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human body systems > everything > Flashcards

everything Flashcards

1
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

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2
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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3
Q

proximal

A

near a point of reference

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4
Q

distal

A

away from a point of reference

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5
Q

dorsal

A

top side

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6
Q

anterior

A

towards the head

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7
Q

posterior

A

towards the tail

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8
Q

ventral

A

bottom side

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9
Q

ears

A

pinna

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10
Q

nostrils

A

nares

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11
Q

mammary papillae

A

teats

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12
Q

genital papilla

A

scrotum

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13
Q

female

A

pointy appendage

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14
Q

male

A

scrotal sac

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15
Q

umbilical cord

A

connected to mothers placenta

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16
Q

hormone

A

a chemical released in 1 part of body and affects cells of a different part

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17
Q

function of endocrine system

A

deliver hormones throughout the body

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18
Q

exocrine

A

releases secretions through ducts

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19
Q

Endocrine

A

releases secretions through the bloodstream

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20
Q

examples of exocrine gland

A

sweat glands, tear glands, digestive jucies being released from various glands

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21
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls secretions of pituitary gland

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22
Q

pituitary gland

A

makes hormones that controls functions of other endocrine glands, releases 9 hormones

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23
Q

parathyroid glands

A

releases parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels in the body

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24
Q

thymus

A

releases thymosin (stimulates T cell production for immune system)

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25
Q

adrenal glands

A

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress

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26
Q

pineal gland

A

releases melatonin, which regulates our daily sleep/wake cycle

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27
Q

thyroid

A

produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism

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28
Q

pancreas

A

releases insulin and glucagon, which both regulate blood sugar levels

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29
Q

ovaries

A

produces estrogen (egg development and formation of physical characteristics associated with puberty) and progesterone (prepares uterus for pregnancy)

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30
Q

testes

A

produces testosterone (sperm production and formation of the physical characteristics associated with puberty)

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31
Q

what gland is considered part of both endocrine and digestive systems

A

pancreas

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32
Q

how pancreas maintains homeostasis when blood sugar levels are too high

A

pancreas secretes insulin. insulin stimulates liver and muscles to store excess glucose as glycogen

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33
Q

how the pancreas maintains homeostasis when blood sugar levels are too low

A

pancreas secretes glucagon. glucagon stimulates liver and muscles to break down glycogen and release glucose back into the blood

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34
Q

function of the respiratory system

A

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood, air, and tissues

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35
Q

nose and mouth

A

warms, moistens, and filters the air we breathe in

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36
Q

epiglottis

A

covers the entrance to the trachea when we are swallowing

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37
Q

pharynx

A

passageway for food and air

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38
Q

larynx

A

muscles pull vocal cords togehter and air moving between them produces sound

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39
Q

trachae

A

connects larynx to bronchi; has cells with cilia (“hairs”) to filter air

40
Q

lungs

A

made up of many tiny air sacs that are lined up with capillaries for gas exchange with the blood

41
Q

bronchioles

A

leads into lungs from trachea; branches out until it reaches alveoli

42
Q

diaphragm

A

large, flat, thin muscle that is between heart and liver and is involved in breathing

43
Q

where does gas exchange happen

A

between capillaries and the alveoli, which are grouped into clusters that look like grapes; a delicate network of thin-walled capillaries surrounds each alveolus

44
Q

how the diaphragm moves when we inhale

A

the diaphragm moves down to open up the chest cavity; the rib cage rises

45
Q

how the diaphragm moves when we exhale

A

the diaphragm moves up to push air out of the lungs; rib cage lowers

46
Q

organs in the circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels, and blood

47
Q

the heart is enclosed in a protective sac of tissue called the _______

A

pericardium

48
Q

the ______ divides the left side of the heart from the right side of the heart

A

septum

49
Q

The upper chambers are called the _____ and the bottom chambers are called the _______

A

atria; ventricles

50
Q

the right side of the heart pumps blood from the heart to the lungs and is called the _____ circulation pathway

A

pulmonary

51
Q

oxygen-rich blood from the lungs flows into the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body, called the ______ circulation pathway

