everything Flashcards
What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.
True or False: Piaget believed that children pass through stages of cognitive development in a fixed order.
True.
Fill in the blank: The first stage of Piaget’s cognitive development is called ________.
Sensorimotor.
What is the main characteristic of the sensorimotor stage?
The development of object permanence.
At what age does the preoperational stage typically occur?
From about 2 to 7 years old.
Which cognitive ability is developed during the concrete operational stage?
Logical thinking about concrete events.
True or False: The formal operational stage involves abstract and hypothetical thinking.
True.
What is the primary focus of Lev Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?
The role of social interaction and culture in cognitive development.
What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refer to?
The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with guidance.
True or False: Vygotsky emphasized the importance of language in cognitive development.
True.
What is a key difference between Piaget and Vygotsky’s views on cognitive development?
Piaget believed development precedes learning, while Vygotsky believed learning precedes development.
At what age does the formal operational stage typically begin?
Around 12 years old.
What is ‘decentration’ in Piaget’s theory?
The ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation.
In which stage do children begin to engage in symbolic play?
Preoperational stage.
True or False: According to Piaget, children are active participants in their own learning.
True.
What role does culture play in Vygotsky’s cognitive development theory?
Culture shapes cognitive development through social interactions and tools provided by society.
Fill in the blank: Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is largely influenced by ________ interactions.
Social.
What is the term for the process of internalizing social interactions according to Vygotsky?
Internalization.
Which cognitive skill is not typically developed in the concrete operational stage?
Abstract reasoning.
What is ‘egocentrism’ in the context of Piaget’s theory?
The inability to see a situation from another person’s perspective.
True or False: Vygotsky believed that cognitive skills are acquired through imitation.
True.
What is the primary method of learning in the preoperational stage?
Imitative learning and symbolic play.
True or False: Piaget’s theory is often criticized for underestimating children’s abilities.
True.
What is one limitation of Vygotsky’s theory?
It may underestimate the role of individual cognitive processes.
True or False: According to Vygotsky, collaborative learning can enhance cognitive development.
True.
What is the primary focus of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
The stages and processes of children’s cognitive development. And they come from within.
Which stage involves conservation tasks according to Piaget?
Concrete Operational stage.
Fill in the blank: Vygotsky believed that language is a crucial tool for ________ development.
Cognitive.
What is the significance of ‘play’ in Vygotsky’s cognitive development theory?
Play allows children to practice and develop cognitive skills in a social context.
True or False: Vygotsky’s theory emphasizes the importance of culture learning.
True.
What is the role of a ‘more knowledgeable other’ (MKO) in Vygotsky’s theory?
An MKO provides guidance and support to help a learner develop new skills.
What is the first stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development?
Trust vs. Mistrust
During which age range does the ‘Trust vs. Mistrust’ stage occur?
Infancy, from birth to 1 year
True or False: In the ‘Trust vs. Mistrust’ stage, infants learn to trust their caregivers.
True
What is the second stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
During which age range does the ‘Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt’ stage occur?
Early childhood, from 1 to 3 years
Fill in the blank: In the ‘Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt’ stage, children learn to assert their _____ and make choices.
independence
What is the third stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development?
Initiative vs. Guilt
During which age range does the ‘Initiative vs. Guilt’ stage occur?
Preschool age, from 3 to 6 years
True or False: In the ‘Initiative vs. Guilt’ stage, children begin to initiate activities and explore their environment.
True
What is the fourth stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development?
Industry vs. Inferiority
During which age range does the ‘Industry vs. Inferiority’ stage occur?
School age, from 6 to 12 years
True or False: Successful resolution of the ‘Industry vs. Inferiority’ stage leads to feelings of inferiority.
False
What is the outcome of successfully navigating the ‘Trust vs. Mistrust’ stage?
The development of a sense of security and trust in the world
What is a potential negative outcome of the ‘Industry vs. Inferiority’ stage?
Feelings of inferiority and lack of self-worth
Which stage focuses on the development of independence and self-control?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
True or False: The stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development are sequential and must be completed in order.
True
What role do caregivers play in the ‘Trust vs. Mistrust’ stage?
They provide consistent care and affection to build trust.
