Everything Flashcards
types of tocolitics agents and route of administration
salbutamol - IV
nifedipine - ORAL
what is HBB
helping the infant Breath
it is a EBM training program to teach neonatal resuscitation in low resource settings.
it teaches the first steps of basic neonatal resuscitation to be accomplished within the golden minute,
birth asphyxia
failure to initiate and sustain breathing after birth.
Apgar score
objective method of assessing an infant’s clinical condition after delivery.
it is done at 1 minute and repeated at 5 minutes if abnormal and at 10 minutes if still abnormal at 5 minutes.
what is the cause of neonatal cardiac arrest
hypoxia
which infants should be put in a plastic without drying at delivery
those with a birth weight less than 1200 and or less than 30 weeks of gestation
what pattern does resus of a newborn follow
ABCD
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Drugs
when is the airway suctioned
when the baby is born with meconium aspiration and needs resuscitation.
breathing resuscitation
- drying
- PEEP of 5cm for 30 seconds and after feel the umbilical cord for a pulse.
3.
Normal temperature in newborns
abdominal wall (36 to 36,5)
axilla (36,5 to 37)
hypothermia - below 35
when do you get an enlarged clitoris in newborn females
in adrenal hyperplasia
what does a poor urine stream suggest
posterior urethral valve
what does a Barlow exam test
demonstrates unstable or dislocatable hip
what does the ortolani exam test
if the hips dislocate or not
two things done in the event of dislocatable hip
- The Pavlik Harness
- surgery is the pelvic harness fails
how much must a placenta weigh in a healthy new born
about 1/6 of the infants weight.
this is because it a fetal organ
what are the causes of a heavy placenta
diabetes
rhesus disease
syphilis
what is amnion nodusum
it is the granulity of the amnion. this is caused by oligohydramnios.
what does a decreete, hard and pale infants on matronal side of placenta indicate
poor uteroplacental blood flow
what can be seen in a placenta of abruption
Retroplacenta clots
when can chorionicity be diagnosed and how
from 12 weeks of gestation by ultrasound
what are the risks of multiple pregnancy
- miscarriage
- pre -eclampsia
- iron deficiency anaemia
- diabetes
- risk of prematurity
- congenital anomaly
- growth restriction
- ## polyhydromnios ( this can cause heart failure due to fluid overload)
what are the classes of birth weight
macrosomia
normal
low birth weight <2500 to 1500
very low birth weight <1500 to 1000
extremely low birth weight <1000
what are the factors that affect birth weight
genetics
gestational age
fetal nutrition and placental function
environmental factors (such as alcohol and chronic infections)
what does the term IUGR mean
it describes a foetus that grows slower than normal often from early pregnancy.
What are the complications of being underweight for gestational age
- HIE
- Meconium Aspiration
- Persistent pulmonary hypertension of a newborn
- hypothermia
- hypoglycaemia
- NEC
- polychythaemia and jaundice
- cerebral palsy, iVH, adverse neurological outcome.
what is the Barker’s hypothesis
In 1990 a British epidemiologist David Barker reported an association between low birth weight, fetal nutrition and late onset coronary heart disease. This became known as the Barker’s hypothesis, or Fetal Origins Hypothesis, which postulates that being growth restricted as an infant has life long effects. Growth restricted fetuses have an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity and ischaemic heart disease when they reach adulthood.
what are the Aetiology of underweight for gestational age
- Maternal
* Teenager/Advanced Maternal Age.
* Short birth interval.
Maternal undernutrition.
* Maternal diseases including hypertension, diabetes, cardiac and renal disease, malaria, TB and advanced HIV. - Uterovascular inadequacy
* Abruption.
* Pre-eclampsia.
* Multiple Pregnancy. - Environmental
* Cigarettes.
* Alcohol.
* Illicit drugs.
* Licit drugs. - Fetal
* Chromosomal abnormalities.
* Genetic diseases.
* Intrauterine infections (TORCH).
* Inborn errors of Metabolism (IEM).
* Twin to twin transfusion.
ultrasound accuracy
- before 14 weeks = within 5 to 7 days
- 14 to 22 weeks = has a 7 to 10 days discrepancy
what is the regression of the anterior vascular capsule on the eye for and when it is reliable
it is to hep determine postnatal gestational age and reliable between 27 and 34 weeks gestation.
what are some of the things that can be used to determine postnatal gestational age and what is the name of the scoring system that can be used to determine gestational age
- nipple space
- neurological maturity
- skin texture
BAALLARD SCORE
What quantifies as normal weight loss
loss of 5 to 10% weight and weight is usually regained at about day 5 to 7
how do we feed preterm infants with a poor suck
by tube/cup feeding them expressed breastmilk. when they continue to develop then the amount of expressed milk in the cup/tube can be decreased while establishing breastfeeding.
it is important to ensure adequate breastfeeding and weight gain from breastmilk alone before discharging these infants home.
what are the ways one can express breastmilk
hand expression
pump - when using pump it is important to ensure that the is good hygiene and the pump should bot be shared with anyone else.
what method is done to ensure safe breast milk in HIV positive mothers
heat treating with flash pasteurization method.
what is the key difference between engorgement and mastitis
in breast engorgement the mother feels well while in mastitis they become ill or pyrexial and mastitis requires antibiotic therapy.
you don’t need to stop breastfeeding in mastitis.
what are contraindications to breastfeeding
- Antineoplastic agents and radioactive drugs
- iodine preparations
- tetracyclines
- galactosaemia
- phenylketonuria
- maple syrup urine disease
