everything Flashcards
lateral
toward the side
medial
toward the midline
proximal
near a point of reference
distal
away from a point of reference
dorsal
top side
anterior
towards the head
posterior
towards the tail
ventral
bottom side
ears
pinna
nostrils
nares
mammary papillae
teats
genital papilla
scrotum
female
pointy appendage
male
scrotal sac
umbilical cord
connected to mothers placenta
hormone
a chemical released in 1 part of body and affects cells of a different part
function of endocrine system
deliver hormones throughout the body
exocrine
releases secretions through ducts
Endocrine
releases secretions through the bloodstream
examples of exocrine gland
sweat glands, tear glands, digestive jucies being released from various glands
hypothalamus
controls secretions of pituitary gland
pituitary gland
makes hormones that controls functions of other endocrine glands, releases 9 hormones
parathyroid glands
releases parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels in the body
thymus
releases thymosin (stimulates T cell production for immune system)
adrenal glands
releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress
pineal gland
releases melatonin, which regulates our daily sleep/wake cycle
thyroid
produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism
pancreas
releases insulin and glucagon, which both regulate blood sugar levels
ovaries
produces estrogen (egg development and formation of physical characteristics associated with puberty) and progesterone (prepares uterus for pregnancy)
testes
produces testosterone (sperm production and formation of the physical characteristics associated with puberty)
what gland is considered part of both endocrine and digestive systems
pancreas
how pancreas maintains homeostasis when blood sugar levels are too high
pancreas secretes insulin. insulin stimulates liver and muscles to store excess glucose as glycogen
how the pancreas maintains homeostasis when blood sugar levels are too low
pancreas secretes glucagon. glucagon stimulates liver and muscles to break down glycogen and release glucose back into the blood
function of the respiratory system
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood, air, and tissues
nose and mouth
warms, moistens, and filters the air we breathe in
epiglottis
covers the entrance to the trachea when we are swallowing
pharynx
passageway for food and air
larynx
muscles pull vocal cords togehter and air moving between them produces sound
trachae
connects larynx to bronchi; has cells with cilia (“hairs”) to filter air
lungs
made up of many tiny air sacs that are lined up with capillaries for gas exchange with the blood
bronchioles
leads into lungs from trachea; branches out until it reaches alveoli
diaphragm
large, flat, thin muscle that is between heart and liver and is involved in breathing
where does gas exchange happen
between capillaries and the alveoli, which are grouped into clusters that look like grapes; a delicate network of thin-walled capillaries surrounds each alveolus
how the diaphragm moves when we inhale
the diaphragm moves down to open up the chest cavity; the rib cage rises
how the diaphragm moves when we exhale
the diaphragm moves up to push air out of the lungs; rib cage lowers
organs in the circulatory system
heart, blood vessels, and blood
the heart is enclosed in a protective sac of tissue called the _______
pericardium
the ______ divides the left side of the heart from the right side of the heart
septum
The upper chambers are called the _____ and the bottom chambers are called the _______
atria; ventricles
the right side of the heart pumps blood from the heart to the lungs and is called the _____ circulation pathway
pulmonary
oxygen-rich blood from the lungs flows into the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body, called the ______ circulation pathway
systemic
blood that returns to the right side of the heart is oxygen-poor because ________. the cycle starts again when this blood goes to the lungs
cells have already absorbed the oxygen
why are valves important in the heart
keep blood moving through the heart in 1 direction
3 types of blood vessels in the circulatory system
arteries, capillaries, and veins
artery
carries oxygen-rich blood AWAY from the heart to the rest of the body
capillaries
brings nutrients and oxygen to cells; removes CO2 and waste from cells
veins
returns oxygen-poor blood back To the heart from the body
salivary glands
create saliva, which contains enzymes to start breaking down food in the mouth
esophagus
connects the mouth to the stomach (contracts to help guide food down to stomach - this is called peristalsis)
stomach
a large muscular sac that contains digestive enzymes to break down food
small intestine
most chemical digestion takes place here; where nutrients are absorbed from food
large intestine (colon)
retains excess water; develops feces; make and absorb vitamins
pancreas
secretes enzymes to digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
liver
detoxifies blood, produces bile (which breaks down fats)
gallbladder
stores bile
spleen
destroys and makes red blood cells; produces antibodies for the immune system
what is peristalsis
contractions of smooth muscle in the esophagus to help us swallow
function of excretory (urinary) system
remove waste (excess water, CO2, proteins, sugars) from body
kidney
removes waste from blood; maintains blood pH, regulates amount of water in the blood
ureter
tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder
bladder
stores urine
urethra
tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body
the kidneys filter all of the blood in the body every __ minutes
45
a person can live without one of their kidnews. True or Flase?
True
puberty
period where adolescents reach sexual maturity and are capable of reproduction
what age does puberty occur
female: 10-14
Male: 12-16
primary function of male reproductive system
produce sperm (and testosterone for the male secondary sex characteristics)
scrotum
an external sac that hold the testes at a couple degrees cooler than the human body
seminiferous tubules
hundreds of tiny tubes wher ethe sperm are produced (meiosis; spermatogenesis)
epididymis
where sperm mature and stored before ejaculation
primary reproductive organ in female
ovary
primary functions of the female reproductive system
produce mature eggs every 28 days and prepare body for pregnancy
how many eggs are usually released in a woman lifetime
400
ovulation
process in which an egg or eggs are released from one or both ovaries
fallopian tubes
have cilia (hairs) that “sweep” egg into the uterus and there the sperm find the egg for conception
uterus
where fertilized egg implants and grows and develops for 40 weeks (9 1/2 months)
placenta
develops in uterus during pregnancy. allows for moms blood vessels and fetal blood vessels to be close together for transfer of carbon dioxide and oxygen, nutrients and waste between mother and baby
function of nervous system
collects sensory input and conducts impulses around body so it can respond to external and internal environmental changes
the cells that transmit impulses within the nervous system are called ____
neurons
the central nervous system relays messages, processes information and analyzes information. it consists of the ______ and _______
brain and spinal cord
the layers that surround the brain are called _____
meninges
_______ bathes the brain and spinal cord and acts as a “shock absorber”. allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and nervous tissue
cerebrospinal spinal fluid
cerebrum
largest part of brain; invloved in thinking, logic, learning, judgment, intelligence, emotions, conscious thought and conscious movement
cerebellum
coordination of muscle movements such as posture and balance
medulla oblongata
part of the brain stem; regulates INVOLUNTARY survival functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, digestion, vomiting, swallowing, defecation, and blinking
