinical infections, generally infects children under 10 yo
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: General Epidemiology
most deadly arbovirus encephalitis in US, mostly infects children in swampy/wetland areas (mosquito habitats)
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Incubation Period
7 days
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Pathogenesis
humans and horses are dead-end hosts, virus maintained by birds and mosquitoes
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Transmission Route
wild birds, mosquitoes (humans and horses dead-end hosts)
EBV: Class
Herpesviruses
EBV: Disease(s) Caused
mononucleosis, oral hairy leukoplakia or tumor (in immunocompromised), Burkitt’s lymphoma (esp African boys), nasopharyngeal carcinoma,hepatitis, fatal lymphoproliferative disease in pts w/mutation that blocks cell-mediated immunity
EBV: Enveloped?
Enveloped
EBV: Epidemiology
Burkitt’s lymphoma most frequent childhood tumor in Africa, boys at greater risk, if untreated will die in 6 months… can also cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin’s disease, gastric carcinoma, AIDS patients tumors
EBV: General Epidemiology
most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, disease of teenagers and young adults, immortalizes B-cells, virus found in saliva and produced by lymphoid cells in oro-pharynx
EBV: Incubation Period
4-6 weeks
EBV: Lab Diagnostics
heterophile test (antigenic cross-reactivity of Abs to EBV and sheep RBCs), Ab does not neutralize EBV
EBV: Pathogenesis
infects B-cells (attacked by CTLs)… for Burkitt’s lymphoma, often involves translocation placing c-myc protoncogene under Ig promoter
EBV: Signs & Symptoms
fever, sore throat, lymphadenpathy… oral hairy leukoplakia (white patches on tongue/buccal mucosa)
EBV: Transmission Route
first-basing (kissing, duh!), close oral contact, shared items
ECHO viruses: Class
Picornavirus
ECHO viruses: Disease(s) Caused
rash, leading cause of aseptic meningitis
ECHO viruses: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
ECHO viruses: Epidemiology
leading cause of aseptic meningitis, stable in environment (daycare problem), large titiers shed in feces
ECHO viruses: General Epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
ECHO viruses: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
ECHO viruses: Vaccines
None
Enteric adenoviruses: Class
Adenovirus
Enteric adenoviruses: Disease(s) Caused
gastroenteritis, diarrhea
Enteric adenoviruses: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Enteric adenoviruses: Incubation Period
3-10 days
Enteric adenoviruses: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
Enterovirus 70: Class
Picornavirus
Enterovirus 70: Disease(s) Caused
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Enterovirus 70: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Enterovirus 70: General Epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
Enterovirus 70: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
Enterovirus 71: Class
Picornavirus
Enterovirus 71: Disease(s) Caused
HFMD, CNS infections
Enterovirus 71: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Enterovirus 71: General Epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
Enterovirus 71: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Chemotherapy
Passive immunization
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Class
Picornavirus
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Disease(s) Caused
Hepatitis A
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Epidemiology
0.1% mortality
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Incubation Period
~ 30 days
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Lab Diagnostics
LFTs, serological tests (anti-HAV-IgG/M comparison)
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Pathogenesis
Acute onset
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Signs & Symptoms
anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Transmission Route
fecal-oral
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Vaccines
Formaldehyde-killed vaccine
Hepatitis B: Chemotherapy
alpha-IFN and lamivudine (RT inhibitor)
Hepatitis B: Class
Hepadnavirus
Hepatitis B: Disease(s) Caused
Hepatitis B, hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatitis B: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Hepatitis B: Epidemiology
HBeAG correlated with presence of infectious HBV and progression to hepatic carcinoma in chronically infected patients, responsible for 500k cancer deaths annually
Hepatitis B: General Epidemiology
High incidence with IV drug users, unsafe male homosexual sex, 5% cases become chronic (2-4% of chronic develop primary hepatocellular carcinoma), 90% perinatal transmission results in chronic HBV carriers where 25% of carriers will die of liver carcinoma or chronic hepatitis
Hepatitis B: Incubation Period
~ 70 days (insiduous onset)
Hepatitis B: Lab Diagnostics
Serological tests for HB-Ags (core and surface), PCR test
Hepatitis B: Pathogenesis
CD8+ cells recognize HBV peptides presented by MHC I, kills hepatocytes (killing + regeneration leads to mutations/transformation of cells), tumors have integrated HepB DNA (but not required for replication)
Hepatitis B: Signs & Symptoms
anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice, prodromal rash/arthritis
Hepatitis B: Transmission Route
Parenteral transfer of blood, sexual transmission, perinatal infection of neonates (more likely to result in chronic disease and cause primary liver carcinoma)
Hepatitis B: Vaccines
At birth from HBV infected mother: neonate given passive anti-HBV Abs AND vaccine immediately after birth
Inactivated subunit vaccine against HBV surface Ags
Hepatitis C: Chemotherapy
