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Everything Flashcards

1
Q

Reversal Learning (Task 7)

A

Choose between 2 stimuli and get either monetary reward or loss Probalistic Task and Deterministic Task
- Contingencies reversed

Results for Control
- greater activity in switch trials (AFI = cognitive control, lOFC = updating, MCC=switch and error monitoring)

  • greater activity in stay trials
    (vmPFC less deactivated = correlated with value)

Results for Lesion:
- no greater activity in lOFC (amygdala causally involved)
- no correlation with vmPFC for expected value
- no difference to control for response

Implications:

amygdala crucial for modulation of feedback processing

vmPFC and expected reward = missing affective tag leads to weaker correlation

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2
Q

Murrays Model

A

IT/PRh, Amygdala, OFC, vmPFC, preSMA and ACC

  • object identity and affective value are processed in parallel
  • value updating in the OFC coming from amygdala
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3
Q

DeMartino Study

A

Gain frame leads to loss aversion
Loss frame leads to gambling

  • amygdala activity aligned with framing
  • PreSMA and aMCC counter framing (conflict monitoring)
  • OFC and vmPFC rational acting
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4
Q

Sumner: Masked Prime Paradigm

A

Aim: PreSMA and FEF are involved in unconscious suppression of stimulus evoked motor plans

Presentation of prime followed by masking stimulus

Compatible trials and incompatible trials

Results healthy pp:
- below 100ms: priming facilitation of task
- above 100ms: NCE (automatic inhibition), slower for congruent trials

Implication:
1st subconscious motor activation
2nd NCE automatic inhibition of motor activation

Results lesions pp:
- disrupted NCE

Implication
SMA and FEF involved in automatic inhibition of unwanted motor activation externally elicited

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5
Q

Affordances

A

Potential use of an object based on its properties, opportunities for possible actions

E.g. doorknob

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6
Q

Ventral Stream

A

What? visual inputs = mental representations

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7
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

How? navigation and control of skilled action

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8
Q

Dorsodorsal stream

A

grasp component
online controlling of action directed at currently visible stimuli

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9
Q

Ventrodorsal stream

A

use component
skilled tool action
slower elicit but maintains longer

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10
Q

Binkowski Experiment

A

Participants initiation time was measured for conflict objects and non conflict objects
Conflict objects

Use - function action : slower RT
Grasp - structural action: only slower when participants performed use task before

Non conflict:
Ras were faster

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11
Q

Spatial Delayed Response Task

A

See what happens during delay
(not just maintenance of sensory items)
Fixate on a central cross, target appears, target disappears, make saccade to target location
manipulations monkeys had to respond to the opposite orientation (180 degrees)

Results: Different firing during delay depending on task rule, sustained activity reflects the transformation from sensory input to response

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12
Q

Millers Model of PFC Function

A

Meaningful behaviour is the output of complex, learned stimulus response mapping rules

Internal hidden units representing intervening stages of processing (between cues and response/voluntary action)

Different set of cues activates different responses

Example ringing phone
at home or someone else’s house

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13
Q

Biased Competition Model

A

neurons compete for activation, visual attention biases this competition in favour of task relevant stimuli and attenuates activity for task irrelevant stimuli

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14
Q

Wisconsin card sorting task

A

sort based on shape, color, number or symbols

LFC damage: can learn initial rule but struggle to switch to new sorting rule

S-R associations, can not flexibly switch between rules

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15
Q

Lateral PFC more than WM

A

Not only maintenance of sensory input but transformation into response code, focus on use of information

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16
Q

Matching and nonmatching task

A

lPFC maintains representation and use
Cells fire differently during delay according to specific rule in operation
Match or no match rule indicated by juice drop or low tone

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17
Q

Xu experiment

A

IFJ (part of lPFC) showed synchronisation with FFA for faces and PPA for houses

  • reflects attentional biases and task relevant perception
    -modulation by top down attention

stream of pictures with faces or houses = one back images

18
Q

Crosstalk/overlap in dorsal medial striatum

A

dmstriatum as a hub , allowing for integration of motivational, cognitive and motor information

19
Q

Feedforward organisation

A

Interconnections between striatum and dopamine neurons (VTA) are organised in a feedforward fashion from ventral to more dorsal areas
- reinforcement learning facilitating goal directed behaviour to cognitive engagement adjusting mistakes and fine-tuning to automation of motor actions
- from motivational/limbic, to cognitive/associative to motor loop

example: learning to play piano

20
Q

Cools Experiment, set switching

A

rapid switching between tasks (letter or number naming)

  • color of the card indicated the rule
  • crosstalk condition: letter and digit presented = need to infer appropriate rule and inhibition of competing rules

results: parkinson patients showed impairment in rule switching trial with cross talk

  • controlled for WM, rule based learning, general slowing as confounders
21
Q

Lee: T maze Task

A

Stimulation of dopamine receptors changes your tendency of direction, but did not predict outcome just changed the tendency
Activity in the direct pathway (D1) votes for contralateral orientation
Activity in the indirect pathway (D2) votes against contralateral orientation (but for ipsilateral)

22
Q

Example for loop interaction
(chocolate)

A

motivational loop: high dopaminergic signal for chocolate
amygdala evaluates emotional significance (affective memories)
cognitive loop: PFC processes LT consequences, rational evaluation, parietal cortex may assess availability and effort required
motor loop: prepares motor plan
1) nucleus accumbens
2) caudate nucleus
3) putamen

23
Q

Blocking Paradigm

A

Blocked predictor does not elicit a negative prediction error as a response to no reward and elicits a positive prediction error when reward was is shown

Stimulus A has already been associated with a reward through prior conditioning
When new stimulus B is introduced along with A, aB does not effectively learn to predict reward
Stimulus A is fully predicting the reward on its own

24
Q

Inhibition Paradigm

A

stimulus X becomes associated with the absence of reward (conditioned inhibitor)

  • when the expected outcome is contradicted with a delivery of response after x it leads to a positive prediction error
25
Q

Dopamine Signal in Reward Uncertainty

A

Coding of reward uncertainty is distinct from reward prediction error
highest sustained activation for CS with P=0.5

  • when there is a chance but not certainty, dopamine neurons fire at a steady rate
26
Q

Learning Based on Dopamine
How and where?

