everything Flashcards
How do you distinguish between an anion and a cation?
Anions are negative whereas cations are positive.
What is the valency of an ion?
The valency of an ion is the charge. Eg 2+ etc.
2+ ion can also be refered to as a divalent cation.
How are salts named?
The first part of the name is the cation and the second is the anion.
What are salts made of?
Two ions forming a substance with no charge.
What is the oxidation state?
The charge on the cation. highest oxidation state = “-ic”, lowest is “-ous”, most of the time
How is the oxidation state specified?
Using roman numerals, eg; Iron (II) sulfate.
What does an acid being polyprotic mean?
they have more than one proton to lose
and this gives a range of anions, varying with pH
What is it called if an acid loses a hydrogen ion?
It has been ionised or deprotonated. Acids ionise to give anions.
How can organic acids be neutralised?
All organic acids can be neuralised with a base.
What is the pKa?
The pH value at which 50% of the solution is the acid and 50% is the anion.
What is pH?
pH is the measure of H3O+ in a solution.
Arrhenius definition of acids and bases.
“acids produce H3O+
ions, bases produce OHions”
WHat do pH buffers do?
They keep the pH of a solution around their pKa
What are aromatic molecules?
any molecules that contain a particular type of
resonance structure of alternating double and single bonds in rings.
what are aliphatic molecules?
And molecules that are not aromantic.
What is the valency of carbon?
4
What are the three groups of hydrocarbons?
Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes.
What is the strcuture of an alkane?
A chain of single bonded C atoms, with all remaining spaces filled by hydrogens.
What is the structure of an alkene?
A chain of single bonded C atoms with one double bond.
What is the structure of an Alkyne?
A chian of single bonded C atoms with one triple bond between two C atoms.
Methyl, Ethyl, …..?
Propyl, Butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl.
Methyl and Ethyl alternate name
methyl - formyl
Ethyl - acetyl
What is a functional group?
things we can ‘plug into’ a basic skeleton like an alkane to give functionality.
for example, a carboxyl group.
Why are hydroxyl groups found?
in all sugars and alcohols, and there can be more than one present.
What are the suffixes for two, three and more hydroxyl groups?
Two - Diol
Three - triol
More - polyol
how many carbons are in a benzene ring?
6
What are macromolecules?
Big polymers, Eg polysaccharides, nucliec acids and proteins.
What are some roles of carbohydrates?
Cell recognition, cryoprotection (Temp)
What is the sweetest and least sweet carbohydrate?
Lactose - Least
Lugdaname - most
What does a reducting sugar do?
Reduces something else and becomes oxidised.
What colour is Benedict’s qualitative reagent when oxidised and reduced?
Red when reduced, violet when oxidised.
What is the difference between aldose and ketose sugars?
Aldoses are reducing sugars and ketoses are non reducing. If the carbinyl group is on the end, its an aldose/aldehyde.
What is entropy?
The entropy of a system increases with the increase in randomness or disorder. Entropy must exist for physical and chemical process to proceed.
What is the basal metabolic rate of an average 70 kg human?
around 7,100 kJ per day
What are the main components of ATP?
Phosphate groups, adenylate
nucleotides - adenine and ribose.
What are the ways of producing ATP?
Phototrophy, Oxidation of electron donors (Chemolithotrophy, Aerobic and anaerobic respiration) And fermentation.
What is gibbs free energy?
Gibbs free energy is a measure of how much energy is available to do useful work in a system.
