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FWM > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

1
Q

Consumptive use-

A

removal and alterations of natural resources by humans.
Ex: fishing, hunting

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2
Q

Non consumptive use

A
  • without removal and alterations of natural resources
    Ex:
    Bird watching, wildlife photography, catch and release fish
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3
Q

Game species

A

animals that are hunted

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4
Q

Striving for management effectiveness and equity,
Managers must be prepared to address:

A

-Questions of biological nature
-Human dimensions (public values, attitudes)
Need to understand & consider value perspectives among relevant stakeholders
Managing for biological sociological diversity

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5
Q

Values

A

-represent ideals of what is desirable, how things ought to be, and how one should interact with the world.
-Human transactions rely heavily on the relativity of value, including economics research focused on value theory.
-Values are held by people, but c an be assigned to the environment, recognizing that species, ecosystems, and places have value independant of the beholder.

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6
Q

Relational values

A

focus on relationships between a person and everything/everyone around them

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7
Q

Pluralist perspectives

A

individuals and groups and defined by sets of assigned, held, and relational values. Basically how people prioritize their own values and other peoples values can help understand how a pattern of value-based preferences become culture or ethic

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8
Q

Environmental values

A
  • individually and shared beliefs about significance, importance, and well-being of the environment and how the natural world should be viewed and treated by humans
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9
Q

Value of wildlife to society(9):

A

Naturalistic value
Scientific value
Aesthetic value
Utilitarian value
Humanistic value
Dominionistic value
Moralistic value
Negativistic value
Symbolic value

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10
Q

Naturalistic value

A

Focuses on personal pleasure and satisfaction from direct experience/contact with wildlife in their natural environment

Engaging the human spirit of curiousity, imagination

Wildlife encounters are usually ‘emotionally charged’

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11
Q

Scientific value

A

Emphasizes the study and understanding of wildlife

Deer,bear,wilves have likely stimulated more research than any other group of animals

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12
Q

Aesthetic value

A

Focuses on physical attraction of wildlife

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13
Q

Utilitarian value

A

Focus on practical and material value of wildlife

Primarily used for food, clothing, decoration

Could include benefits stemming from functioning ecosystems

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14
Q

Humanistic value

A

Focus on emotional affection/attachment to wildlife

Identifying the emotional and mental experience of individual animals

Include nonhuman life, with animals becoming the subjects of deep love ,kinship, and affection

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15
Q

Dominionistic value

A

Emphasizes the human inclination to subdue and master nature

People also seek opportunities to outcompete, and overcome challenge and adversity

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16
Q

Moralistic value

A

Sense of ethical and moral responsibility for conserving and protecting wildlife

Willingness to conserve natural process and diversity

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17
Q

Negativistic value

A

Appreciation of nature resulting from fear and anxiety og wildlife encounters (ex pride and satisfaction associated with bear stories)

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18
Q

Symbolic value

A

Reflects natures importance as a source for human communication
Metaphors in language

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19
Q

Recreation hunting

A
  • edible animals
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20
Q

Trophy hunting

A

no consumption use (ex hunt for horns)

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21
Q

Values of wildlife for hunters(3):

A

Naturalistic(kill is not main focus, appreciation and respect for hunted mammals)
Utilitarian(motivated by material benefits of the hunt, living off the land lifestyle_
Dominionistic (value hunting for its competitive and sport, demonstrating skill and mastering a challenging opponent)

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22
Q

Values of wildlife for anti-hunters(3):

A

Humanistic (views pain and suffering of animal, view ecosystem management as irrelevant reason )
Moralistic( ethical objections of killing wildlife in absence of necessity, sport hunting causes suffering on other creatures)
Naturalistic (view hunting as unnecessary, value minimising impacts of humans on wildlife and nature)

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23
Q

Rifle vs Shotgun

A

Rifles /handguns have rifling in the bore which causes a spiral spin on the bullet giving it better accuracy. reloaded
Shotguns have a smooth barrel because rifling would spread rhe shot pattern too soon. Can shoot multiple projectiles at a time

Big game hunting with centre-fire rifles
Small game hunting with rinfire rifles
Birds hunting with shotgun

Double barrel shotguns more common than double barrel riffles

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24
Q

shot number and shoot size for shotguns and rifles

A

shotgun: smaller shot number, larger shoot size

rifle: bigger number, bigger bore (measured in caliber)

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25
Q

Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act

A

act that imposes an 11% tax on firearms, ammunition, and archery equipment and distributes the proceeds to state governments for wildlife projects

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26
Q

NAM- north american model of wildlife conservation

A

Set of conservation principles and policies rthat halted overexploitation of wildlife through
19-20th century
Following colonization and NAM, no species has gone extinct because of a regulated
hunting season.
Regulations for hunting/ environmental activities have created sustainable harvests for
most game species

Under NAM, wildlife is viewed as a public resource, science is central to wildlife management, and consumptive users are centered as stakeholders.NAM often intertwined with the promotion of equitable access to public land, which allows user groups to recreate (hunt, ski, camp) or extract resources on government owned and managed lands.

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27
Q

Seven Tenets of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation

A
  1. Wildlife resources are a public trust:
    • Wildlife is seen as a shared resource managed for everyone’s benefit, emphasizing human responsibility as stewards.
  2. Elimination of markets for wildlife:
    • Stopping the sale of wildlife in markets, like restaurants selling wild game, was crucial to prevent the rapid decline of wildlife species.
  3. Allocation of wildlife is by law:
    • Wildlife distribution among citizens is done through fair democratic processes, ensuring that surplus wildlife is allocated for public consumption based on legal regulations rather than market forces.
  4. Wildlife can only be killed for legitimate purpose:
    • Harvesting animals is allowed only for legitimate reasons, and access to hunting opportunities is regulated through legal mechanisms like hunting seasons, bag limits, and licenses.
  5. Wildlife are considered a transboundary resource:
    • Recognizing wildlife as a resource that crosses borders emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts and partnerships between governments for effective wildlife conservation.
  6. Science is an important tool for guiding wildlife policy:
    • Decisions about wildlife should be informed by scientific evidence and expert opinion rather than driven by economic interests, political motives, or unsupported beliefs.
  7. Democracy of hunting is standard:
    • Ensuring fair and public discussions in setting hunting regulations, conserving wildlife, and providing opportunities for harvesting wildlife reflects the democratic principle that hunting is a right for citizens in good standing in Canada and the U.S.
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28
Q

Shortcomings of NAM

A

Promotes exploitation rather than preservation
Excludes non-consumptive users (birders) from having an active role in wildlife management
Rolse of science is questionable. Lot of data lacking, no clear objectives
Selective implementation and application
Hasnt decolonized wildlife management and fails to include indigenous governments in wildlife conservation decision making.

