Everything Flashcards
1
Q
Adenoviruses: Class
A
Adenovirus
2
Q
Adenoviruses: Disease(s) Caused
A
colds, conjunctivitis
3
Q
Adenoviruses: Enveloped?
A
Non-enveloped
4
Q
Adenoviruses: General Epidemiology
A
stable when dried
5
Q
Adenoviruses: Incubation Period
A
3-10 days
6
Q
Adenoviruses: Transmission Route
A
airborne
7
Q
CMV: Chemotherapy
A
ganciclovir, Foscarnet (PPi analogue)
8
Q
CMV: Class
A
Herpesviruses
9
Q
CMV: Disease(s) Caused
A
mononucleosis-like, most frequent viral congenital infection
10
Q
CMV: Enveloped?
A
Enveloped
11
Q
CMV: Epidemiology
A
appears like mononucleosis with negative heterophile test, transmission common in nursery schools, can be post blood transfusion complication, recurrent disease only in immunocompromised
12
Q
CMV: Disease mechanisms
A
infected cells large with nuclear inclusion, primary infections before puberty often subclinical,infection of nursing infants is asymptomatic, most frequent viral congenital infection
13
Q
CMV: Incubation Period
A
3-12 weeks
14
Q
CMV: Lab Diagnostics
A
mononucleosis with negative heterophile test, owl’s eye inclusion bodies
15
Q
CMV: Pathogenesis
A
virus can cross placenta to cause congenital disease, latent infected cell type unknown
16
Q
CMV: Signs & Symptoms
A
congenital CMV can result in microcephalic mental retardation with intracerebral calcifications, neuro-sensory deafness, jaundice, enlarged liver/spleen, anemia// immunosuppressed get generalized infections, AIDS pts have high incidence of retinitis and gastroenteritis caused by CMV
17
Q
CMV: Transmission Route
A
close contact, nasopharyngeal fluid, semen, urine, vaginal secretions
18
Q
CMV: Vaccines
A
experimental live virus vaccine
19
Q
Coxsackie A virus: Class
A
Picornavirus
20
Q
Coxsackie A virus: Disease(s) Caused
A
aseptic meningitis, rash, colds, herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (children)
21
Q
Coxsackie A virus: Enveloped?
A
Non-enveloped
22
Q
Coxsackie A virus: Epidemiology
A
stable in environment (daycare problem), large titers shed in feces
23
Q
Coxsackie A virus: General Epidemiology
A
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
24
Q
Coxsackie A virus: Lab Diagnostics
A
isolation/cell culture, rising antibody titers, PCR for RNA in CSF (aseptic meningitis cases)
25
Coxsackie A virus: Signs & Symptoms
Herpangina: sore throat, generalized infection, characteristic ulcerating vesicles in throat Hand-foot-and-mouth disease: in children, viremic disease, vesicular lesions appear at same time
26
Coxsackie A virus: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
27
Coxsackie A virus: Vaccines
None
28
Coxsackie B virus: Class
Picornavirus
29
Coxsackie B virus: Disease(s) Caused
aseptic meningitis, rash, colds, neonatal myocarditis, epidemic pleurodynia
30
Coxsackie B virus: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
31
Coxsackie B virus: Epidemiology
stable in environment (daycare problem), large titiers shed in feces
32
Coxsackie B virus: General Epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
33
Coxsackie B virus: Lab Diagnostics
isolation/cell culture, rising antibody titers, PCR for RNA in CSF (aseptic meningitis cases)
34
Coxsackie B virus: Signs & Symptoms
Neonatal myocarditis: Generalized infection in infants (and heart- often fatal)
Epidemic pleurodynia: thoracic pain aggravated on deep breath (Devil's grip)
35
Coxsackie B virus: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
36
Coxsackie B virus: Vaccines
None
37
Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD): Class
Prions (not viruses)
38
Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD): Epidemiology
Most common human spongiform encephalopathy, transmitted to primates, can be result of inherited mutation (most spontaneous), some iatrogenic via corneal transplants and GH preparations
39
Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD): Pathogenesis
Spongiform encephalopathy
40
Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD): Transmission Route
inherited mutations, spontaneous mutations, corneal transplants + GH preparations (iatrogenic)
41
Dengue virus: Class
Flavivirus
42
Dengue virus: Disease(s) Caused
Classical Dengue ("bone-break fever"), dengue hemorrhagic fever (fatal)
43
Dengue virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
44
Dengue virus: Epidemiology
severe but not usually life-threatening disease, 4 antigenic types
45
Dengue virus: General Epidemiology
found in tropics/subtropics, esp in S.E. Asia and Caribbean islands, humans are not dead-end hosts
46
Dengue virus: Incubation Period
7 days
47
Dengue virus: Pathogenesis
dengue hemorrhagic fever from massive macrophage infection --> cytokine storm (after sequential infections w/2 diff antigentically cross-reacting dengue viruses)
48
Dengue virus: Signs & Symptoms
fevere, severe headache, muscle and joint pains, rash
| dengue hemorrhagic fever causes patient to vomit blood/hemorrhage/go into shock (most often in native pop)
49
Dengue virus: Transmission Route
Aedes aegypti mosquito, humans
50
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Class
Togavirus
51
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Disease(s) Caused
Encephalitis
52
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
53
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Epidemiology
75% clinical cases fatal, some subclinical infections, generally infects children under 10 yo
54
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: General Epidemiology
most deadly arbovirus encephalitis in US, mostly infects children in swampy/wetland areas (mosquito habitats)
55
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Incubation Period
7 days
56
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Pathogenesis
humans and horses are dead-end hosts, virus maintained by birds and mosquitoes
57
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Transmission Route
wild birds, mosquitoes (humans and horses dead-end hosts)
58
EBV: Class
Herpesviruses
59
EBV: Disease(s) Caused
mononucleosis, oral hairy leukoplakia or tumor (in immunocompromised), Burkitt's lymphoma (esp African boys), nasopharyngeal carcinoma,hepatitis, fatal lymphoproliferative disease in pts w/mutation that blocks cell-mediated immunity
60
EBV: Enveloped?
