everything Flashcards
what are the three types of conformity?
Compliance, Identification and Internalisation
Describe characteristics of compliance conformity
Weak, Temporary
describe characteristics of Identification conformity
stronger , temporary
describe characteristics of internalisation
strongest type, permanent
who conducted the Autokinetic Lab experiment
Sherif (1935)
during Asch (1952) study on conformity what was the mean conformity rate
37%
What type of social influence did Asch (1952) demonstrate?
Normative social influence
explain Normative social influence
Conforming to fit in
explain informative social influence
conforming in hopes of being correct
5 factors which effected Asch 1952 study
group size, unanimity (support), ambiguity (clearer images), privacy and status
what is social influence?
the effects of other people on an individuals beliefs, attitudes, perceptions or behavior.
what is conformity?
individuals changing their behavior or attitudes in order to adhere to excisting social norms
what is obidience?
one person obeys direct orders from an authority figure to perform some action
what is compliance?
involves a direct request from one person to another, but does not reflect internal change
what was Milgrams obedience study in (1974)
he directed participants to administer different and dangerous levels of fake electric shocks. to see if they would abide the authoritative figure despite the consequence on another person.
define pro-social behavior
Bierhoff(1990) the intention to benefit another person, with lack of obligation
Kitty Genovese case
Kitty was murderd at night, and many people saw and heard but did nothing to help not even call the police.
why was it reported that no one reported the Kitty Genovese murder?
diffusion of responsibility and social influence
define Reciprocity in relation to social norms.
we should help those who help us
define social responsibility in relation to social norms
help should be given to those in need regardless for expectation or reciprocation
define the just-world hypothesis in relation to social norms
give to people in line with what they deserve
what is an attitude?
a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour (Eagly & Chaiken 1993)
Daniel Katz (1960) four functional areas of attitude
knowledge, self-expression, adaptive and ego defense
three components of the ABC model of Attitude (Maio & Haddock, 2019)
Affective , Behavioural and Cognitive
Define Prejudice
Brown (2010) any attitude, emotion or behaviour towards members of a group, which directly or indirectly implies negativity or antipathy.
define stereotype
a generalisation about a group of people, in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members regardless of variation among members.
4 factors which draw people together
proximity, similarity, attraction and reciprocal liking
explain the proximity effect
those we come into contact more frequently, are those with whom we are more likely to form friendships with. For example, you are more likely to form a relationship with someone in who lives on the same floor as you as opposed to someone who does not.
what is the matching hypothesis (Walster et al, 1966)
people tend to choose a partner of roughly equal social desirability
what is the social exchange theory? (relationships and attraction )
the “give & take “ of relationship
includes three factors showing the satisfaction of a relationship: profit, alternatives and investments.
what is the Equity theory?
(relationships and attraction)
based on social exchange, people believe if what they get reflects what they give the relationship is fair (Hogg & Vaughan))
3 sections of Sternbergs triangle of love (1986)
intimacy, commitment and passion
characteristics of Interpersonal self
the self that portrayed to others, works to gain social acceptance and relationships.
characteristics of Agent self
involved in control, over others and ourselves. controls executive functions.
characteristics of self knowledge
set of beliefs about one’s self,
self-awareness
two approaches of true self
impulse - inner thoughts and feelings
institution - public behaviours and roles
what is the purpose of the self (2)
gain social acceptance, fulfil a role
private self consciousness is..
tendency to introspect about inner thoughts and feelings
public self-consciousness is…
a focus on our outer public image
define introspection
process by which a person examines the content of their mind and mental states
two types of social comparison
upward social comparison (thinking your less than others)
downward social comparison (thinking your better than others)
what is the self-perception theory (Bem, 1965)?
people observe their behavior to infer what they are thinking and how they are feeling. (behaviour comes before a thought or a feeling)
two types of motivation
intrinsic motivation (wanting to do something for its own sake)
Extrinsic motivation (doing something for the result)
what is the self reference effect?
information bearing on self is processed more deeply. Remember more words when asked about self-relation.
what is the endowment effect?
items gain value to the person who owns it, they want more because they own it
define the displacement effect in relation to children and TV
that children watch TV
instead of doing more enriching activities (Fisch, 2004)
Piagets 4 stages of development
0-2 Years: Sensori Motor
Stage
2-7 Years: Preoperational
Stage
7-12 Years: Concrete Operational Stage
12+ Years: Formal Operational Stage
define Decentration refering to Conservation
Focusing on several
aspects of a
problem and
relating them
define Reversibility referring to Conservation
Thinking through a
series of steps and
then mentally
reversing direction
three parts of the personality according to Freud
ID, ego and superego (internalisation)
social learning theory (skinner)
children learn their morals in the same way they learn other things
Piaget’s 3 stages of children and morals
Amoral stage (under 5 years)
Moral realism (5-9 years)
Moral relativism (10+ years)