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29
Q

Population dynamics:

A

changes of individuals in population over time

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30
Q

Logistic growth model(LGM)

A

Dn/dt = rN(K-N)/K)
N= population size, r= rate of change K= carrying capacity

K>N population growns K<N population will shrink K=N population remains the same

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31
Q

Sustained Harvest Management:

A

Determine how harvest impacts population growth, composition, density then set harvest goals/practices accordingly

Based on extension of models such as LGM, pred/prey models…

Common goal is to allow predator (humans) to take as many prey (game) from a single population without putting the population in danger

Requires maintaining game population at a sustainable N (usually less than K)

MSY= 1/2K

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32
Q

Strategies to regulate rate of harvest:

A

Fixed quota management =number of animals that represent difference between K and N that represents the population size MSY is possible(risky because r N K vary)

Fixed effort harvesting= safer. Specifies the effort (number of hunter or hunting season length) rather than number of animals to be harvested.

Fixed proportion harvesting= percentage of N that can be harvested. If N is known, similar effect to fixed effort harvesting.

Fixed escapement harvesting=safest approach. Species how many animals need to remain unharvested.

MSY is one game management but can be dangerous is cannot estimate N/lack of knowledge of population dynamics.

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33
Q

Adaptive harvest management(AHM):

A

based on constant flow of information about managed population and its environment. continually update harvesting limit/effort, even in one harvest season.

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34
Q

Sustained harvest management:

A

requires details about population. If animals of a certain age class have high survival or high reproduction, target the other age classes. If older or larger animals have high mortality rate, then targeting those classes will have low impact on population(compensatory mortality).

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35
Q

Compensatory mortality and additive mortality :

A

compensatory- animals removed by harvesters would’ve died from other causes BUT if harvest reduces thre number more than natural mortality, this excess is additive mortality.

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36
Q

Density dependence:

A

an inverse relationship between population growth rate and population density (i.e., population growth decreases as density increases). fundamental property of resource limited populations and may contribute to the compatibility of consumptive use and conservation

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37
Q

Theory: Population regulation

A

Prey populations can be limited by resources (bottom-up regulation) predators (top-down regulation) or both

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38
Q

Resource-prey scenario(food model) -

A

Increase towards K will reduce forage, which prevents prey from growing further .: remain at/near K (this is density dependance)

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39
Q

Prey-predator scenario(predation model)-

A

predation limits prey below K, .: population density is limited by predators, not forage.

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40
Q

resource-predator-prey scenario (combined)

A

Combined 1 - predator regulations only when prey is at high densities (ie only when theres excess of prey, predators shift their diet )

Combined 2- prey is regulated at twi densities. One at high density , same idea as combined 1. Second is low prey density (predator pit). The resource-prey-predator system reaches an ewquilibrium where prey are regulated by predators at very low densities, lower than what can be supported by resources, and system is stuck like this unless disrupted close to high density equilibrium.

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41
Q

Types of contaminants;

A

sewage, chemicals, garbage, animal waste, light, nutrients, noise

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42
Q

Ecotoxicology:

A

the study of contaminant fate and effects in the biosphere

focus on environmental exposure and effect for all biota in all environments. Focus on higher levels of prganization (population, community, ecosystem)

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43
Q

Contaminants:

A

substances released by humans

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44
Q

Pollutants/toxicants:

A

contaminants that have adverse effects on biota (direct toxicity or other harmful consequences)

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45
Q

Toxins-

A

naturally produced toxic substance (ie snake venom)

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46
Q

Xenobiotix-

A

foreign substance considered abnormal component to a biological system

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47
Q

Toxicology:

A

usually mammalian focused, concerned at cellular, individual level

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48
Q

Neonicotinoid (neonic) pesticides:

A

less toxic than OPs and carbamates to non-insect species

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49
Q

Neurotoxin:

A

mimics the action of nicotine, used as a seed treatment to protect against insects like aphids. Causes decline in honey bees(reduces bee resistance to parasites, also affects their visual cues)

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50
Q

How do contaminants get into the environment(4 ways) ?

A

Entry to surface waters:
Sewage effluents (from homes, industry, treated or untreated release)
Industrial effluents (mineing, offshore oil, paper mills)
Agricultural/urban activities (agriculture runnoff/seepage)
Contamination of land:
Water and sewage dumping (landfills, onshore oil/gas, dumps)
Discharge to atmosphere
Domestic and industrial chimneys (co2, no2,so2)
Entry to surface waters and land
Atmospheric deposition

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51
Q

Contributors to bioaccumulation

A

Organism size, sex,lipid content, feeding rate, diet

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52
Q

Biomagnification:

A

increase in contaminant concentration in an organism relative to its diet…From one tropic level to the next.

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53
Q

how biomagnification occurs

A

Solvent switching: preferential partitioning into one solvent/phase relative to
another (the pollutant may prefer to stick to the fish’s fatty tissues rather than
staying in the water.)
Solvent depletion:amount of solvent is depleted when (usually) lipids
containing the contaminant are digested(If a bigger fish eats a smaller fish with same pollutant, during digestion, the pollutant sticks to the fatty parts of the bigger fish, making the concentration of the pollutant higher.)

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54
Q

Explain graph of log[contaminant] as a function of trophiv position (TP)

A

TP-x
log[contaminant]-y
linear,
slope(b)
TMF=10^b

Use LogKow to predict aquatic biomagnification
If <4, sufficient elimination
If 5-8, biomagnification increase with logKow increase
If >8, limited absorption

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55
Q

Biomagnification graph Corganism>Cdiet and Corganism<Cdiet graph:

A

Corganism>Cdiet: increases with trophic levels

Corganism<Cdiet :decrease with trophic levels (true with most mammals)

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56
Q

POPs

A

persistent organic pollutants (pesticides (such as DDT), industrial chemicals (like polychlorinated biphenyls or PCBs), and unintentional by-products of industrial processes (like dioxins and furans).)