Enveloped
61
EBV: Epidemiology
Burkitt's lymphoma most frequent childhood tumor in Africa, boys at greater risk, if untreated will die in 6 months… can also cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, gastric carcinoma, AIDS patients tumors
62
EBV: General Epidemiology
most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, disease of teenagers and young adults, immortalizes B-cells, virus found in saliva and produced by lymphoid cells in oro-pharynx
63
EBV: Incubation Period
4-6 weeks
64
EBV: Lab Diagnostics
heterophile test (antigenic cross-reactivity of Abs to EBV and sheep RBCs), Ab does not neutralize EBV
65
EBV: Pathogenesis
infects B-cells (attacked by CTLs)… for Burkitt's lymphoma, often involves translocation placing c-myc protoncogene under Ig promoter
66
EBV: Signs & Symptoms
fever, sore throat, lymphadenpathy… oral hairy leukoplakia (white patches on tongue/buccal mucosa)
67
EBV: Transmission Route
first-basing (kissing, duh!), close oral contact, shared items
68
ECHO viruses: Class
Picornavirus
69
ECHO viruses: Disease(s) Caused
rash, leading cause of aseptic meningitis
70
ECHO viruses: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
71
ECHO viruses: Epidemiology
leading cause of aseptic meningitis, stable in environment (daycare problem), large titiers shed in feces
72
ECHO viruses: General Epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
73
ECHO viruses: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
74
ECHO viruses: Vaccines
None
75
Enteric adenoviruses: Class
Adenovirus
76
Enteric adenoviruses: Disease(s) Caused
gastroenteritis, diarrhea
77
Enteric adenoviruses: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
78
Enteric adenoviruses: Incubation Period
3-10 days
79
Enteric adenoviruses: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
80
Enterovirus 70: Class
Picornavirus
81
Enterovirus 70: Disease(s) Caused
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
82
Enterovirus 70: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
83
Enterovirus 70: General Epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
84
Enterovirus 70: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
85
Enterovirus 71: Class
Picornavirus
86
Enterovirus 71: Disease(s) Caused
HFMD, CNS infections
87
Enterovirus 71: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
88
Enterovirus 71: General Epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
89
Enterovirus 71: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
90
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Chemotherapy
Passive immunization
91
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Class
Picornavirus
92
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Disease(s) Caused
Hepatitis A
93
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
94
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Epidemiology
0.1% mortality
95
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Incubation Period
~ 30 days
96
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Lab Diagnostics
LFTs, serological tests (anti-HAV-IgG/M comparison)
97
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Pathogenesis
Acute onset
98
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Signs & Symptoms
anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice
99
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Transmission Route
fecal-oral
100
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Vaccines
Formaldehyde-killed vaccine
101
Hepatitis B: Chemotherapy
alpha-IFN and lamivudine (RT inhibitor)
102
Hepatitis B: Class
Hepadnavirus
103
Hepatitis B: Disease(s) Caused
Hepatitis B, hepatocellular carcinoma
104
Hepatitis B: Enveloped?
Enveloped
105
Hepatitis B: Epidemiology
HBeAG correlated with presence of infectious HBV and progression to hepatic carcinoma in chronically infected patients, responsible for 500k cancer deaths annually
106
Hepatitis B: General Epidemiology
High incidence with IV drug users, unsafe male homosexual sex, 5% cases become chronic (2-4% of chronic develop primary hepatocellular carcinoma), 90% perinatal transmission results in chronic HBV carriers where 25% of carriers will die of liver carcinoma or chronic hepatitis
107
Hepatitis B: Incubation Period
~ 70 days (insiduous onset)
108
Hepatitis B: Lab Diagnostics
Serological tests for HB-Ags (core and surface), PCR test
109
Hepatitis B: Pathogenesis
CD8+ cells recognize HBV peptides presented by MHC I, kills hepatocytes (killing + regeneration leads to mutations/transformation of cells), tumors have integrated HepB DNA (but not required for replication)
110
Hepatitis B: Signs & Symptoms
anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice, prodromal rash/arthritis
111
Hepatitis B: Transmission Route
Parenteral transfer of blood, sexual transmission, perinatal infection of neonates (more likely to result in chronic disease and cause primary liver carcinoma)
112
Hepatitis B: Vaccines
At birth from HBV infected mother: neonate given passive anti-HBV Abs AND vaccine immediately after birth
Inactivated subunit vaccine against HBV surface Ags
113
Hepatitis C: Chemotherapy
alpha-IFN, Ribivirin, and telaprevir/boceprevir (essential HCV protease inhibitors)
114
Hepatitis C: Class
Flavivirus
115
Hepatitis C: Disease(s) Caused
Hepatitis C, hepatocellular carcinoma
116
Hepatitis C: Enveloped?
Enveloped
117
Hepatitis C: General Epidemiology
75% chronically infected, 20% develop cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma 10-20 years after acture HCV infection
Results in 10k dpy in US, 4 mil Americans chronically infected
118
Hepatitis C: Incubation Period
~60 days (insiduous onset)
119
Hepatitis C: Lab Diagnostics
Serological and PCR tests
120
Hepatitis C: Pathogenesis
CD8+ cells recognize HCV peptides presented by MHC I, kills hepatocytes (again higher chance of mutations), virus does not integrate into the genome
121
Hepatitis C: Signs & Symptoms
anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice, prodromal rash/arthritis
122
Hepatitis C: Transmission Route
STD, needle-sharing, blood transfusion, perinatal
123
Hepatitis D: Chemotherapy
HBV treatment protects
124
Hepatitis D: Class
[Deltavirus]
125
Hepatitis D: Disease(s) Caused
Hepatitis D
126
Hepatitis D: Epidemiology
2-30% mortality, acute onset with severe pathology
127
Hepatitis D: General Epidemiology
Immunity to HepB induced HepD immunity (does not encode envelope proteins)
128
Hepatitis D: Incubation Period
~50 days (acute onset)
129
Hepatitis D: Lab Diagnostics
Serological or PCR test of unique HepD protein
130
Hepatitis D: Transmission Route
only infectious in people infected with HepB as well
131
Hepatitis D: Vaccines
HBV vaccine protects
132
Hepatitis E: Class
[Hepevirus]
133
Hepatitis E: Disease(s) Caused
Hepatitis E
134
Hepatitis E: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
135
Hepatitis E: Epidemiology
20% mortality in pregnant women of developing countries
136
Hepatitis E: General Epidemiology
fecal-oral
137
Hepatitis E: Incubation Period
~ 30 days (acute onset)
138
Hepatitis E: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
139
HHV-6: Class
Herpesviruses
140
HHV-6: Disease(s) Caused
roseola infantum (system infection w/rash in infants), MS, CFS, epilepsy
141
HHV-6: Enveloped?