alpha-IFN, Ribivirin, and telaprevir/boceprevir (essential HCV protease inhibitors)
Hepatitis C: Class
Flavivirus
Hepatitis C: Disease(s) Caused
Hepatitis C, hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatitis C: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Hepatitis C: General Epidemiology
75% chronically infected, 20% develop cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma 10-20 years after acture HCV infection
Results in 10k dpy in US, 4 mil Americans chronically infected
Hepatitis C: Incubation Period
~60 days (insiduous onset)
Hepatitis C: Lab Diagnostics
Serological and PCR tests
Hepatitis C: Pathogenesis
CD8+ cells recognize HCV peptides presented by MHC I, kills hepatocytes (again higher chance of mutations), virus does not integrate into the genome
Hepatitis C: Signs & Symptoms
anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice, prodromal rash/arthritis
Hepatitis C: Transmission Route
STD, needle-sharing, blood transfusion, perinatal
Hepatitis D: Chemotherapy
HBV treatment protects
Hepatitis D: Class
[Deltavirus]
Hepatitis D: Disease(s) Caused
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis D: Epidemiology
2-30% mortality, acute onset with severe pathology
Hepatitis D: General Epidemiology
Immunity to HepB induced HepD immunity (does not encode envelope proteins)
Hepatitis D: Incubation Period
~50 days (acute onset)
Hepatitis D: Lab Diagnostics
Serological or PCR test of unique HepD protein
Hepatitis D: Transmission Route
only infectious in people infected with HepB as well
Hepatitis D: Vaccines
HBV vaccine protects
Hepatitis E: Class
[Hepevirus]
Hepatitis E: Disease(s) Caused
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Hepatitis E: Epidemiology
20% mortality in pregnant women of developing countries
Hepatitis E: General Epidemiology
fecal-oral
Hepatitis E: Incubation Period
~ 30 days (acute onset)
Hepatitis E: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
HHV-6: Class
Herpesviruses
HHV-6: Disease(s) Caused
roseola infantum (system infection w/rash in infants), MS, CFS, epilepsy
HHV-6: Enveloped?
Enveloped
HHV-6: General Epidemiology
90% prevalence worldwide, 1% have HHV-6 integration
HHV-6: Signs & Symptoms
systemic infection with rash in infants, high fever
HHV-7: Class
Herpesviruses
HHV-7: Disease(s) Caused
none known
HHV-7: Enveloped?
Enveloped
HHV-8, KSHV: Class
Herpesviruses
HHV-8, KSHV: Disease(s) Caused
Kaposi’s sarcoma
HHV-8, KSHV: Enveloped?
Enveloped
HHV-8, KSHV: General Epidemiology
most frequent neoplasm in persons with AIDS, 15-20% AIDS patients develop KS
HHV-8, KSHV: Pathogenesis
tumor cells express high cellular VEGF (for vascularization)
HHV-8, KSHV: Signs & Symptoms
multiple, pigmented, highly-vascularized nodules on skin
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Chemotherapy
HAART, nucleoside analog RT inhibitors (AZT), non-nucleoside RT inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors (Fuzeon), integrase inhibitors (isentress), CCR5 inhibitors (maraviroc)
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Class
Retroviruses
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Disease(s) Caused
HIV, AIDS
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Enveloped?
Enveloped
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Epidemiology
AIDS patients have increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and tumors (Kaposi’s sacoma, B-cell lymphoma, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, chronic lymphadenopathy, dementia/diffuse brain disease in later stages of infection)
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): General Epidemiology
3 stages… early stage with mono-like symptoms + high viremia, middle stage 3-10 years latency with decline in CD4 cells, late stage is AIDS and immunodeficiency… HIV-1 infected women progress to AIDS faster than men of same viral load
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Lab Diagnostics
ELISA (forv viral antigens gp41 or p24), Western blot (less sensitive but more specific than ELISA), PCR for HIV RNA
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Pathogenesis
gradual depeltion of CD4+ cells, suppression of cell-mediated immunity (variable progression to AIDS), cytopathic effect, CTL destruction of infected cells, apoptosis of CD4 cells, HIV also targets CD4 Th17 cells (imp for mucosal imm – bacteria)
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Signs & Symptoms
Primary infection: mono-like or flu-like with fever/enlarged lymph nodes/tiredness/headache
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Transmission Route
sexual contact, blood, tears, vaginal secretions, breast milk, transplacental, perinatal
HSV-1: Chemotherapy
trifluridine for recurrent keratitis, adenine arabinoside for encephalitis, acyclovir for systemic infection and for encephalitis
HSV-1: Class
Herpesviruses
HSV-1: Disease(s) Caused
herpes, cold sores, herpes simplex encephalitis/keratitis
HSV-1: Enveloped?
Enveloped
HSV-1: Epidemiology
latent infections activated by fever, UV light, emotion (virions transported down axon to site of initial infection, produce cold sores)… 80% seroprevalence in adults
HSV-1: General Epidemiology
primary infection often subclinical… often recurrent infections
HSV-1: Incubation Period
7-14 days
HSV-1: Lab Diagnostics
PCR detection in CSF for herpes simplex encephalitis
HSV-1: Pathogenesis
primarily infect nose/eyes/fingers/mouth… travels into sensory ganglia for latent infection
HSV-1: Signs & Symptoms
cold sores, stomatitis (with vesicles in mouth), encephalitis (temporal lobe), keratitis (red eyes)
HSV-1: Transmission Route
saliva
HSV-2: Chemotherapy
acyclovir
HSV-2: Class
Herpesviruses
HSV-2: Disease(s) Caused
genital herpesm neonatal herpes simplex (perinatal infection, 6 days after birth)
HSV-2: Enveloped?