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57
Q

Disease-

A

state brought about in an living organism by another organism or other causes which is detrimental to overall health of organism. Basically the breakdown, destruction, or malfunction of cells

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58
Q

Parasite-

A

organism that lives in or on the tissue of a host organism and redirects its resources for itself
50% of known species are parasites!

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59
Q

Parasitism-

A

biological interaction between host and parasite

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60
Q

Parasitoid-

A

parasite that kills its host rather than maintain a symbiotic relationship

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61
Q

Major adaptations to parasitism(4)

A

1 Morphological adaptations
Size
Shape
Lost of locomotory organs
2 Life cycle adaptations
Increase reproduction potential
Infection of secondary and
tertiary hosts
Reduction of free living phase
Integration of life cycles
with host
3 Immunological adaptation
Absorption,loss or mask of
host antigen
Antigenetic variation
Disruption of the host immune response
Molecular mimicry
4 Biochemical adaptations
Energy metabolism
Synthetic reacrtions
Nutrient uptake

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62
Q

Effects of disease and parasites on wild animals

A

Weight loss
Anaemia (blood shortage)
Reproductive disorders
Body weakness
Increase hosts susceptibility to predation
Directly by changing their behaviour
Indirectly by making them weak/sick
Can cause death

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63
Q

Pathogenic organisms

A

bacterium, virus, or other microorganism causing disease.

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64
Q

microparasites/disease

A

viruses
bacteria
fungi
protozoan
*toxins,cancers,etc

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65
Q

macroparasites

A

endoparasites
(trematodes,monogenea,cestodes)

ectoprasites (arthropods)

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66
Q

Viruses

A

Acellular (use machinery of host to produce copies of themselves)
Replicate only inside the cells of host
Can infect all types of life forms
Ex: rabies

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67
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryote, single-celled organism
Free-living or parasite
Multiply by binary fission
Ex: plague

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68
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryote
Includes yeasts,molds,mushrooms
Heterotroph, mostly decomposer
Sexual or asexual reproduction
Free-living or parasite
Ex: aspergillosis

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69
Q

Protozoa

A

One-celled organism
Free-living or parasite
Most parasigtic protrozoa are found in organisms like ticks,flies,mosquitos
Ex: avian malaria

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70
Q

Helminths (worms)

A

Unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates
Acoelomates (no body cavity)
No circulatory or respiratory organs
Digestive cavity has one opening for ingestion and egestion
Ex:cestodes,trematodes

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71
Q

Arthropods

A

Includes crustaceans,aracchnids, insects
Free-living,paasite,or host/vector for other micro-organisms
`ex: ticks

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72
Q

Factors affecting parasite load and disease

A

Look at richness/diversity and abundance to study magnitude of parasitic burden

Richness/Diversity: This refers to the total number of different types of parasites present. The more diverse the range of parasites, the higher the richness.

Abundance: This focuses on the quantity of each individual pathogenic (disease-causing) parasite. If there are a lot of parasites of a particular type, it contributes to the overall abundance.

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73
Q

Host-pathogen co-evolution-

A

between two coevolving species, a change in one causes selection for a change in the other. There’s a negative frequency dependent selection where host resistance and pathogen infectivity are assumed to coevolve through costs of resistance and infectivity.

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74
Q

Effects of parasites on population: starvation and disease cycle

A

parasite infections–>decrease ability to search for food or evade predators–>worseing conditions –>stress–> parasite infection

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75
Q

Effect of predation on host population: Sanitation effect:

A

By consuming most diseased members, predators act as a quarantine and reduce effects of
parasites on the rest of the population. Predation generally reduces parasite in prey due to
fewer opportunities for spread.

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76
Q

Environmental interactions:

A

climate change, intensive agriculture, clear-cut forestry, urbanization, habitat loss and fragmentation

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77
Q

Why care about wildlife diseases?

A

The focus is on understanding the dynamics of these diseases, their origins, and potential solutions. The biologist emphasizes the importance of bats, not only for their ecological roles but also for their unique and cool attributes. for example, should care about WNS because bats are important pollinators etcetc

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78
Q

Implication for management and conservation(R)

A

Basic reproductive number R- measure of pathogen transmission
R: number of new infections that will occur when an infected individual is introduced to the
Population
R0: basic reproductive number of a pathogen when the entire population is assumed to be
susceptible to infection
If R=1, then number of infected individuals in population will not change
If R>1, then pathogen will persist in population
If R<1, there will be fewer infected individuals after each cycle of pathogen transmission and
recovery, leads to extinction

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79
Q

Epidemic model variables

A

S-Suseptibility to infection
I-infected
R-recovered and immune (different R)

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80
Q

Epidemic SIR model

A

recovefry after infection

S<–>I–>R

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81
Q

Epidemic SIRS model

A

immunity is not permanent

S<—> I –>R —>S

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82
Q

Epidemic SEIR model

A

latency stage S–>E–> I–> R but I<–>S

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83
Q

epidemic models SI

A

infections are fatal

S–> I

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84
Q

epidemic model SIS

A

no immunity

S <–> I

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85
Q

Control of disease:

A

rinder pest- vaccination/ antibiotics
rabies- kill infected animals
bacterial infection-antibiotics
parasite- deworming medicine for ex
fungi- copper 2 sollution
ringworm- sulphur and fungicide
asperegillories0 discontinue with the contaminated feed
zoonosis- keep away from domestic and livestock

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2
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86
Q

Using disease and parasites in good way:

A

Assassin- releasing natural enemies (parasites,predators,pathogens) for pest suppression

Tracker- since some parasites live in specific areas, they can help track where an animal came from, and if the transaction was illegal

Forensic witness- parasites used as witness in cases of animal or human neglect

Body booster- immune system is more active when yheres a parasite, making you better able to cope with other foreign bodies such as pollen or allegies (bacteria)

Doctor-helps reduce symptoms of some diseases or as a surgery tool

87
Q

Parasite summary;

A

*All known animal species carry parasites.
*Very diverse forms.
*Parasites’ effects on their host range from miniscule to lethal, and they are a huge driving force in shaping host populations.
*Interface Host/Pathogen/Environment is crucial to understand and manage disease and parasites.
*Mathematical modelling now plays an important role to understand epidemics.