A

happens through short and long term modification of synaptic transmission in the striatum. These changes can lead to optimised prediction of rewards following occasion until prediction errors no longer occur.

transmitted in the striatum, a part of the brain. These changes help the brain better predict rewards over time until there are no more mistakes in predicting those rewards.

remember prediction error

27
Q

Why are the actual rewards often higher/lower than the expected reward

A

Dopamine neurons do not respond to proportional size of rewards but to size of errors in reward prediction

28
Q

Wilhuhn Cocaine self administration

A

measured dopamine release in the VMS and DLS

daily 1h sessions of r 3 weeks

active key (cocaine) and nonactive key (nothing)

phasic dopamine release in the VMS during early self-administration and diminished in amplitude for week 2 and 3

phasic dopamine in DLS not present in early self-administration but appears in week 2 and 3 (progressively emerges)

recreational to habitual use
development of phasic dopamine in DLS depends on VMS

motivational addiction to behavioral addiction

29
Q

Sensory Specific Satiety

A
30
Q

Rushworths Model

A

lOFC - value assignment
mOFC - value comparison
ACC - action value comparison

31
Q

ACC vs MCC

A

value related vs motor related
which option is preferred, which action is selected

32
Q

Reversal Learning Task - Camille

A

vmPFC vs MCC lesions
stimulus vs action value
card deck vs wrist movement

associations and learned and relearned (contingencies were changed)

33
Q

Affordance Competition Hypothesis

A

Action selection and action specification occur simultaneously and behaviour is a constant competition for most relevant action

  • sensory info is not collected to have a complete picture of environment but in an action dependent manner
34
Q

Competition
different brain areas

A

Competition between potential actions via biasing by inputs from different sources
- by lPFC: topdown control, based on task rules
- by basal ganglia controls action based on expected reward
- by parietal activity: decision making factors

cells with different movement preferences mutually inhibit each other

35
Q

Fronto parietal system

A

set of loops spanning over central sulcus, each loop processes info relating to separate aspect of movement
smell a cup of coffee (sensory cortex)
knowing its lunchtime (PFC)

36
Q

Traditional filter models of attention

A

 Top-Down Control: higher brain areas, such as PFC, generate priority signals that guide attention. These signals bias the sensory cortices to process certain stimuli over others.
 Sensory Filtering: Attention acts as a filter at the level of the sensory cortices, allowing only a subset of sensory signals to reach higher levels of processing. This selective processing is influenced by goals, expectations, and relevance.
 The posterior sensory brain structures (visual or auditory cortices) are directly influenced by attention signals that filter incoming sensory data based on salience and relevance.

  • neurons in sensory areas modulate firing depending on how attention is allocated
    LIP is thought to contain a salience map
37
Q

New view of attention

A

 Value Based Decision Making: Attention is not the initial filter, instead it arises from the processes involved in value-based decision making. =basal ganglia
 State Estimation: The brain first estimates the most appropriate state for the current situation. This state estimation process involved learned associations and current goals, integrating sensory and other data.
 Basal Ganglia assess and assign value to different potential states, effectively deciding which state should dominate. This dominant state then influences what the sensory cortices should prioritize and process.

38
Q

state

A

cooperation of learned associations between inputs outputs and prior knowledge

each state is a template for a particular situation and dictates what to attend to

39
Q

First over the finish line task

A

pp observe motion of two balls moving from different starting points and different speeds towards a finish line, after short time ball disappears, pp have to predict

  • received feedback on performance or no feedback
  • error rate was kept 37%
  • or x on 26% of trials

results
- experiment 1
inhibition of habenula = disinhibition of VTA
- correct trials, increased
dopamine response, facilitating learning
- less inhibition of VTA which inhibit aMCC so no ERN but excitation of VS and putamen (reward)

error trials, opposite effect
decreased dopamine response impairs learning

=ERN can reflect either omission of reward OR higher uncertainty during errors

Experiment 2
correct trials with x had similar activation patterns to error trials

error trials with x lower habenula activity less inhibition of VTA which inhibits aMCC so no ERN

MCC activated by error with negative feedback, = error monitoring

40
Q

ERN

A

occurs 50-100ms post error
ERN indicates a worse than expected result
anti learning function
disinhibition of aMCC

  • feedback signal
    error detection and internal error monitoring

-by informative feedback :(

  • action outcome associations
41
Q

Action Selection and acition specification

A

What to do?
- based on external sensory information about objects and internal information about current needs
How to do?
- based on external sensory information: info about spatial relationships among objects relative to configuration of own body

41
Q

ERN as a feedback signal

A

depression of dopamine system leads to disinhibition of MCC which elicits ERN

  • ERN also reflects emotional response to errors due to connection to limbic regions (amygdala)
  • leads to behavioural adjustment due to updates action outcome associations

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