Enveloped
142
HHV-6: General Epidemiology
90% prevalence worldwide, 1% have HHV-6 integration
143
HHV-6: Signs & Symptoms
systemic infection with rash in infants, high fever
144
HHV-7: Class
Herpesviruses
145
HHV-7: Disease(s) Caused
none known
146
HHV-7: Enveloped?
Enveloped
147
HHV-8, KSHV: Class
Herpesviruses
148
HHV-8, KSHV: Disease(s) Caused
Kaposi's sarcoma
149
HHV-8, KSHV: Enveloped?
Enveloped
150
HHV-8, KSHV: General Epidemiology
most frequent neoplasm in persons with AIDS, 15-20% AIDS patients develop KS
151
HHV-8, KSHV: Pathogenesis
tumor cells express high cellular VEGF (for vascularization)
152
HHV-8, KSHV: Signs & Symptoms
multiple, pigmented, highly-vascularized nodules on skin
153
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Chemotherapy
HAART, nucleoside analog RT inhibitors (AZT), non-nucleoside RT inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors (Fuzeon), integrase inhibitors (isentress), CCR5 inhibitors (maraviroc)
154
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Class
Retroviruses
155
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Disease(s) Caused
HIV, AIDS
156
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Enveloped?
Enveloped
157
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Epidemiology
AIDS patients have increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and tumors (Kaposi's sacoma, B-cell lymphoma, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, chronic lymphadenopathy, dementia/diffuse brain disease in later stages of infection)
158
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): General Epidemiology
3 stages… early stage with mono-like symptoms + high viremia, middle stage 3-10 years latency with decline in CD4 cells, late stage is AIDS and immunodeficiency… HIV-1 infected women progress to AIDS faster than men of same viral load
159
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Lab Diagnostics
ELISA (forv viral antigens gp41 or p24), Western blot (less sensitive but more specific than ELISA), PCR for HIV RNA
160
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Pathogenesis
gradual depeltion of CD4+ cells, suppression of cell-mediated immunity (variable progression to AIDS), cytopathic effect, CTL destruction of infected cells, apoptosis of CD4 cells, HIV also targets CD4 Th17 cells (imp for mucosal imm -- bacteria)
161
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Signs & Symptoms
Primary infection: mono-like or flu-like with fever/enlarged lymph nodes/tiredness/headache
162
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Transmission Route
sexual contact, blood, tears, vaginal secretions, breast milk, transplacental, perinatal
163
HSV-1: Chemotherapy
trifluridine for recurrent keratitis, adenine arabinoside for encephalitis, acyclovir for systemic infection and for encephalitis
164
HSV-1: Class
Herpesviruses
165
HSV-1: Disease(s) Caused
herpes, cold sores, herpes simplex encephalitis/keratitis
166
HSV-1: Enveloped?
Enveloped
167
HSV-1: Epidemiology
latent infections activated by fever, UV light, emotion (virions transported down axon to site of initial infection, produce cold sores)… 80% seroprevalence in adults
168
HSV-1: General Epidemiology
primary infection often subclinical… often recurrent infections
169
HSV-1: Incubation Period
7-14 days
170
HSV-1: Lab Diagnostics
PCR detection in CSF for herpes simplex encephalitis
171
HSV-1: Pathogenesis
primarily infect nose/eyes/fingers/mouth… travels into sensory ganglia for latent infection
172
HSV-1: Signs & Symptoms
cold sores, stomatitis (with vesicles in mouth), encephalitis (temporal lobe), keratitis (red eyes)
173
HSV-1: Transmission Route
saliva
174
HSV-2: Chemotherapy
acyclovir
175
HSV-2: Class
Herpesviruses
176
HSV-2: Disease(s) Caused
genital herpesm neonatal herpes simplex (perinatal infection, 6 days after birth)
177
HSV-2: Enveloped?
Enveloped
178
HSV-2: Epidemiology
can cause recurrent infection, 20% of US population seropositive, vaginal lesions before delivery indication for C-section
179
HSV-2: General Epidemiology
most fatal perinatal infection is acute primary infection around time of delivery, hepato-adrenal necrosis in neonates
180
HSV-2: Incubation Period
7-14 days
181
HSV-2: Pathogenesis
primarily infect sensory ganglia in genital region (sacral ganglia)
182
HSV-2: Signs & Symptoms
lesions on genitalia, primary infection - bilateral lesions or asymptomatic, recurrent disease - fewer lesions that are unilateral
183
HSV-2: Transmission Route
sex, perinatal infectiion
184
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Class
Retroviruses
185
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Disease(s) Caused
adult T-cell leukemia (ATL; from HTLV-1), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
186
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Enveloped?
Enveloped
187
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Epidemiology
ususally asymptomatic, 0.1% infected individuals develop ATL after 10-30 year latency
188
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): General Epidemiology
endemic in southern Japan, central Africa, Caribbean… 0.025% incidnece in US
189
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Pathogenesis
viral tax protein is transcription factor that induces IL-2 and receptor for autocrine loop for transformation
190
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Transmission Route
sexual contact, blood, breast milk (horizontal transmission)
191
Influenza A: Chemotherapy
Tamiflu and zanamivir: NA inhibitors reduce symptomatic period 1-2 days… only effective if given early, resistance against these drugs increasing… Adamantanes (not recommended in US since many A viruses have resistance against it and do not inhibit B viruses) effective in combination with NA inhibitors against H1N1 viruses, given before infection, nontoxic.... amantadine inhibits Influenza A uncoating
192
Influenza A: Class
Orthomyxoviruses
193
Influenza A: Disease(s) Caused
Influenza (fever, chills, aches), can lead to pneumonia
194
Influenza A: Enveloped?
Enveloped
195
Influenza A: Epidemiology
Epidemics 2-3 years, Pandemics 10-30 years (from antigenic shift of recombination with other viral host)
196
Influenza A: General Epidemiology
most deaths in elderly and infants, usually associated with underlying respiratory insufficiency (CPD, etc.)