A

systemic

52
Q

blood that returns to the right side of the heart is oxygen-poor because ________. the cycle starts again when this blood goes to the lungs

A

cells have already absorbed the oxygen

53
Q

why are valves important in the heart

A

keep blood moving through the heart in 1 direction

54
Q

3 types of blood vessels in the circulatory system

A

arteries, capillaries, and veins

55
Q

artery

A

carries oxygen-rich blood AWAY from the heart to the rest of the body

56
Q

capillaries

A

brings nutrients and oxygen to cells; removes CO2 and waste from cells

57
Q

veins

A

returns oxygen-poor blood back To the heart from the body

58
Q

salivary glands

A

create saliva, which contains enzymes to start breaking down food in the mouth

59
Q

esophagus

A

connects the mouth to the stomach (contracts to help guide food down to stomach - this is called peristalsis)

60
Q

stomach

A

a large muscular sac that contains digestive enzymes to break down food

61
Q

small intestine

A

most chemical digestion takes place here; where nutrients are absorbed from food

62
Q

large intestine (colon)

A

retains excess water; develops feces; make and absorb vitamins

63
Q

pancreas

A

secretes enzymes to digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

64
Q

liver

A

detoxifies blood, produces bile (which breaks down fats)

65
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile

66
Q

spleen

A

destroys and makes red blood cells; produces antibodies for the immune system

67
Q

what is peristalsis

A

contractions of smooth muscle in the esophagus to help us swallow

68
Q

function of excretory (urinary) system

A

remove waste (excess water, CO2, proteins, sugars) from body

69
Q

kidney

A

removes waste from blood; maintains blood pH, regulates amount of water in the blood

70
Q

ureter

A

tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder

71
Q

bladder

A

stores urine

72
Q

urethra

A

tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body

73
Q

the kidneys filter all of the blood in the body every __ minutes

A

45

74
Q

a person can live without one of their kidnews. True or Flase?

A

True

75
Q

puberty

A

period where adolescents reach sexual maturity and are capable of reproduction

76
Q

what age does puberty occur

A

female: 10-14
Male: 12-16

77
Q

primary function of male reproductive system

A

produce sperm (and testosterone for the male secondary sex characteristics)

78
Q

scrotum

A

an external sac that hold the testes at a couple degrees cooler than the human body

79
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

hundreds of tiny tubes wher ethe sperm are produced (meiosis; spermatogenesis)

80
Q

epididymis

A

where sperm mature and stored before ejaculation

81
Q

primary reproductive organ in female

A

ovary

82
Q

primary functions of the female reproductive system

A

produce mature eggs every 28 days and prepare body for pregnancy

83
Q

how many eggs are usually released in a woman lifetime

A

400

84
Q

ovulation

A

process in which an egg or eggs are released from one or both ovaries

85
Q

fallopian tubes

A

have cilia (hairs) that “sweep” egg into the uterus and there the sperm find the egg for conception

86
Q

uterus

A

where fertilized egg implants and grows and develops for 40 weeks (9 1/2 months)

87
Q

placenta

A

develops in uterus during pregnancy. allows for moms blood vessels and fetal blood vessels to be close together for transfer of carbon dioxide and oxygen, nutrients and waste between mother and baby

88
Q

function of nervous system

A

collects sensory input and conducts impulses around body so it can respond to external and internal environmental changes

89
Q

the cells that transmit impulses within the nervous system are called ____

A

neurons

90
Q

the central nervous system relays messages, processes information and analyzes information. it consists of the ______ and _______

A

brain and spinal cord

91
Q

the layers that surround the brain are called _____

A

meninges

92
Q

_______ bathes the brain and spinal cord and acts as a “shock absorber”. allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and nervous tissue

A

cerebrospinal spinal fluid

93
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of brain; invloved in thinking, logic, learning, judgment, intelligence, emotions, conscious thought and conscious movement

94
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination of muscle movements such as posture and balance

95
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain stem; regulates INVOLUNTARY survival functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, digestion, vomiting, swallowing, defecation, and blinking

human body systems (1 decks)

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