Enveloped
HSV-2: Epidemiology
can cause recurrent infection, 20% of US population seropositive, vaginal lesions before delivery indication for C-section
HSV-2: General Epidemiology
most fatal perinatal infection is acute primary infection around time of delivery, hepato-adrenal necrosis in neonates
HSV-2: Incubation Period
7-14 days
HSV-2: Pathogenesis
primarily infect sensory ganglia in genital region (sacral ganglia)
HSV-2: Signs & Symptoms
lesions on genitalia, primary infection - bilateral lesions or asymptomatic, recurrent disease - fewer lesions that are unilateral
HSV-2: Transmission Route
sex, perinatal infectiion
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Class
Retroviruses
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Disease(s) Caused
adult T-cell leukemia (ATL; from HTLV-1), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Enveloped?
Enveloped
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Epidemiology
ususally asymptomatic, 0.1% infected individuals develop ATL after 10-30 year latency
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): General Epidemiology
endemic in southern Japan, central Africa, Caribbean… 0.025% incidnece in US
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Pathogenesis
viral tax protein is transcription factor that induces IL-2 and receptor for autocrine loop for transformation
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Transmission Route
sexual contact, blood, breast milk (horizontal transmission)
Influenza A: Chemotherapy
Tamiflu and zanamivir: NA inhibitors reduce symptomatic period 1-2 days… only effective if given early, resistance against these drugs increasing… Adamantanes (not recommended in US since many A viruses have resistance against it and do not inhibit B viruses) effective in combination with NA inhibitors against H1N1 viruses, given before infection, nontoxic…. amantadine inhibits Influenza A uncoating
Influenza A: Class
Orthomyxoviruses
Influenza A: Disease(s) Caused
Influenza (fever, chills, aches), can lead to pneumonia
Influenza A: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Influenza A: Epidemiology
Epidemics 2-3 years, Pandemics 10-30 years (from antigenic shift of recombination with other viral host)
Influenza A: General Epidemiology
most deaths in elderly and infants, usually associated with underlying respiratory insufficiency (CPD, etc.)
Influenza A: Incubation Period
3-6 days
Influenza A: Lab Diagnostics
Lab diagnosis by virus isolation in eggs/tissue or by comparison of acute vs. convalescent sera looking for rise in anti-HA Ab via HI assay… rapid diagnosis via fluorescent Ab on throat swab specimen
Influenza A: Pathogenesis
droplets infect upper rispiratory tract, infection may extend to lower respiratory tract… destroys ciliated epithellium in respiratory tract, viremia uncommon (no role in pathogenesis), systemic symptoms caused by toxic components from sites of growth to cause H/A and muscle pains… complicated by pneumonia (sometimes secondary to bacterial pneomonia; pneumococcus most common; staphylococcos most fatal)
Influenza A: Signs & Symptoms
fevers, chills aches
Influenza A: Transmission Route
airborne
Influenza A: Vaccines
Trivalent seasonal killed vaccine: 2 influenza A viruses, 1 B virus… need IgA so immunity only lasts 3-10 years… FluMist (live-attenuated intranasal spray vaccine) effective in children
Influenza B: Chemotherapy
Tamiflu and zanamivir: NA inhibitors reduce symptomatic period 1-2 days… only effective if given early, resistance against these drugs increasing… Adamantanes (not recommended in US since many A viruses have resistance against it and do not inhibit B viruses) effective in combination with NA inhibitors against H1N1 viruses, given before infection, nontoxic…. amantadine inhibits Influenza A uncoating
Influenza B: Class
Orthomyxoviruses
Influenza B: Disease(s) Caused
Influenza (fever, chills, aches), can lead to pneumonia
Influenza B: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Influenza B: Epidemiology
Epidemics 3-6 years
Influenza B: General Epidemiology
most deaths in elderly and infants, usually associated with underlying respiratory insufficiency (CPD, etc.)
Influenza B: Incubation Period
3-6 days
Influenza B: Lab Diagnostics
Lab diagnosis by virus isolation in eggs/tissue or by comparison of acute vs. convalescent sera looking for rise in anti-HA Ab via HI assay… rapid diagnosis via fluorescent Ab on throat swab specimen
Influenza B: Pathogenesis
droplets infect upper rispiratory tract, infection may extend to lower respiratory tract… destroys ciliated epithellium in respiratory tract, viremia uncommon (no role in pathogenesis), systemic symptoms caused by toxic components from sites of growth to cause H/A and muscle pains… complicated by pneumonia (sometimes secondary to bacterial pneomonia; pneumococcus most common; staphylococcos most fatal)
Influenza B: Signs & Symptoms
fevers, chills aches
Influenza B: Transmission Route
airborne
Influenza B: Vaccines
Trivalent seasonal killed vaccine: 2 influenza A viruses, 1 B virus… need IgA so immunity only lasts 3-10 years… FluMist (live-attenuated intranasal spray vaccine) effective in children
Influenza C: Class
Orthomyxoviruses
Influenza C: Disease(s) Caused
Influenza (fever, chills, aches), can lead to pneumonia
Influenza C: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Influenza C: Epidemiology
Minor clinical significance
Influenza C: General Epidemiology
most deaths in elderly and infants, usually associated with underlying respiratory insufficiency (CPD, etc.)