88
Q

interactions between species and their effects

A

competition: both neg
predation: one benefit, one neg
mutualism: both benefit
commensalism: one neut, one benefit

89
Q

Competition types (4)

A

Exploitation competition: populations(or organisms) depress each other through use of shares resource

Interference competition: one population (or organism) directly prevents the others from using the resource. Ex allelopathy

Pre-emptive competition: one population (or organism) occupies space that is no longer available to others

Apparent competition: two organisms have a Shared predator (hawk hunting squirrels and mice)

90
Q

Trophic cascade:

A

change in abundance of a species affects abundance of other species more than one trophic level or below via interactions with intermediate species. Ex: sea urchins increase when orcas prey on otters, decreasing kelp population

91
Q

Ecosystem services(why its important to us!):

A

Provisioning=production of food and water
regulating=control of climate and disease
supporting=agriculture,forestry(pollination,nutrient cycling)
cultural=intangible (but possibly economically important)

92
Q

Ecological resilience-

A

amount of disturbance that ecosystem could withstand without switching stable states
Complex habitats have greater resilience, but human-caused degradation reduces resilience

93
Q

Keystone species-

A

critical to ecosystem function and resilience. If lost, ecosystem state changes. Often diversity is greater in presence of keystone species.

94
Q

Umbrella species-

A

whose protection leads to protection of then entire ecosystem. Typically megafauna whose requirements include those of their species. Ex tiger requires huge forest biome, so do many other animals in that area.:by protecting tiger habitat you’re protection many other species

95
Q

Indicator species-

A

presence indicates heath of the ecosystem but its loss is not necessarily functionally important. Ex; amount of lichen indicates how much SO2 is in the air

96
Q

habitat loss vs habitat fragmentation

A

Habitat loss-biodiversity loss
Habitat fragmentation- variable effects/impacts on habitat loss(isolation, number, size) at the patch scale

97
Q

Land-sparing vs. Land-sharing

A

Land-sharing: situation where low-yielding farming enables biodiversity to be maintained within agricultural landscape.
Land-sparing: where high-yielding agriculture is practiced requiring less larea of land to attain the same amount of yields.: greater area of natural untouched habitats

98
Q

Why study fisheries?

A

Try to understand and prevent mistakes from the past
Main foodsource/livelyhood for many people

99
Q

Stock=

A

population of a harvested species that scientists are assessing. Often identified as occupying a given area by oceanographic/topographic barrier or economic zones, which fish do not adhere to .: push to characterise stocks genetically to show reproductively isolated populations.

100
Q

Stock assessment=

A

determining population parameters for a particular stock

101
Q

Can define a fisherie based off(6):

A

People involved
species/type of fish
Area of water or seabed
method of fishing
Class of boats
Purpose of the activity

102
Q

Subsistence fisheries

A

Represent ~25% of global catch but 90% of fishers work in subsistence fisheries
Consumed locally but some traded
Sometimes referred to as artisanal
Low cost, small scale, labour intensive
In canada, associated with indigenous fisheries in the north

103
Q

Commercial fisheries

A

Makes up ~75% of global catch but only 5% of fishers
Can be industrial or artisanal
Capital-intensice, large scale, few species targested but lots of bycatch
its about money because its a huge investment so you need to catch a lot of fish to break even
Tuna, fish oil, halibut, etc

104
Q

Recreational fisheries

A

Few data on catches
Hard to manage (often relies on trust)
Often angling only

105
Q

What do we fish?

A

10 species account for 30% of global catch
Most important species are carnivores
Fishing down the food chain leads to ‘changing baselines’
Can lead to new states of ecosystem → one that no longer supports fishery
in cases where all pred have been captured, we target the prey species next

106
Q

Ghost fishing-

A

lost gear that keeps trapping fish (nets should be biodegradable!!!)

107
Q

passive vs active fishin gear

A

Passive- stationary gear relying on fish to move into it
Active- gear thats moved,towed,pulled(angling is active)

108
Q

Gleaning-

A

hand collection of invertebrates and algae, common in developing countries

109
Q

fishing Traps:

A

Animals can get in but cannot find their way out
Usually baited

110
Q

Fishing gear- hooks,baits,lures:

A

Often only allowed in recreational fisheries
Long lines can stretch >100km (tuna) or 2.5km deep (toothedfish)

111
Q

Fishing gear-nets:

A

Gillnets
-Passive nets between buoys and
weight
-Long drift nets have large
bycatch
Trawls and dredges
- actively pulled through water,
most of global catch of pelagic and demersal Species

112
Q

Fishing gear-seine nets:

A

-actively towed around school of fish
-Large scale fisheries use purse seines and helicopters (can catch >100 tonnes in one haul)

113
Q

Impacts of fishing

A

-over fishing reduces fish abundance
-Can change size structure of stock
-Reduce growth rates and earlier maturation
-Fishery induced evolution
-Can change baselines of ecosystems supporting fishery to a new state no longer supporting the target species
-Habitat alteration fish abundance (bottom trawls,explosives and poison on reefs)
-Bycatch (can be reduced with gear selectivity and no-discard policies)

114
Q

Impacts of Aquaculture:

A

increased prevalence of disease and parasites
Inadvertent release of invasive species
Pollution from excess nutrients
increased use and spread of antibiotic resistance
Most cultured fish fed fish meal which increases pressure on fisheries (fish meal is fished!!)