197
Influenza A: Incubation Period
3-6 days
198
Influenza A: Lab Diagnostics
Lab diagnosis by virus isolation in eggs/tissue or by comparison of acute vs. convalescent sera looking for rise in anti-HA Ab via HI assay… rapid diagnosis via fluorescent Ab on throat swab specimen
199
Influenza A: Pathogenesis
droplets infect upper rispiratory tract, infection may extend to lower respiratory tract… destroys ciliated epithellium in respiratory tract, viremia uncommon (no role in pathogenesis), systemic symptoms caused by toxic components from sites of growth to cause H/A and muscle pains... complicated by pneumonia (sometimes secondary to bacterial pneomonia; pneumococcus most common; staphylococcos most fatal)
200
Influenza A: Signs & Symptoms
fevers, chills aches
201
Influenza A: Transmission Route
airborne
202
Influenza A: Vaccines
Trivalent seasonal killed vaccine: 2 influenza A viruses, 1 B virus… need IgA so immunity only lasts 3-10 years… FluMist (live-attenuated intranasal spray vaccine) effective in children
203
Influenza B: Chemotherapy
Tamiflu and zanamivir: NA inhibitors reduce symptomatic period 1-2 days… only effective if given early, resistance against these drugs increasing… Adamantanes (not recommended in US since many A viruses have resistance against it and do not inhibit B viruses) effective in combination with NA inhibitors against H1N1 viruses, given before infection, nontoxic.... amantadine inhibits Influenza A uncoating
204
Influenza B: Class
Orthomyxoviruses
205
Influenza B: Disease(s) Caused
Influenza (fever, chills, aches), can lead to pneumonia
206
Influenza B: Enveloped?
Enveloped
207
Influenza B: Epidemiology
Epidemics 3-6 years
208
Influenza B: General Epidemiology
most deaths in elderly and infants, usually associated with underlying respiratory insufficiency (CPD, etc.)
209
Influenza B: Incubation Period
3-6 days
210
Influenza B: Lab Diagnostics
Lab diagnosis by virus isolation in eggs/tissue or by comparison of acute vs. convalescent sera looking for rise in anti-HA Ab via HI assay… rapid diagnosis via fluorescent Ab on throat swab specimen
211
Influenza B: Pathogenesis
droplets infect upper rispiratory tract, infection may extend to lower respiratory tract… destroys ciliated epithellium in respiratory tract, viremia uncommon (no role in pathogenesis), systemic symptoms caused by toxic components from sites of growth to cause H/A and muscle pains... complicated by pneumonia (sometimes secondary to bacterial pneomonia; pneumococcus most common; staphylococcos most fatal)
212
Influenza B: Signs & Symptoms
fevers, chills aches
213
Influenza B: Transmission Route
airborne
214
Influenza B: Vaccines
Trivalent seasonal killed vaccine: 2 influenza A viruses, 1 B virus… need IgA so immunity only lasts 3-10 years… FluMist (live-attenuated intranasal spray vaccine) effective in children
215
Influenza C: Class
Orthomyxoviruses
216
Influenza C: Disease(s) Caused
Influenza (fever, chills, aches), can lead to pneumonia
217
Influenza C: Enveloped?
Enveloped
218
Influenza C: Epidemiology
Minor clinical significance
219
Influenza C: General Epidemiology
most deaths in elderly and infants, usually associated with underlying respiratory insufficiency (CPD, etc.)
220
Influenza C: Incubation Period
3-6 days
221
Influenza C: Lab Diagnostics
Lab diagnosis by virus isolation in eggs/tissue or by comparison of acute vs. convalescent sera looking for rise in anti-HA Ab via HI assay… rapid diagnosis via fluorescent Ab on throat swab specimen
222
Influenza C: Pathogenesis
droplets infect upper rispiratory tract, infection may extend to lower respiratory tract… destroys ciliated epithellium in respiratory tract, viremia uncommon (no role in pathogenesis), systemic symptoms caused by toxic components from sites of growth to cause H/A and muscle pains... complicated by pneumonia (sometimes secondary to bacterial pneomonia; pneumococcus most common; staphylococcos most fatal)
223
Influenza C: Signs & Symptoms
fevers, chills aches
224
Influenza C: Transmission Route
airborne
225
JC Virus: Class
Papovaviruses
226
JC Virus: Disease(s) Caused
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
227
JC Virus: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
228
JC Virus: General Epidemiology
Occurs in immunocompromised, slow virus
229
JC Virus: Pathogenesis
Demyelinating disease of brain that infects oligodendeoglia, no inflammation, reactivation of JC virus causes PML that progresses to blindness/dementia/coma/death within 6 months
230
JC Virus: Transmission Route
aerosols
231
Kuru: Class
Prions (not viruses)
232
Kuru: Epidemiology
limited to stone-age tribe in New Guinea (Fore tribe), caused 1/2 total mortality at peak, transmissible via brain products, low incidence now with reduced cannibalism
233
Kuru: Pathogenesis
Progressive degenerative disorder of CNS (especially cerebellum), causes spongiform encephalopathy
234
Kuru: Transmission Route
Consuming brains
235
Measles: Chemotherapy
Vitamin A reduces mortality, but no antiviral therapy available
236
Measles: Class
Paramyxoviruses
237
Measles: Disease(s) Caused
Measles, encephalitis, pneumonia, otitis media, rare giant-cell pneumonia (w/o rash when cell-mediated immunity is defective), subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), photophobia
238
Measles: Enveloped?
Enveloped
239
Measles: Epidemiology
Local epidemics every 3rd winter (before vaccine), needs large population to survive, cell-mediated immunity important in clearing infection, 5-25% measles mortality in developing countries… SSPE results from people with uncomplicated measles infections from 4-17 years previous and at early age (2yo)
240
Measles: General Epidemiology
Lifelong immunity from infection, IgG neutralizes, long incubation period, not related to parainfluenza, most contagious disease known, almost never causes subclinical infections
241
Measles: Incubation Period
14 days
242
Measles: Lab Diagnostics
Hemagglutination, multi-nucleaed giant cells in lymph tissue (result of virus-induced cell fusion), SSPE: see inclusion bodies w/helical nucleocapsids + high Ab titers to measles virus + CNS has measles antigen
243
Measles: Pathogenesis
Viremia important… primary infection in respiratory tract and multiplies in epithelium/local lymph nodes/conjunctiva results in viremia 3 days prior to rash, virus excretion from respiratory tract and in tears and urine for a few days before/after rash
244
Measles: Signs & Symptoms
Prodromal: fever, cold-like symptoms, Koplik spots (bright red lesions with central white spot on buccal mucosa), conjunctivitis, photophobia… anergy of cell-mediated immunity… severe hemorrhagic rash in fatal cases (death from fatal synergism of measles and malnutrition)… SSPE symptoms include insidious onset of intellectual deterioration/psych disturbances/fatal with terminal paralysis and blindness
245
Measles: Transmission Route
airborne
246
Measles: Vaccines
Live-attenuated vaccine (MMR; twice)
247
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Class
Poxviruses
248
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Disease(s) Caused
Molluscum contagiosum
249
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Enveloped?