Influenza C: Incubation Period
3-6 days
Influenza C: Lab Diagnostics
Lab diagnosis by virus isolation in eggs/tissue or by comparison of acute vs. convalescent sera looking for rise in anti-HA Ab via HI assay… rapid diagnosis via fluorescent Ab on throat swab specimen
Influenza C: Pathogenesis
droplets infect upper rispiratory tract, infection may extend to lower respiratory tract… destroys ciliated epithellium in respiratory tract, viremia uncommon (no role in pathogenesis), systemic symptoms caused by toxic components from sites of growth to cause H/A and muscle pains… complicated by pneumonia (sometimes secondary to bacterial pneomonia; pneumococcus most common; staphylococcos most fatal)
Influenza C: Signs & Symptoms
fevers, chills aches
Influenza C: Transmission Route
airborne
JC Virus: Class
Papovaviruses
JC Virus: Disease(s) Caused
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
JC Virus: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
JC Virus: General Epidemiology
Occurs in immunocompromised, slow virus
JC Virus: Pathogenesis
Demyelinating disease of brain that infects oligodendeoglia, no inflammation, reactivation of JC virus causes PML that progresses to blindness/dementia/coma/death within 6 months
JC Virus: Transmission Route
aerosols
Kuru: Class
Prions (not viruses)
Kuru: Epidemiology
limited to stone-age tribe in New Guinea (Fore tribe), caused 1/2 total mortality at peak, transmissible via brain products, low incidence now with reduced cannibalism
Kuru: Pathogenesis
Progressive degenerative disorder of CNS (especially cerebellum), causes spongiform encephalopathy
Kuru: Transmission Route
Consuming brains
Measles: Chemotherapy
Vitamin A reduces mortality, but no antiviral therapy available
Measles: Class
Paramyxoviruses
Measles: Disease(s) Caused
Measles, encephalitis, pneumonia, otitis media, rare giant-cell pneumonia (w/o rash when cell-mediated immunity is defective), subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), photophobia
Measles: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Measles: Epidemiology
Local epidemics every 3rd winter (before vaccine), needs large population to survive, cell-mediated immunity important in clearing infection, 5-25% measles mortality in developing countries… SSPE results from people with uncomplicated measles infections from 4-17 years previous and at early age (2yo)
Measles: General Epidemiology
Lifelong immunity from infection, IgG neutralizes, long incubation period, not related to parainfluenza, most contagious disease known, almost never causes subclinical infections
Measles: Incubation Period
14 days
Measles: Lab Diagnostics
Hemagglutination, multi-nucleaed giant cells in lymph tissue (result of virus-induced cell fusion), SSPE: see inclusion bodies w/helical nucleocapsids + high Ab titers to measles virus + CNS has measles antigen
Measles: Pathogenesis
Viremia important… primary infection in respiratory tract and multiplies in epithelium/local lymph nodes/conjunctiva results in viremia 3 days prior to rash, virus excretion from respiratory tract and in tears and urine for a few days before/after rash
Measles: Signs & Symptoms
Prodromal: fever, cold-like symptoms, Koplik spots (bright red lesions with central white spot on buccal mucosa), conjunctivitis, photophobia… anergy of cell-mediated immunity… severe hemorrhagic rash in fatal cases (death from fatal synergism of measles and malnutrition)… SSPE symptoms include insidious onset of intellectual deterioration/psych disturbances/fatal with terminal paralysis and blindness
Measles: Transmission Route
airborne
Measles: Vaccines
Live-attenuated vaccine (MMR; twice)
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Class
Poxviruses
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Disease(s) Caused
Molluscum contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Enveloped?
Enveloped and Non-enveloped (can withstand adverse conditions better)
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Epidemiology
Diagnosis difficult, virus grows poorly in culture
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): General Epidemiology
Self-limiting disease (may take months/years to subside)
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Incubation Period
2-8 weeks
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Signs & Symptoms
Pearly white papules
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Transmission Route
Intimate cutaneous contact (Ow-owwww!!!) often among young children, wrestlers, and lovers
Mumps: Class
Paramyxoviruses
Mumps: Disease(s) Caused
Mumps, orchitis, aseptic meningitis
Mumps: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Mumps: Epidemiology
30% infections subclinical, no antiviral therapy, MMR vaccine (live-attenuated)
Mumps: General Epidemiology
Lifelong immunity from infection, IgG neutralizes, long incubation period, antigenically related to parainfluenza
Mumps: Incubation Period
18-21 days
Mumps: Lab Diagnostics
Hemagglutination
Mumps: Pathogenesis
Viremia important… primary infection in respiratory epithelium/local lymph nodes that results in viremia to infect other organs. Mumps grows in parotid gland and is excreted in saliva before/after swelling
Mumps: Signs & Symptoms
Prodromal fever/malaise/anorexia followed by uni/bilateral swelling of parotid glands. Usual presenting symptom is parotiditis.
Mumps: Transmission Route
airborne
Mumps: Vaccines
Live-attenuated vaccine (MMR; twice)
Norwalk virus (norovirus): Class
Calcivirus
Norwalk virus (norovirus): Disease(s) Caused
adolescent/infant gastroenteritis
Norwalk virus (norovirus): Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Norwalk virus (norovirus): Epidemiology
Seen in shellfish/salad (contamination), increased susceptiblity in blood type O individuals
Norwalk virus (norovirus): General Epidemiology
Seen on cruiselines, school, nursing homes, camps… rare complications… highly infectious
Norwalk virus (norovirus): Transmission Route
fecal-oral
Other coronaviruses: Class
Coronaviruses
Other coronaviruses: Disease(s) Caused
common cold
Other coronaviruses: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Other coronaviruses: Transmission Route
airborne, others?