115
Q

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture

A

Using the power of nature to make aquaculture more sustainable

116
Q

ABC’s of stock assessments (backbone of fisheries science)

A

A- abundance
B-biology
C-catch

Goal is to maximize fish caught sustainably (maximun sustainable yield) MSY

117
Q

Stock structure parameters(6):

A

How many fish (abundance)
How big(size structure)
Growth rate
Age structure
Reproduction and recruitment
Natural mortality

118
Q

Catch and effort are minimum data available

A

-Data availability depends on the fisheries
-Often data collected by fishing vessels and fish processors
-Catch equals the weight of commercial species landed
-Effort is time spent fishing but also related to type of geae and depth
-Biases: fishers do not sample randomly, choose most profitable areas, empathy with management objectives

119
Q

Independent data on catch and effort:

A

Government agency research vessels
-Standardised sampling everywhere
-Expensive to maintain fleet of fishing vessels
-Cannot assess all fish
-Limited mostly to wealthy countries with high enough GDPs

120
Q

Hybrid or compromise options for catch and effort data:

A

Rent commercial boats for sampling
Fisheries officers sample catch onboard commercial vessels, in ports, or processing plants
length/width of fish
Tissues for genetic analysis
Otoliths for aging
Dissection for reproduction
status
Stomach content or tissue for
stable isotope or fatty acid
analyses

121
Q

4 ways to measure abundance?

A

Catch per unit effort (CPUE)
Fish surveys
Capture-mark-recapture methods
Depletion method

122
Q

CPUE definition

A

catch/fishing effort → C/f
Effort = 100kg of fish per hook, kg of crab per trap, anchovies per hour of trawling, etc
Putting more effort where there’s more fish, same amount of effort will yield greater catch
q= catchability coefficient → proportion of the stock captured per fishing effort (often unknown, but can be estimated)

123
Q

Total abundance formula

A

CPUE/q or C/fq

124
Q

CPUE chatacteristics

A

-Depends on gear, skills, etc
-Often inaccurate with irregular distributions (when q is not constant)
-Susceptible to technology creep where gradual increase in gear efficiency goes unnoticed .: inflates CPUE

-Typically CPUE serves as an estimate of relative abundance:
Are there more fish in area A
or B in year X?
Is there a change over time in
a given area

125
Q

Abundance formula

A

N= (A/a) (summation x/n)

N=stock abundance
A=stock area
a=sampling unit area
x=sampling unit abundance
N-number of sampling units (number of a’s in A)

126
Q

Capture-mark-recapture(CMR)

A

Capture and tag fish and release. Then sample again to recapture individuals sometime later
Can place generic tags(fin clips) or individual marks (pit tags)
Can use biologging

127
Q

CMR petersen assumptions and effects

A

Assumes:
no immigration or emigration.
No recruitment or mortality over study period (short sampling window)
Small closed population (reef,stream, small lake)

Tag effects:
Some tags increase mortality and lower/enhance chances of recapture
More complex models use maximum likelihood and bayesian inference to account for some issues

128
Q

Depletion method

A

Purposely over fishing a stock until theres a measurable decline in abundance (CPUE)
Ex: initial CPUE 100fish/hr, after 5000 fish, CPUE is 50fish/hr so 50% reduction.
How many fish needed to reduce CPUE by 100%?
Total= 5000 fish/.5fish/hr= 10000 fish

129
Q

Depletion method formula

A

Nt=Ninfinity- summation Ct

–>
CPUEt=qNinf-q summation

Nt=abundance at time t
Ninfinity= original stock abundance
Ct=catch at time t (sum=cumulative catch)
q=catchability quotient

With multiple sampling points, can plot CPUE as a function of cumulative catch, fit a line, and estimate q and Ninfinity

130
Q

Depletion method Assumptions:

A

-Fishing can significantly reduce CPUE in experiment
-Fishing randomly samples the whole population (ex all reefs and between reefs have similar densities)
-Assumes no change in I,E,R,D
-Ignores size of stock structure, and that all fish are equally catchable

131
Q

Length and weight/mass
for fisheries

A

Important component indivating when a species is ready for harvest
Related to reproductive capacity
Size used as a proxy for mass,age,growth,mortality probability, etc
Size must be standardized

132
Q

Mass-Length (M-L)regressions

A

M=aL^b

mass/weight is difficult to measure in the field, can be estimated from M-L relationships

a and b are species specific, b is often ~3
Typically solve for a and b by fitting in transform relationships through the data
ln(M)=ln(a)*b *ln(L)
Condition factor → M/L^b

133
Q

The von Bertalanffy growth model

A

Differential equation used to understand how fish size changes with time

Fisheries mostly interested in calculating/estimating l or lt in relation to age

lt=Linf[1-e^(-k(t-t0))

lt=length at time t
To=time 0
Linfinity=asymptopic length
K=species-specific growth coefficient

134
Q

Growth estimated from otoliths & others:

A

Rings,scales,spines,mollusk shells, otoliths
Periodic deposition of materials can reflect years, seasonal cycles, etc
White lines on reflect slower growth (denser material) during winter

Isotopes can trace origin in some species
when growth is bad, deposition is low, really easy to age them compared to other tropical fish

135
Q

Growth estimate from scales:

A

If growth isometric then can count rings for age determination and back calculate length L in present p and previous x years based on scale length L

Lx=Lp(Sx/Sp)

problem that fish loose and regrow scales so need to ensure youre not looking at newgrowth scales

136
Q

Otoliths to make von bertalanffy plots:

A

Use otolisths to estimate year class based on rings
Note the length of individuals in each age class
Calculate mean and SD
Plot length vs age and retrieve K and Linfinity from cure using equation

lt=Linf [1-e^(-k(t-t0))

137
Q

Estimating growth (von bertalanffy growth curve) from length only

A

Numbers in each cohort reduced by mortality
If peaks occur at regular intervals AND you know the age at first peak than you can derive age0length curve and solve for K and L infinity
Can look at weeks,years, etc depending on species

graph;
y length
x years
plot; incr curve towards an asymptote

138
Q

Issues with length frequency
in the (von bertalanffy growth curve) from length only

A

-Fish with long spawning periods means they have to reproduce a lot over time, so no beautiful peaks, instead elongated you can’t differentiate the different nodes as well

-Gear is deceiving and implying low frequency when in reality it is not the case, so estimating size structure could be difficult with this type of analysis as well.

139
Q

Reproduction and Recruitment

A

External fertilixzation in 96% fish

Reproduction → build up gonads and their release during spawning

Recruitment→ when juveniles join the adult (fishable) stock
By leaving nursing area
By becoming big enough for
harvest
Nursery areas decrease competition, provide shelter

To manage stocks good to know:
Length at maturity (Lm)
Length at recruitment (Lt)
Length at first capture (Lc)

140
Q

why is estimating length and age at maturity usually for female fish only?