Enveloped and Non-enveloped (can withstand adverse conditions better)
250
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Epidemiology
Diagnosis difficult, virus grows poorly in culture
251
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): General Epidemiology
Self-limiting disease (may take months/years to subside)
252
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Incubation Period
2-8 weeks
253
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Signs & Symptoms
Pearly white papules
254
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Transmission Route
Intimate cutaneous contact (Ow-owwww!!!) often among young children, wrestlers, and lovers
255
Mumps: Class
Paramyxoviruses
256
Mumps: Disease(s) Caused
Mumps, orchitis, aseptic meningitis
257
Mumps: Enveloped?
Enveloped
258
Mumps: Epidemiology
30% infections subclinical, no antiviral therapy, MMR vaccine (live-attenuated)
259
Mumps: General Epidemiology
Lifelong immunity from infection, IgG neutralizes, long incubation period, antigenically related to parainfluenza
260
Mumps: Incubation Period
18-21 days
261
Mumps: Lab Diagnostics
Hemagglutination
262
Mumps: Pathogenesis
Viremia important… primary infection in respiratory epithelium/local lymph nodes that results in viremia to infect other organs. Mumps grows in parotid gland and is excreted in saliva before/after swelling
263
Mumps: Signs & Symptoms
Prodromal fever/malaise/anorexia followed by uni/bilateral swelling of parotid glands. Usual presenting symptom is parotiditis.
264
Mumps: Transmission Route
airborne
265
Mumps: Vaccines
Live-attenuated vaccine (MMR; twice)
266
Norwalk virus (norovirus): Class
Calcivirus
267
Norwalk virus (norovirus): Disease(s) Caused
adolescent/infant gastroenteritis
268
Norwalk virus (norovirus): Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
269
Norwalk virus (norovirus): Epidemiology
Seen in shellfish/salad (contamination), increased susceptiblity in blood type O individuals
270
Norwalk virus (norovirus): General Epidemiology
Seen on cruiselines, school, nursing homes, camps… rare complications… highly infectious
271
Norwalk virus (norovirus): Transmission Route
fecal-oral
272
Other coronaviruses: Class
Coronaviruses
273
Other coronaviruses: Disease(s) Caused
common cold
274
Other coronaviruses: Enveloped?
Enveloped
275
Other coronaviruses: Transmission Route
airborne, others?
276
Papilloma virus (HPV): Class
Papovaviruses
277
Papilloma virus (HPV): Disease(s) Caused
Papillomas (plantar genital, and anogenital warts), cervical carcinoma, condylomas, association w/H&N cancers
278
Papilloma virus (HPV): Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
279
Papilloma virus (HPV): Epidemiology
condylomas (from nononcogenic HPV 6b and 11), >75% cervical carcinomas from HPV16 and HPV18
280
Papilloma virus (HPV): General Epidemiology
1/3 college women have HPV in cervix, 80-90% of cervical carcinomas have HPV integrated into host genome, other cofactors like smoking can cause cervical carcinoma
281
Papilloma virus (HPV): Lab Diagnostics
Pap smears
282
Papilloma virus (HPV): Pathogenesis
in warts the viral genome is not integrated, in cervical tumors, early genes are integrated. early genes E6 binds p53 to inactivate it and E7 binds Rb to inactivate it (both tumor suppressors)
283
Papilloma virus (HPV): Transmission Route
direct contact, sexual contact, perinatal
284
Papilloma virus (HPV): Vaccines
recombinant vaccine based on viral capsid protein
285
Parainfluenza (1-4): Chemotherapy
severe croup treated with glucocorticoids
286
Parainfluenza (1-4): Class
Paramyxoviruses
287
Parainfluenza (1-4): Disease(s) Caused
non-systemic respiratory disease, croup
288
Parainfluenza (1-4): Enveloped?
Enveloped
289
Parainfluenza (1-4): Epidemiology
Most common cause of croup (acute laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis), peak incidence at 2 yo
290
Parainfluenza (1-4): General Epidemiology
no major shifts in antigenicity (single segment of RNA), cause severe febrile lower respiratory infection on initial infection, infection does not result in lifelong imunity, causes hemagglutination
291
Parainfluenza (1-4): Lab Diagnostics
Hemagglutination
292
Parainfluenza (1-4): Signs & Symptoms
fever, croup: dyspnea and stridor (high pitched inspiration)
293
Parainfluenza (1-4): Transmission Route
airborne
294
Parvovirus B-19: Chemotherapy
Passive immunization with pooled IgG for people with immunological defects that result in prolonged anemia
295
Parvovirus B-19: Class
Parvovirus
296
Parvovirus B-19: Disease(s) Caused
Transient aplastic crisis, erythema infectiosum (childhood rash = slapped cheek), hydrops fetalis if infected in first or second trimester
297
Parvovirus B-19: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
298
Parvovirus B-19: Epidemiology
Patients with pre-existing RBC deficit (anemia, sickle cell anemia) have more severe infection = Transient Aplasic Crisis
299
Parvovirus B-19: General Epidemiology
often subclinical infection, can cause acute arthritis (most common symptom), infection during pregnancy can cause fetal death via edema (hydrops fetalis)
300
Parvovirus B-19: Incubation Period
7 days
301
Parvovirus B-19: Pathogenesis
infects RBC precursors (inhibits RBC production during incubation)
302
Parvovirus B-19: Signs & Symptoms
normal people have asymptomatic infection OR ///fever, malaise, rash (erythema infectiosum caused by immune complexes)… keratitis presents with red eye/irritation/photophobia (can cause blindness)
303
Parvovirus B-19: Transmission Route
airborne
304
Poliovirus: Class
Picornavirus
305
Poliovirus: Disease(s) Caused
polio (paralytic or bulbar), aseptic meningitis
306
Poliovirus: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
307
Poliovirus: Epidemiology
0.1-1% paralytic rate in older groups
308
Poliovirus: General Epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
309
Poliovirus: Incubation Period
2-3 weeks
310
Poliovirus: Pathogenesis
Virus swallowed, multiplication in tonsils/Peyer's patches/ lymph nodes of SI and fecal-oral excretion of virus (route to next person via environment or hands), invasion of CNS (via viremia) in cases that cause paralysis, circulating Ab too late to prevent CNS invasion (paralysis occurs despite Ab)