Papilloma virus (HPV): Class
Papovaviruses
Papilloma virus (HPV): Disease(s) Caused
Papillomas (plantar genital, and anogenital warts), cervical carcinoma, condylomas, association w/H&N cancers
Papilloma virus (HPV): Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Papilloma virus (HPV): Epidemiology
condylomas (from nononcogenic HPV 6b and 11), >75% cervical carcinomas from HPV16 and HPV18
Papilloma virus (HPV): General Epidemiology
1/3 college women have HPV in cervix, 80-90% of cervical carcinomas have HPV integrated into host genome, other cofactors like smoking can cause cervical carcinoma
Papilloma virus (HPV): Lab Diagnostics
Pap smears
Papilloma virus (HPV): Pathogenesis
in warts the viral genome is not integrated, in cervical tumors, early genes are integrated. early genes E6 binds p53 to inactivate it and E7 binds Rb to inactivate it (both tumor suppressors)
Papilloma virus (HPV): Transmission Route
direct contact, sexual contact, perinatal
Papilloma virus (HPV): Vaccines
recombinant vaccine based on viral capsid protein
Parainfluenza (1-4): Chemotherapy
severe croup treated with glucocorticoids
Parainfluenza (1-4): Class
Paramyxoviruses
Parainfluenza (1-4): Disease(s) Caused
non-systemic respiratory disease, croup
Parainfluenza (1-4): Enveloped?
Enveloped
Parainfluenza (1-4): Epidemiology
Most common cause of croup (acute laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis), peak incidence at 2 yo
Parainfluenza (1-4): General Epidemiology
no major shifts in antigenicity (single segment of RNA), cause severe febrile lower respiratory infection on initial infection, infection does not result in lifelong imunity, causes hemagglutination
Parainfluenza (1-4): Lab Diagnostics
Hemagglutination
Parainfluenza (1-4): Signs & Symptoms
fever, croup: dyspnea and stridor (high pitched inspiration)
Parainfluenza (1-4): Transmission Route
airborne
Parvovirus B-19: Chemotherapy
Passive immunization with pooled IgG for people with immunological defects that result in prolonged anemia
Parvovirus B-19: Class
Parvovirus
Parvovirus B-19: Disease(s) Caused
Transient aplastic crisis, erythema infectiosum (childhood rash = slapped cheek), hydrops fetalis if infected in first or second trimester
Parvovirus B-19: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Parvovirus B-19: Epidemiology
Patients with pre-existing RBC deficit (anemia, sickle cell anemia) have more severe infection = Transient Aplasic Crisis
Parvovirus B-19: General Epidemiology
often subclinical infection, can cause acute arthritis (most common symptom), infection during pregnancy can cause fetal death via edema (hydrops fetalis)
Parvovirus B-19: Incubation Period
7 days
Parvovirus B-19: Pathogenesis
infects RBC precursors (inhibits RBC production during incubation)
Parvovirus B-19: Signs & Symptoms
normal people have asymptomatic infection OR ///fever, malaise, rash (erythema infectiosum caused by immune complexes)… keratitis presents with red eye/irritation/photophobia (can cause blindness)
Parvovirus B-19: Transmission Route
airborne
Poliovirus: Class
Picornavirus
Poliovirus: Disease(s) Caused
polio (paralytic or bulbar), aseptic meningitis
Poliovirus: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Poliovirus: Epidemiology
0.1-1% paralytic rate in older groups
Poliovirus: General Epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
Poliovirus: Incubation Period
2-3 weeks
Poliovirus: Pathogenesis
Virus swallowed, multiplication in tonsils/Peyer’s patches/ lymph nodes of SI and fecal-oral excretion of virus (route to next person via environment or hands), invasion of CNS (via viremia) in cases that cause paralysis, circulating Ab too late to prevent CNS invasion (paralysis occurs despite Ab)
Poliovirus: Signs & Symptoms
Aseptic meningitis: H/A. stiff neck, fever, increased leukocytes in CSF…Spinal polio: destroys motor neurons… withered leg, equinus foot Bulbar polio: attacks respiratory centers in medulla/cranial nerves
Poliovirus: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
Poliovirus: Vaccines
Killed (Salk) Vaccine: formaldehyde-fixed vaccine of 3 serotypes, not originally given much in US but now preferred since low risk, IM injection Live Attenuated (Sabin) Vaccine: viral mutants that grow in gut but do not invade CNS, oral, causes gut proliferation/viremia
Rabies virus: Chemotherapy
Passive immunization (hyperimmune human serum; given to delay symptoms)
Rabies virus: Class
Rhabdovirus
Rabies virus: Disease(s) Caused
Rabies
Rabies virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Rabies virus: Epidemiology
Prophylactic immunization recommended for residents where rabies is common and for vets… bite wounds should be washed to remove virus… transmission in US from wild animals, dogs required to be vaccinated… most rabies in US from bats
Rabies virus: General Epidemiology
Infections in humans and dogs nearly always fatal, long incubation allows successful immunization after infection, treatment will not work after virus invades CNS, 30,000 people in US treated per year for possible infection… SINGLE antigenic type
Rabies virus: Incubation Period
Weeks to months
Rabies virus: Lab Diagnostics
Negri bodies (cytoplasmic inclusions) in nerve cells , fluorescent Ab to confirm inclusion bodies are rabies virus
Rabies virus: Pathogenesis
Travels from bite site into nerve cells, travels to CNS, then can go from CNS to salivary glands
Rabies virus: Signs & Symptoms
Initial symptoms: fever, anorexia, hydrophobia… late symptoms is coma/paralysis/death…., causes encephalitis
Rabies virus: Transmission Route
Bite from infected animal (virus in saliva) - viremia not required
Rabies virus: Vaccines
Killed vaccine (human diploid cell vaccine, highly immunogenic and very safe)
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Chemotherapy
Ribovirin: aerosol to treat RSV (efficacy unknown) in high-risk patients and severe infections… Passive immunization of high-risk infants (premature, pulmonary displasia) with mAb against RSV (prevents severe RSV pneumonia)
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Class
Paramyxoviruses
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Disease(s) Caused
non-systemic respiratory disease, lower respiratory infection, pneumonia, induces giant cells
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Enveloped?