A

Done mostly in females because probability of eggs being fertilized is much higher than sperm fertilizing

141
Q

Gonadosomatic index(GSI)

A

GSI=100x(GM/TM)
Can indicate breeding seasonality (after rainfall leads to high fertility .: low rainfal could give low age class of next generation)

142
Q

Maturity data (GSI) combined with length or age (ex otoliths) graph

A

allows Lm and Tm estimation using logistic regression.

x is age/length

graph is a steep increase with plateau on top

143
Q

Stock-recruitment relationship: Beaverton-Holt

A

R= aS/b+S

a,b: constant
S:Spawning stock (t)
R: Recruitment (t+1)

If there is a lot of competition within a population it will affect the rate of reaching K .: more competition longer it will take to reach K.
Recruitment reaches a asymptte because increased competition lowers number of recruitment/spawner resulting from growth compensation OR density dependance.
As stock grows at first theres a lot of recruitment (small population size). As population gets bigger recruitment slows as it reaches K. a and b reflect how strong density dependant factors are in a population. Can also affect recruitment of have negative effects on recruitment.

144
Q

Beaverton-Holt graph

A

recruitment Y
spawning stock x

gradual increase to plateau
as a becomes smaller, becomes less linear

145
Q

Stock-recruitment relationship: Ricker

A

R=aS exp [-bS]

a,b : constant
S: spawning stock (t)
R: Recruitment (t+1)

Recruitment reaches maximum, then decreases as stock increases
Over compensation mechanism (cannibalism on young, disease trasnmission… results of density dependence)

146
Q

Ricker model graph

A

recruitment y
spawning stock x

increase then decreases (not mirrored) as b gets smaller, peak is higher up (greater max recruitment,)

147
Q

Stock-recruitment relationship: Shepherd

A

R= aS/[1+(S/K)^b)

a= slope of 1st part of curve (max recruitment/adult when S still low)
K= threshold S where density dependence kicks in
b= extent of density dependence

Behaves like beaverton holt model until threshold when ricker model takes into consideration the overcompensation

148
Q

Shepherd model graph

A

increase at first then ;
b<1 → weak density dependence ~linear
b=1 → Beaverton-holt asymptote holds
b>1 → Ricker takes over and applies strong density-dependence factors ~decreases

149
Q

Spawning aggregations:

A

Many species gather in large numbers, in small areas, during short periods of time to spawn, may migrate very far for this
Makes them vulnerable to overfishing

150
Q

Mortality formula

A

Z(total mortality) = M (natural mortality) + F(fishing mortality)

151
Q

Population/stock biocomplexity:

A

Stock assessments
Management of exploited species
Biocomplexity
Example

152
Q

Stock assessments

A

Quantitative studies predicting stock sizes and how they respond to fishing

-Allow managers to predict population abundance changes and adjust fishing mortality(F) to adapt those changes
-Estimate fishing lev els maximising long-term benefits to fisher and to the stock
-Track record is variable(mostly done on logs/surveys)
-Most species do not adhere to distinct stock concepts
-Do not cooperate as a single stock but a network (mixing and recruiting)
-Live and exist in open environments, rarely restricted by human defined borders.

153
Q

Population structure

A
  • number and arrangement of populations within the landscape(one or many)
154
Q

Population connectivity

A
  • populations connected via meta-population, exchanging migrants.

Sources→ Self sustaining, source of migrants and genes
Stepping stones→ Populations maintained by migrant exchange
sinks→Unstable

155
Q

Effective population size Ne

A

Ne has inherent fitness component→ individuals contribution to subsequent generations and survival to reproductive age.
(members of Nt that contribute to Nt+1)

156
Q

Ne size and effects

A

If Ne is Small:
Higher fixation of alleles
High incidence of inbreeding
Less resilience
Increased prob of extinction

If Ne is Large:
More genetic diversity
Greater resilience
Higher prob of adaptation

157
Q

Genetic diversity-

A

proxy for adaptability.genetic diversity and genetic makeup of a species really helps understand how to better manage the species.

158
Q

Biocomplexity/portfoliio effects of species management:

A
  • well identified fishpopulations with reliable techniques are better managed and more sustainable
    -Identifies populations at risk of extinction in different portions of species range
    -Tailor conservation resources toward populations stabalising meta-populations (max biodiversity)
    -Maintaining biodiversity= keeping diversified financial portfolio.

Ex :take samples every year and genetically see which stock is the dominant stock before the salmon split up into the rivers. for example, they’ll see the number of indiv in river B is better than river A .: should fish there at a given time
Community reliant on this salmon fishery being sustainable
Financial infrastructure supported by salmon fishery
Taxes from social serves
Managing this fishery properly is essential for the community in alaska

159
Q

Biocomplexity and genetic management of mixed-stock fisheries Cod example

A

Norwegian cod fishery decreased when north american cod collapsed
High interest in fishing more carefully
NEAC→ north east arctic cod, abundant and migrates to coast to spawn
NCC→ Norweigan coastal cod, threatened and uses inlets to spawn
Genetically different, momentarily overlap and NEAC migrates.
Can identify when coastal region is dominated by NEAC vs NCC
worry that it is going to disappear entirely. goal is to maintain both stocks even though one is very abundant and the other is suffering. since both stocks are gentically identifiable, can show if an idiv is NEAC or NCC cod!

with this info they collected 10 years of data in different areas, and identify indiv from different stocks. from 10 yr dataset, can show that NCC is resident and NEAC migrate in, so at certain levels NEAC becomes so abundant NCC prob is very low to catch. when 70% of stock is NEAC, thats when they start harvesting to prevent overexploiting NCC. this is sustainable ! :)

160
Q

Stock assessments:

A

-Quantitative studies predicting how stocks respond under management actions
-Determine current status of stocks and monitor fluctuations in population dynamics
-Adjust fishing mortality(F) to adapt to changes in stock status/environmental conditions
-Estimate fishing levels maximmising long-term benefits to fishers and stocks

161
Q

Maximum sustainable yield MSY:

A

Largest periodic catch that can be taken without impacting future catches
fmsy= effort that produces MSY
Useful in showing that there is a max f for all stocks that should not be exceeded, and gives a rough estimate of that f.
Controversial because fishing using fmsy has lead to stock collapse.
Overtime stock grows until reaches K
At low and high biomass, growth is slow. And maximum growth occurs at ½ biomass (becasue of density dependence)
If we plot biomass byv growth, clear that density dependent growth rate changes with increasing biomass, and growth rate is max at ½ biomass

162
Q

Biomass change regulated by formula:

A

Bt+1= Bt+rBt(1-Bt/Binf)- Ct

Bt= biomass at time t
r=intrinsic growth rate
Binfinity=biomass at K
C= catch at time t
-Biomass at t+1 is the biomass produced added to bt minus the catch
-Production also considered potential yield→ what can be fished without changing Bt
-Where production is maxed, yield is maxed, so amount of effort to get the yield gives MSY

163
Q

Schaefer model

A

biomass dynamics model for modeling MSY. only requires C and f to estimate MSY and fmsy

164
Q

Assumptions of Schaefer model

A

1 Assumes equilibrium where biomass added(recruitment and growth) = biomass removed and that CPUE ~ N (catches must be larger or smaller than production, CPUE rarely approximates N)
Solution: work with fishers to understand and report technique changes in
periods

  1. Assumed near perfect ∩ relationship between stock biomass and biomass addition relationship can change with/among species.
    Ignores possible position density dependence and/or negative growth

3.Ignores age and size structure of stock, and process that impack stock growth (natural mortality, recruitment failures, etc)

165
Q

Compenstion,over compensation, and depnsation graphs for Schafer model

A

Compensation where population growth plateaus at increasing stock (competition)- looks like beverton holt graph

Over compensation where growth decreases with increasing stock (disease, cannibalism, etc)- looks like ricker model

Depensation where growth decreates with decreasing stock density (allee effect, inbreeding, difficulty finding a mate)- U shape (below x axis) and then perfect rainbow, with fmsy and MSY at the point at peak of rainbow

166
Q

Natural science-

A

branch of science dealing with the physical world (physics, chem,bio,geology). Focus on nature and biophysical systems, how people impact/interact/benefit from these systems

167
Q

Social science-

A

deals with human behaviour and its social and cultural aspects (phycology, poli sci, anthropology). Focus on people and societies, including Importance and experience of nature can be understood

168
Q

Health sciences-

A

science application to hea;th (medicine, nutrition)

169
Q

Epistemological core of disciplines:

A

having cognitive dimension and a social dimension. It divides sdisiplines into a four-cell matrix of hard, soft, pure, applied

170
Q

Hard disciplines:

A

have well-developed theory, universal laws, causal propositions, are cumulative and have generalisable findings.

171
Q

Soft disciplines:

A

have unclear boundaries, relatively unspecified theoretical structure, are subject to fashions and have loosely defined problems.

172
Q

Pure disciplines:

A

are self-regulating and not directly applied to the professions or problems in the outside world.

173
Q

Applied disciplines:

A

are regulated by external influence to a greater extent (for example by professional bodies such as ones regulating lawyers or engineers) and are more applied within the professions and to problems of various sorts; economic, medical, physical or social.

174
Q

Social dimension:

A

four cell matrix between convergent, divergent, urban, rural

175
Q

Convergent disciplines

A

-have uniform standards in research practice and a relatively stable elite.

176
Q

Divergent disciplines-

A

sustain more intellectual deviance and frequent attempts to shift research standards.

177
Q

Urban disciplines -

A

are characterised by intense interaction and a high people-to-problem ratio.

178
Q

Rural disciplines-

A

ones have bigger territories, less interaction and a lower people-to-problem ratio.

179
Q

Interdisciplinarity

A

-individuals construct their own worldviews based on their knowledge and understanding
-can be understood as a path between the disciplines
-Can unite diverse perspectives and knowledge

180
Q

transdisciplinarity

A

More permanent and wide reaching cooperation that changes the very structure of subjects and disciplines
Seeks to eliminate shortcoming that evolved over time where subjects lost theur historical memory and problem solving power because of specialization
Does not lead to new subjects .: cannot replace old subjects and disciplines
Leads to a deeper understanding and better appreciation of the disciplines and their distinctiveness.

181
Q

Disciplines-

A

Disciplines Defined: Disciplines are organized fields of study with specific subject matters, methodologies, and academic traditions.

Distinct Identity: Each discipline has a unique identity, partly independent of its members, shaping its development.

Accumulated Worldviews: Disciplines accumulate worldviews that influence how different fields evolve over time.

Specific Ways of Knowing: Disciplines prioritize particular ways of knowing and forms of knowledge, contributing to their multi-faceted distinctions.

182
Q

Empiricism-

A

observation and measurement

183
Q

Experiment-

A

manipulation and observation

184
Q

Model 1: standard science

A

1 Discovery and curiosity asd drivers of good science
2 Disciplinary silos of expertise, interests,speciaalizations
3 Universities as centres of knowledge
4 Independence
5 Quality control vis proofs, peer-review, calibrations, etc

185
Q

Model 2: the new production of knowledge

A

1 Knowledge generated within a context of application
2 Trans-disciplinarity
3 Greater diversity at sites where knowledge is produced and the types of knowledge produced
4 Knowledge is highly reflective and socially accountable
5 Non tradition forms of quality control

186
Q

Subjectivists-

A

believes no external reality, everything is imagined

187
Q

Critical realism

A

believes there is a reality independent from our thinking that science can study.