311
Poliovirus: Signs & Symptoms
Aseptic meningitis: H/A. stiff neck, fever, increased leukocytes in CSF…Spinal polio: destroys motor neurons… withered leg, equinus foot Bulbar polio: attacks respiratory centers in medulla/cranial nerves
312
Poliovirus: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
313
Poliovirus: Vaccines
Killed (Salk) Vaccine: formaldehyde-fixed vaccine of 3 serotypes, not originally given much in US but now preferred since low risk, IM injection Live Attenuated (Sabin) Vaccine: viral mutants that grow in gut but do not invade CNS, oral, causes gut proliferation/viremia
314
Rabies virus: Chemotherapy
Passive immunization (hyperimmune human serum; given to delay symptoms)
315
Rabies virus: Class
Rhabdovirus
316
Rabies virus: Disease(s) Caused
Rabies
317
Rabies virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
318
Rabies virus: Epidemiology
Prophylactic immunization recommended for residents where rabies is common and for vets… bite wounds should be washed to remove virus… transmission in US from wild animals, dogs required to be vaccinated… most rabies in US from bats
319
Rabies virus: General Epidemiology
Infections in humans and dogs nearly always fatal, long incubation allows successful immunization after infection, treatment will not work after virus invades CNS, 30,000 people in US treated per year for possible infection… SINGLE antigenic type
320
Rabies virus: Incubation Period
Weeks to months
321
Rabies virus: Lab Diagnostics
Negri bodies (cytoplasmic inclusions) in nerve cells , fluorescent Ab to confirm inclusion bodies are rabies virus
322
Rabies virus: Pathogenesis
Travels from bite site into nerve cells, travels to CNS, then can go from CNS to salivary glands
323
Rabies virus: Signs & Symptoms
Initial symptoms: fever, anorexia, hydrophobia… late symptoms is coma/paralysis/death…., causes encephalitis
324
Rabies virus: Transmission Route
Bite from infected animal (virus in saliva) - viremia not required
325
Rabies virus: Vaccines
Killed vaccine (human diploid cell vaccine, highly immunogenic and very safe)
326
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Chemotherapy
Ribovirin: aerosol to treat RSV (efficacy unknown) in high-risk patients and severe infections… Passive immunization of high-risk infants (premature, pulmonary displasia) with mAb against RSV (prevents severe RSV pneumonia)
327
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Class
Paramyxoviruses
328
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Disease(s) Caused
non-systemic respiratory disease, lower respiratory infection, pneumonia, induces giant cells
329
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Enveloped?
Enveloped
330
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Epidemiology
most frequent cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants and significant infection of elderly
331
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): General Epidemiology
no major shifts in antigenicity (single segment of RNA), cause severe febrile lower respiratory infection on initial infection, infection does not result in lifelong imunity, causes hemagglutination
332
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Lab Diagnostics
Hemagglutination
333
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Signs & Symptoms
fever
334
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Transmission Route
airborne
335
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Vaccines
No vaccines available
336
Rhinovirus: Class
Picornavirus
337
Rhinovirus: Disease(s) Caused
colds
338
Rhinovirus: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
339
Rhinovirus: Epidemiology
poor growth at body temperature and low pH, 80+ antigenic types
340
Rhinovirus: General Epidemiology
MOST COMMON cause of colds
341
Rhinovirus: Lab Diagnostics
Trachea organ culture
342
Rhinovirus: Transmission Route
airborne
343
Rhinovirus: Vaccines
Too many serotypes
344
Rotavirus: Chemotherapy
Rehydration therapy
345
Rotavirus: Class
Reovirus
346
Rotavirus: Disease(s) Caused
rotavirus gastroenteritis
347
Rotavirus: Enveloped?
Non-enveloped
348
Rotavirus: Epidemiology
Common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants (most infected by 2yo), major cause of infant mortality in developing countries
349
Rotavirus: General Epidemiology
peaks in winter, endemic worldwide (poor countries)
350
Rotavirus: Signs & Symptoms
Diarrhea
351
Rotavirus: Transmission Route
fecal-oral
352
Rotavirus: Vaccines
Live-attenuated vaccines available (Rotarix, RotaTeq)
353
Rubella: Class
Togavirus
354
Rubella: Disease(s) Caused
Rubella (German Measles), congenital rubella
355
Rubella: Enveloped?
Enveloped
356
Rubella: Epidemiology
sometimes subclinical infection, can be more severe in adults, can cause transient arthritis… all infections produce lifelong immunity
357
Rubella: General Epidemiology
after multiplies in respiratory epithelium, viremia develops…less contagious than measles
358
Rubella: Incubation Period
18 days
359
Rubella: Pathogenesis
multiplies in respiratory epithelium… can cross placenta during pregnancy to cause congenital rubella (earlier infectied, more likely to have defects -esp 1st trimester)
360
Rubella: Signs & Symptoms
rash lasts 3 days with fever/lymphadenopathy… congenital rubella can cause cataracts/heart defects like patent ductus arteriosus/deafness/retardation of child (also spontaneous abortion)
361
Rubella: Transmission Route
airborne
362
Rubella: Vaccines
live-attenuated vaccine (MMR; 2 doses)
363
SARS-associated coronavirus: Class
Coronaviruses
364
SARS-associated coronavirus: Disease(s) Caused
SARS
365
SARS-associated coronavirus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
366
SARS-associated coronavirus: Epidemiology
in adults, severity increasses with age, case-fatality rate of 9%, first appeared in China then spread worldwide, but quarantine may have stopped spread
367
SARS-associated coronavirus: Incubation Period
2-10 days
368
SARS-associated coronavirus: Signs & Symptoms
dry cough, dyspnea
369
SARS-associated coronavirus: Transmission Route
airborne, others?