Enveloped
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Epidemiology
most frequent cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants and significant infection of elderly
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): General Epidemiology
no major shifts in antigenicity (single segment of RNA), cause severe febrile lower respiratory infection on initial infection, infection does not result in lifelong imunity, causes hemagglutination
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Lab Diagnostics
Hemagglutination
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Signs & Symptoms
fever
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Transmission Route
airborne
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Vaccines
No vaccines available
Rhinovirus: Class
Picornavirus
Rhinovirus: Disease(s) Caused
colds
Rhinovirus: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Rhinovirus: Epidemiology
poor growth at body temperature and low pH, 80+ antigenic types
Rhinovirus: General Epidemiology
MOST COMMON cause of colds
Rhinovirus: Lab Diagnostics
Trachea organ culture
Rhinovirus: Transmission Route
airborne
Rhinovirus: Vaccines
Too many serotypes
Rotavirus: Chemotherapy
Rehydration therapy
Rotavirus: Class
Reovirus
Rotavirus: Disease(s) Caused
rotavirus gastroenteritis
Rotavirus: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
Rotavirus: Epidemiology
Common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants (most infected by 2yo), major cause of infant mortality in developing countries
Rotavirus: General Epidemiology
peaks in winter, endemic worldwide (poor countries)
Rotavirus: Signs & Symptoms
Diarrhea
Rotavirus: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
Rotavirus: Vaccines
Live-attenuated vaccines available (Rotarix, RotaTeq)
Rubella: Class
Togavirus
Rubella: Disease(s) Caused
Rubella (German Measles), congenital rubella
Rubella: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Rubella: Epidemiology
sometimes subclinical infection, can be more severe in adults, can cause transient arthritis… all infections produce lifelong immunity
Rubella: General Epidemiology
after multiplies in respiratory epithelium, viremia develops…less contagious than measles
Rubella: Incubation Period
18 days
Rubella: Pathogenesis
multiplies in respiratory epithelium… can cross placenta during pregnancy to cause congenital rubella (earlier infectied, more likely to have defects -esp 1st trimester)
Rubella: Signs & Symptoms
rash lasts 3 days with fever/lymphadenopathy… congenital rubella can cause cataracts/heart defects like patent ductus arteriosus/deafness/retardation of child (also spontaneous abortion)
Rubella: Transmission Route
airborne
Rubella: Vaccines
live-attenuated vaccine (MMR; 2 doses)
SARS-associated coronavirus: Class
Coronaviruses
SARS-associated coronavirus: Disease(s) Caused
SARS
SARS-associated coronavirus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
SARS-associated coronavirus: Epidemiology
in adults, severity increasses with age, case-fatality rate of 9%, first appeared in China then spread worldwide, but quarantine may have stopped spread
SARS-associated coronavirus: Incubation Period
2-10 days
SARS-associated coronavirus: Signs & Symptoms
dry cough, dyspnea
SARS-associated coronavirus: Transmission Route
airborne, others?