Believes our goal of science it to uncover the truth, but know science can never reveal the whole truth
Most are constructivists who believe we each construct our worldview based on our perceptions.
Incommensuraability- idea that we can never understand each other vecasue we come from different experiences and cultures (most do not go as far as to believe this)
Rejects objectivity; we are all biased .: all observations are affected

188
Q

approach objectivity (can never REALLY achieve)

A

Triangulate across multiple fallible perspectives
Objectivity is what multiple people are trying to achioeve when they critize each others work
Doing science within a broader contentious community of truth-seekers who critize each others work improves objectivity

189
Q

Traditional:

A

Cultural continuity transmitted via belief, social attitudes, practice derived from historical experience
Open to change
Traditions are the products of generations of intelligent reflection
Tradition and change are not necessarily contradictory
Tradition because of they way its transmitted and used, not because of its age

190
Q

Ecological

A

Local knowledge of species and environmental phenomena
Species identification and classification
Peoples understanding of ecological processes and their relationship with the environment .
Knowledge of the land
Land:
-More than physical landscape
-Includes living environment

Relationships (consumption,predation,energy flows)

191
Q

Knowledge:

A

Distinction between knowledge, ways of knowing, ways of acting
knowledge= reality and facts
Facts are facts, reality is reality, regardless how it was verified or discovered
Facts and reality informs what we do, but knowing and doing are separable phenomena
Contructivenests who argue we construct our view based on our perceptions of it. Because perception/observation is fallible, our constructions are imperfect .: how we know affects what we know
Ways of knowing (process)
Information itself (knowledge)
How process and knowledge tells us how to act (actioin)
Knowledge system

192
Q

Traditional Ecological Knowledge

A

accumulation of knowledge, practice, belief, evolving by adaptive processes and by handed down through generations by cultural transmission, about the relationship of living beings with one another and their environment

193
Q

Common ground between TEK and Science

A

-body of knowledge stable but subject to modifications
-pattern recognition
-verification through repetition
-plant and animal behviour,habitat needs
-cycles and changes in earth and sky
-open mindedness

194
Q

Shortcomings of NAM

A
  • promotes exploitation rather than preservation
  • excludes non-consumptive users
    -role of science is questionable (lack data, clear objectives)
    -selective implementation
    -failed include indigenous governments in decision making.
  • problematic because indigenous people have long history/experience/knowledge that is integral to conservation and restoration
    -contributed to political and cultural conflict over wildlife. Leads to negative outcomes for wildlife, and society
    -contributes to mimsinformation about who and how much is harvesting, undermining a shared vision for successful conservation
195
Q

NAM 7 ‘rules/values’

A

1 Wildlife resources are a public trust
2 Markets for game are eliminated
3 Allocation of wildlife is by law
4 Wildlife can be killed only for legitamite purposes
5 Wildlife considered an international resource
6 Science is a proper tool to discharge wildlife policy
7 Democracy of hunting is standard

196
Q

I-NAM 7 ‘rules/values’

A

1 wildlife are stewarded through an interwoven set of values to holistically manage ecosystems with indigenous and non-indigenous governments held accountable by the public to do so
2 Sustainable harvest of wildlife is paramount. Wildlife must be conserved for multiple user groups and cultures
3 Wildlife harvest muyst recognize the multiple governing bodies that have authority on the land
4 Definitions of legitimate must be flexible, centered around livelihood,culture,conservation
5 Wildlife do not exist with fixed political boundaries
6 Indigenous and western knowledge must build and ethic of coexistence
7 Democracy of hunting is centered on wildlife conservation

197
Q

Behavioural syndromes:

A

correlations among behaviour across contects → animal ‘personality’

An individual that is aggressive/bold/risky across different situations and times of year

Behaviour must be repeatable

May be associated with physiology, or early life conditions

198
Q

Functional response of predator to prey

A

number of prey consumed per predator relative to prey population

199
Q

Numerical response of a predator to a prey=

A

number of predators relative to prey population

200
Q

Numerical response

A

can be aggregative (movement) or demographic(more offspring)

201
Q

functional response

A

3 types of functional responses
Numerical and functional response dictate the ecological relationship of predator and prey
Each functional response represents individual behavioural decisions

202
Q

Conservation physiology-

A

The study of physiological responses of organisms to human alteration of the environment that might cause or contribute to population decline

203
Q

Physiological mechanisms that underlie ecological phenomena(3)

A

Density dependence
Logistic growth
Alpha and beta diversity

204
Q

Examples of conservation physiology:

A

Ecotoxicoloy
Endocrinology
Immunilogy
Physiological genomics
Neurophysiology

205
Q

6 Rules for Understanding the effects of biologging

A

Rule 1
All tags likely have an effect, even if they are hard to observe

Rule 2
Handling may be as or more important than tagging

Rule 3
Tage placement and streamlining is critical

Rule 4
Implant tags

Rule 5
Use smaller tags

Rule 6
No X% rule is universally applicable

206
Q

Radio telemetry

A

Need to triangulate a location
-Time intensive, only one point per visit

Mostly now rely on automated radio array
-cost/tag is low,but money and effort needed for array
-Need high density of receivers to triangulate (lots of interference)

207
Q

Radio Transmitters

A

Stronger the pulse, closer the animal
With directional antenna, can pinpoint animal
Radio receiver network can triangulate position
Satellite tag (PTT)= transmitter that connects to satellite

208
Q

GPS

A

Works via time stamp
Difference in time stamp between satellite and receiver gives distance
Triangulates location based on location of 3 satellites
Must account for curvature of space-time

209
Q

Acoustic tags

A

Send put acoustic signals (sonar)
Individual bar codes
When animal is within range of receiver, its recordsed
Can record movement and survival

210
Q

Solar geolocation

A

Day length=latitude
dawn/dusk= longitude
Lat is inaccurate at equinox
Accurate to `200km
Used on animals with long migrations

graph is day x and light intensity y

211
Q

Area restricted searches

A

Area Restricted Searches (ARS)
ARS= regions where animals search over fine scales
Assumed to be areas where foraging occurs
Habitat selection of ARS is often used to develop resource selection functions
First passage time analysis is used to find regions of area restricted search

212
Q

Spacial movement:

A

Fractal movement
The smaller the ruler used to measure a track, the longer the track
Areas of high fractal dimension (convulated tracks) are often areas searched for food

organisms exhibiting fractal movement patterns cover more ground and explore their environment more extensively as you examine their tracks at smaller scales.
Areas with convoluted tracks, characterized by high fractal dimensions, are often indicative of intensive foraging

213
Q

levy flight vs brownian motion

A

both spatial movement.
brownian uses walk patterns to look at home range and habitat use. also can indicate foraging

levy flight;
looks at long distance movements, can indicate foraging. also used on migratory species

FWM (2 decks)

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