370
Smallpox virus: Chemotherapy
Passive immunization with human vaccinia-immune globulia for severe infections
371
Smallpox virus: Class
Poxviruses
372
Smallpox virus: Disease(s) Caused
Smallpox (papules, vesicles, pustules)
373
Smallpox virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped and Non-enveloped (can withstand adverse conditions better)
374
Smallpox virus: Epidemiology
Respiratory infection leads to more severe infection, vaccination halted in US in 1971 (vaccine protects for 10-20 years, partial immunity for longer), weaponized by Soviets (Yarr!), current policy to vaccinate medical and other personnel, use ring vaccination to prevent outbreak
375
Smallpox virus: General Epidemiology
Oral mucosa lesions likely cause of spreading infection, smallpox has been eradicated by immunization (ring vaccination around any cases found), no non-human reservoirs and no subclinical infections
376
Smallpox virus: Pathogenesis
Primary infection in upper respiratory tract with growth in mucosa/lymph nodes, then viremia allows to spread to lungs/liver/spleen, secondary infection in skin (via viremia) causes papules/pustules/vesicles
377
Smallpox virus: Signs & Symptoms
Papules, vesicles, pustules
378
Smallpox virus: Transmission Route
airborne
379
Smallpox virus: Vaccines
Live-attenuated (use vaccinia virus)
380
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Class
Flavivirus
381
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Disease(s) Caused
Encephalitis
382
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
383
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Epidemiology
Generally infects adults over 50yo, 10% cases fatal (mostly in elderly), many subclinical infections, St Louis from N America, West Nile from N Africa and Middle East
384
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: General Epidemiology
requires multiplication in arthropod host (usually 2 incubation periods; intrinsic 7 days in humans; extrinsic 14 days in arthropod), humans are dead-end hosts b/c not high enough viremia
385
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Incubation Period
7 days
386
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Pathogenesis
Encephalitis after 7 day incubation period, viremia from multiplication in vascular endothelium, prodromal febrile malaise followed by encephalitis with paralysis/coma/death
387
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Signs & Symptoms
fever, malaise
388
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Transmission Route
arthropods (mosquitoes; urban/rural habitat), wild/domestic birds
389
Variant CJD ("mad cow"): Class
Prions (not viruses)
390
Variant CJD ("mad cow"): Epidemiology
Outbreak in England linked to eating beef from infected cows
391
Variant CJD ("mad cow"): Pathogenesis
Spongiform encephalopathy of cows (mad cow disease) from using brains/marrow of cow/sheep for bovine food
392
Variant CJD ("mad cow"): Transmission Route
Consuming beef from infected cows (who were fed brains/bone marrow of cows/sheep)
393
VZV: Chemotherapy
Passive immunization with IgG (VZIG), acyclovir (can reduce risk of post-herpetic neuralgia too), foscarnet
394
VZV: Class
Herpesviruses
395
VZV: Disease(s) Caused
chickenpox (primary infection), zoster/shingles (recurrent disease), congenital varicella syndrome
396
VZV: Enveloped?
Enveloped
397
VZV: Epidemiology
zoster risk increases after 50 yo (decline in cell-mediated immunity), immunosuppressed pts at risk for disseminated zoster (spread by viremia)
398
VZV: General Epidemiology
winter-spring epidemics every few years, patients with impaired immune response get severe/fatal chickenpox
399
VZV: Incubation Period
14-21 days
400
VZV: Pathogenesis
infection in respiratory tract followed by viremia, latency established in sensory ganglia, monocyte infiltration of involved ganglion
401
VZV: Signs & Symptoms
fever, rash, lesions… congenital varicella can result in limb atrophy/scarring of skin… post-herpetic neuralgia (pain after zoster lesions heal), zoster lesions have unilateral, dermatomal distribution
402
VZV: Transmission Route
airborne, cotact with lesions
403
VZV: Vaccines
live-attenuated (reduces clinical infecions by 85%, reduces severe infections by 97%, elderly should receive booster
404
West Nile Virus: Class
Flavivirus
405
West Nile Virus: Disease(s) Caused
Encephalitis
406
West Nile Virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
407
West Nile Virus: Epidemiology
Generally infects adults over 50yo, 10% cases fatal (mostly in elderly), many subclinical infections, St Louis from N America, West Nile from N Africa and Middle East
408
West Nile Virus: General Epidemiology
requires multiplication in arthropod host (usually 2 incubation periods; intrinsic 7 days in humans; extrinsic 14 days in arthropod), humans are dead-end hosts b/c not high enough viremia
409
West Nile Virus: Incubation Period
7 days
410
West Nile Virus: Pathogenesis
Encephalitis after 7 day incubation period, viremia from multiplication in vascular endothelium, prodromal febrile malaise followed by encephalitis with paralysis/coma/death
411
West Nile Virus: Signs & Symptoms
fever, malaise
412
West Nile Virus: Transmission Route
arthropods (mosquitoes; urban/rural habitat), wild/domestic birds
413
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Class
Togavirus
414
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Disease(s) Caused
Encephalitis
415
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
416
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Epidemiology
10% clinical cases fatal, many subclinical infections, infects infants and adults over 50 yo
417
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: General Epidemiology
mosquito habitat: rural
418
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Incubation Period
7 days
419
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Pathogenesis
humans and horses are dead-end hosts, virus maintained by birds and mosquitoes
420
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Transmission Route
wild birds, mosquitoes (humans and horses dead-end hosts)
421
Yellow Fever Virus: Class
Flavivirus
422
Yellow Fever Virus: Disease(s) Caused
Yellow fever
423
Yellow Fever Virus: Enveloped?