Smallpox virus: Chemotherapy
Passive immunization with human vaccinia-immune globulia for severe infections
Smallpox virus: Class
Poxviruses
Smallpox virus: Disease(s) Caused
Smallpox (papules, vesicles, pustules)
Smallpox virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped and Non-enveloped (can withstand adverse conditions better)
Smallpox virus: Epidemiology
Respiratory infection leads to more severe infection, vaccination halted in US in 1971 (vaccine protects for 10-20 years, partial immunity for longer), weaponized by Soviets (Yarr!), current policy to vaccinate medical and other personnel, use ring vaccination to prevent outbreak
Smallpox virus: General Epidemiology
Oral mucosa lesions likely cause of spreading infection, smallpox has been eradicated by immunization (ring vaccination around any cases found), no non-human reservoirs and no subclinical infections
Smallpox virus: Pathogenesis
Primary infection in upper respiratory tract with growth in mucosa/lymph nodes, then viremia allows to spread to lungs/liver/spleen, secondary infection in skin (via viremia) causes papules/pustules/vesicles
Smallpox virus: Signs & Symptoms
Papules, vesicles, pustules
Smallpox virus: Transmission Route
airborne
Smallpox virus: Vaccines
Live-attenuated (use vaccinia virus)
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Class
Flavivirus
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Disease(s) Caused
Encephalitis
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Epidemiology
Generally infects adults over 50yo, 10% cases fatal (mostly in elderly), many subclinical infections, St Louis from N America, West Nile from N Africa and Middle East
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: General Epidemiology
requires multiplication in arthropod host (usually 2 incubation periods; intrinsic 7 days in humans; extrinsic 14 days in arthropod), humans are dead-end hosts b/c not high enough viremia
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Incubation Period
7 days
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Pathogenesis
Encephalitis after 7 day incubation period, viremia from multiplication in vascular endothelium, prodromal febrile malaise followed by encephalitis with paralysis/coma/death
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Signs & Symptoms
fever, malaise
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Transmission Route
arthropods (mosquitoes; urban/rural habitat), wild/domestic birds
Variant CJD (“mad cow”): Class
Prions (not viruses)
Variant CJD (“mad cow”): Epidemiology
Outbreak in England linked to eating beef from infected cows
Variant CJD (“mad cow”): Pathogenesis
Spongiform encephalopathy of cows (mad cow disease) from using brains/marrow of cow/sheep for bovine food
Variant CJD (“mad cow”): Transmission Route
Consuming beef from infected cows (who were fed brains/bone marrow of cows/sheep)
VZV: Chemotherapy
Passive immunization with IgG (VZIG), acyclovir (can reduce risk of post-herpetic neuralgia too), foscarnet
VZV: Class
Herpesviruses
VZV: Disease(s) Caused
chickenpox (primary infection), zoster/shingles (recurrent disease), congenital varicella syndrome
VZV: Enveloped?
Enveloped
VZV: Epidemiology
zoster risk increases after 50 yo (decline in cell-mediated immunity), immunosuppressed pts at risk for disseminated zoster (spread by viremia)
VZV: General Epidemiology
winter-spring epidemics every few years, patients with impaired immune response get severe/fatal chickenpox
VZV: Incubation Period
14-21 days
VZV: Pathogenesis
infection in respiratory tract followed by viremia, latency established in sensory ganglia, monocyte infiltration of involved ganglion
VZV: Signs & Symptoms
fever, rash, lesions… congenital varicella can result in limb atrophy/scarring of skin… post-herpetic neuralgia (pain after zoster lesions heal), zoster lesions have unilateral, dermatomal distribution
VZV: Transmission Route
airborne, cotact with lesions
VZV: Vaccines
live-attenuated (reduces clinical infecions by 85%, reduces severe infections by 97%, elderly should receive booster
West Nile Virus: Class
Flavivirus
West Nile Virus: Disease(s) Caused
Encephalitis
West Nile Virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
West Nile Virus: Epidemiology
Generally infects adults over 50yo, 10% cases fatal (mostly in elderly), many subclinical infections, St Louis from N America, West Nile from N Africa and Middle East
West Nile Virus: General Epidemiology
requires multiplication in arthropod host (usually 2 incubation periods; intrinsic 7 days in humans; extrinsic 14 days in arthropod), humans are dead-end hosts b/c not high enough viremia
West Nile Virus: Incubation Period
7 days
West Nile Virus: Pathogenesis
Encephalitis after 7 day incubation period, viremia from multiplication in vascular endothelium, prodromal febrile malaise followed by encephalitis with paralysis/coma/death
West Nile Virus: Signs & Symptoms
fever, malaise
West Nile Virus: Transmission Route
arthropods (mosquitoes; urban/rural habitat), wild/domestic birds
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Class
Togavirus
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Disease(s) Caused
Encephalitis
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Epidemiology
10% clinical cases fatal, many subclinical infections, infects infants and adults over 50 yo
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: General Epidemiology
mosquito habitat: rural
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Incubation Period
7 days
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Pathogenesis
humans and horses are dead-end hosts, virus maintained by birds and mosquitoes
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Transmission Route
wild birds, mosquitoes (humans and horses dead-end hosts)
Yellow Fever Virus: Class
Flavivirus
Yellow Fever Virus: Disease(s) Caused
Yellow fever
Yellow Fever Virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
Yellow Fever Virus: Epidemiology
High mortality, some subclinical infections
Yellow Fever Virus: General Epidemiology
only in rural tropical Africa and South America
Yellow Fever Virus: Incubation Period
7 days
Yellow Fever Virus: Pathogenesis
Primary infection in vascular endothelial cells, then viremia, then secondarily infects liver and other organs (spleen, kidney)
Yellow Fever Virus: Signs & Symptoms
fever, nausea, jaundice
Yellow Fever Virus: Transmission Route
humans, Aedes aegypti mosquito (jungle yellow fever can infect tree mosquito and monkeys…tree mosquito infects human, which then is bitten by Aedes aegypti)
Yellow Fever Virus: Vaccines
live-attenuated vaccine (17-D vaccine) gives lifelong protection
Rotavirus: How Virus Multiplies
vRNA functions as template for synthesis of mRNA, uses RdRp (packed with virion; hence, RNA alone not infectious)
Adenoviruses: How Virus Multiplies
Viruses assembled in nucleus, have early mRNA (replication proteins) and late mRNA (structural; virions)
Enteric adenoviruses: How Virus Multiplies
Viruses assembled in nucleus, have early mRNA (replication proteins) and late mRNA (structural; virions)
Smallpox virus: How Virus Multiplies
Virus carries DdRp in virion to make mRNA (only DNA virus that encodes own RNApol), virus multiplies in cytoplasm (forms inclusion body when histologically stained)
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): How Virus Multiplies
Virus carries DdRp in virion to make mRNA (only DNA virus that encodes own RNApol), virus multiplies in cytoplasm (forms inclusion body when histologically stained)
HSV-1: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
HSV-2: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