Enveloped
424
Yellow Fever Virus: Epidemiology
High mortality, some subclinical infections
425
Yellow Fever Virus: General Epidemiology
only in rural tropical Africa and South America
426
Yellow Fever Virus: Incubation Period
7 days
427
Yellow Fever Virus: Pathogenesis
Primary infection in vascular endothelial cells, then viremia, then secondarily infects liver and other organs (spleen, kidney)
428
Yellow Fever Virus: Signs & Symptoms
fever, nausea, jaundice
429
Yellow Fever Virus: Transmission Route
humans, Aedes aegypti mosquito (jungle yellow fever can infect tree mosquito and monkeys…tree mosquito infects human, which then is bitten by Aedes aegypti)
430
Yellow Fever Virus: Vaccines
live-attenuated vaccine (17-D vaccine) gives lifelong protection
431
Rotavirus: How Virus Multiplies
vRNA functions as template for synthesis of mRNA, uses RdRp (packed with virion; hence, RNA alone not infectious)
432
Adenoviruses: How Virus Multiplies
Viruses assembled in nucleus, have early mRNA (replication proteins) and late mRNA (structural; virions)
433
Enteric adenoviruses: How Virus Multiplies
Viruses assembled in nucleus, have early mRNA (replication proteins) and late mRNA (structural; virions)
434
Smallpox virus: How Virus Multiplies
Virus carries DdRp in virion to make mRNA (only DNA virus that encodes own RNApol), virus multiplies in cytoplasm (forms inclusion body when histologically stained)
435
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): How Virus Multiplies
Virus carries DdRp in virion to make mRNA (only DNA virus that encodes own RNApol), virus multiplies in cytoplasm (forms inclusion body when histologically stained)
436
HSV-1: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
437
HSV-2: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
438
VZV: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
439
CMV: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
440
EBV: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
441
HHV-6: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
442
HHV-7: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
443
HHV-8, KSHV: How Virus Multiplies
virion adsorbs to cell, fuses with PM, nucleocapsid goes to nucleus, synthesis of proteins/DNA/mRNA, progeny nucleocapsids assembled in nucleus (nuclear inclusion bodies), glycoproteins inserted into nuclear membrane that nucleocapsids bud through, glycoproteins in PM can result in cell fusion (multinucleate giant cells like measles), also has tegument proteins btw envelope and nucleocapsid
444
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): How Virus Multiplies
viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 binds host CD4, cellular CXCR4 or CCR5 (chemokine co-receptors) needed for absorption, gp41 mediates envelope fusion, HIV is a nondefective virus
445
SARS-associated coronavirus: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss+RNA, one segment
446
Other coronaviruses: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss+RNA, one segment
447
Norwalk virus (norovirus): Nucleic Acid/structure
ss+RNA
448
Parainfluenza (1-4): Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, one segment
449
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, one segment
450
Mumps: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, one segment
451
Measles: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, one segment
452
Influenza A: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, 8 segments
453
Influenza B: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, 8 segments
454
Influenza C: Nucleic Acid/structure
ss-RNA, 8 segments
455
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): How Virus Multiplies
RT makes DNA from RNA, DNA integrates into host genome
456
Hepatitis B: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with reverse transcriptase, viral DNA gaps filled in nucleocapsid on way to nucleus, late in infection long RNA created (pregenomes) and packaged in nucleocapsid, are copied via RT into DNA inside the nucleocapsid while RNA is degraded , virus buds thru plasma membrane
457
Influenza A: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp, HA binds sialic acid recptors, NA cleaves off for viral budding, infects cells of respiratory tract to cause infleunza
458
Influenza B: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp, HA binds sialic acid recptors, NA cleaves off for viral budding, infects cells of respiratory tract to cause infleunza
459
Influenza C: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp, HA binds sialic acid recptors, NA cleaves off for viral budding, infects cells of respiratory tract to cause infleunza
460
Rabies virus: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp, cytoplasmic Negri bodies
461
Parainfluenza (1-4): How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp in virion
462
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp in virion
463
Mumps: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp in virion
464
Measles: How Virus Multiplies
Packaged with RdRp in virion
465
Smallpox virus: Virion Structure
No symmetry (only virus family like this)
466
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Virion Structure
No symmetry (only virus family like this)
467
Parvovirus B-19: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear ssDNA
468
HSV-1: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
469
HSV-2: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
470
VZV: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
471
CMV: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
472
EBV: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
473
HHV-6: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
474
HHV-7: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
475
HHV-8, KSHV: Nucleic Acid/structure
linear dsDNA
476
Poliovirus: Virion Structure
icosahedral (VP1/2/3, CD155 binding sites)
477
Coxsackie A virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
478
Coxsackie B virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
479
ECHO viruses: Virion Structure
icosahedral
480
Enterovirus 70: Virion Structure
icosahedral
481
Enterovirus 71: Virion Structure
icosahedral
482
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Virion Structure
icosahedral
483
Rhinovirus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
484
Rotavirus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
485
Adenoviruses: Virion Structure
icosahedral
486
Enteric adenoviruses: Virion Structure
icosahedral
487
Hepatitis B: Virion Structure
icosahedral
488
Hepatitis C: Virion Structure
icosahedral
489
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
490
West Nile Virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
491
Yellow Fever Virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
492
Dengue virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
493
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
494
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
495
Rubella: Virion Structure
icosahedral
496
Parvovirus B-19: Virion Structure
icosahedral
497
HSV-1: Virion Structure
icosahedral
498
HSV-2: Virion Structure
icosahedral
499
VZV: Virion Structure
icosahedral
500
CMV: Virion Structure
icosahedral
501
EBV: Virion Structure
icosahedral
502
HHV-6: Virion Structure
icosahedral
503
HHV-7: Virion Structure
icosahedral
504
HHV-8, KSHV: Virion Structure
icosahedral
505
Papilloma virus (HPV): Virion Structure
icosahedral
506
JC Virus: Virion Structure
icosahedral
507
Rabies virus: Virion Structure
Helical nucleocapsid, bullet-shaped
508
Influenza A: Virion Structure
helical
509
Influenza B: Virion Structure
helical
510
Influenza C: Virion Structure
helical
511
Parainfluenza (1-4): Virion Structure
helical
512
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Virion Structure
helical
513
Mumps: Virion Structure
helical
514
Measles: Virion Structure
helical
515
SARS-associated coronavirus: Virion Structure
helical
516
Other coronaviruses: Virion Structure
helical
517
Papilloma virus (HPV): How Virus Multiplies
has early and late (capsid) genes… early gene can bind promoter to recruit DNApol for genome replication, all genes essential for virus growth,
518
Rotavirus: Nucleic Acid/structure
dsRNA, 10 segments
519
Adenoviruses: Nucleic Acid/structure
dsDNA, linear one segment
520
Enteric adenoviruses: Nucleic Acid/structure
dsDNA, linear one segment
521
Smallpox virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
dsDNA, largest nucleic acid content of all animal viruses
522
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV): Nucleic Acid/structure
dsDNA, largest nucleic acid content of all animal viruses
523
Papilloma virus (HPV): Nucleic Acid/structure
circular dsDNA (10 genes so relies greatly on host proteins)
524
JC Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
circular dsDNA
525
Hepatitis B: Nucleic Acid/structure
circular DNA, ds for most of length (2 gapped single stranded regions), one segment
526
Hepatitis D: Nucleic Acid/structure
circular -RNA
527
Poliovirus: How Virus Multiplies
Binds CD155 receptors
528
Poliovirus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
529
Coxsackie A virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
530
Coxsackie B virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
531
ECHO viruses: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
532
Enterovirus 70: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
533
Enterovirus 71: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
534
Enterovirus 72 (HepA): Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
535
Rhinovirus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, one segment
536
Hepatitis C: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
537
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
538
West Nile Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
539
Yellow Fever Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
540
Dengue virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
541
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
542
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
543
Rubella: Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA
544
Hepatitis E: Nucleic Acid/structure
+RNA
545
Rabies virus: Nucleic Acid/structure
-ssRNA
546
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 and -2 (HTLV-1/2): Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, two identical copies
547
HIV-1 (HIV-2 in West Africa): Nucleic Acid/structure
+ssRNA, two identical copies