VZV: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
CMV: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
EBV: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
HHV-6: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
HHV-7: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
HHV-8, KSHV: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): How Virus Multiplies
viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 binds host CD4, cellular CXCR4 or CCR5 (chemokine co-receptors) needed for absorption, gp41 mediates envelope fusion, HIV is a nondefective virus
SARS-associated coronavirus: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss+RNA, one segment
Other coronaviruses: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss+RNA, one segment
Norwalk virus (norovirus): Nucleic Acid/structure
ss+RNA
Parainfluenza (1-4): Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, one segment
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, one segment
Mumps: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, one segment
Measles: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, one segment
Influenza A: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, 8 segments
Influenza B: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, 8 segments
Influenza C: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, 8 segments
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): How Virus Multiplies
RT makes DNA from RNA, DNA integrates into host genome
Hepatitis B: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with reverse transcriptase, viral DNA gaps filled in nucleocapsid on way to nucleus, late in infection long RNA created (pregenomes) and packaged in nucleocapsid, are copied via RT into DNA inside the nucleocapsid while RNA is degraded , virus buds thru plasma membrane
Influenza A: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp, HA binds sialic acid recptors, NA cleaves off for viral budding, infects cells of respiratory tract to cause infleunza
Influenza B: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp, HA binds sialic acid recptors, NA cleaves off for viral budding, infects cells of respiratory tract to cause infleunza
Influenza C: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp, HA binds sialic acid recptors, NA cleaves off for viral budding, infects cells of respiratory tract to cause infleunza
Rabies virus: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp, cytoplasmic Negri bodies
Parainfluenza (1-4): How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp in virion
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp in virion
Mumps: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp in virion
Measles: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp in virion
Smallpox virus: Virion Structure
No symmetry (only virus family like this)
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Virion Structure
No symmetry (only virus family like this)
Parvovirus B-19: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear ssDNA
HSV-1: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
HSV-2: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
VZV: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
CMV: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
EBV: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
HHV-6: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
HHV-7: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
HHV-8, KSHV: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
Poliovirus: Virion Structure
icosahedral (VP1/2/3, CD155 binding sites)
Coxsackie A virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Coxsackie B virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
ECHO viruses: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Enterovirus 70: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Enterovirus 71: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Virion Structure
icosahedral
Rhinovirus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Rotavirus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Adenoviruses: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Enteric adenoviruses: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Hepatitis B: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Hepatitis C: Virion Structure
icosahedral
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
West Nile Virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Yellow Fever Virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Dengue virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Rubella: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Parvovirus B-19: Virion Structure
icosahedral
HSV-1: Virion Structure
icosahedral
HSV-2: Virion Structure
icosahedral
VZV: Virion Structure
icosahedral
CMV: Virion Structure
icosahedral
EBV: Virion Structure
icosahedral
HHV-6: Virion Structure
icosahedral
HHV-7: Virion Structure
icosahedral
HHV-8, KSHV: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Papilloma virus (HPV): Virion Structure
icosahedral
JC Virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
Rabies virus: Virion Structure
Helical nucleocapsid, bullet-shaped
Influenza A: Virion Structure
helical
Influenza B: Virion Structure
helical
Influenza C: Virion Structure
helical
Parainfluenza (1-4): Virion Structure
helical
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Virion Structure
helical
Mumps: Virion Structure
helical
Measles: Virion Structure
helical
SARS-associated coronavirus: Virion Structure
helical
Other coronaviruses: Virion Structure
helical
Papilloma virus (HPV): How Virus Multiplies
has early and late (capsid) genes… early gene can bind promoter to recruit DNApol for genome replication, all genes essential for virus growth,
Rotavirus: Nucleic Acid/structure
dsRNA, 10 segments
Adenoviruses: Nucleic Acid/structure
dsDNA, linear one segment
Enteric adenoviruses: Nucleic Acid/structure
dsDNA, linear one segment
Smallpox virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
dsDNA, largest nucleic acid content of all animal viruses
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Nucleic Acid/structure
dsDNA, largest nucleic acid content of all animal viruses
Papilloma virus (HPV): Nucleic Acid/structure
circular dsDNA (10 genes so relies greatly on host proteins)
JC Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
circular dsDNA
Hepatitis B: Nucleic Acid/structure
circular DNA, ds for most of length (2 gapped single stranded regions), one segment
Hepatitis D: Nucleic Acid/structure
circular -RNA
Poliovirus: How Virus Multiplies
Binds CD155 receptors
Poliovirus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
Coxsackie A virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
Coxsackie B virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
ECHO viruses: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
Enterovirus 70: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
Enterovirus 71: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
Rhinovirus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
Hepatitis C: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
West Nile Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
Yellow Fever Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
Dengue virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
Rubella: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
Hepatitis E: Nucleic Acid/structure
+RNA
Rabies virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
-ssRNA
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, two identical copies
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, two identical copies