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Week 5 > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the whole digestive system? Oral to Anus.

A

Muscular tube of roughly 10 meter

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2
Q

Tell the 6 basic functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion; food and liquids
  2. Mechanical digestion; eating in the mouth
  3. Chemical digestion; chemical breakdown
  4. Secretion; release water, acids, enzymes
  5. Absorption; movement electrolytes, molecules and vitamins in interstitial fluid digestive tract
  6. Defecation; elimination of wastes from the body
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3
Q

Function oral cavity?

A

-Ingestion
-Crushing food
-Lubricate with mucus and salivatory
-Limited chemical digestion
-Senses and analyzes food for swallowing

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4
Q

Explain next words:
Root
Neck
Crown
Enamel
Cement
Root canal
Dentin

A

See tooth picture

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5
Q

Name al the tooths

A

Central incisors
Lateral incisors
Canine
1st premolar
2nd premolar
1st molar
2nd molar
3rd molar (wisdom teeth)

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6
Q

What is the function of the tongue?

A

-Assist mechanical digestion
-Prepare food for swallowing
-Initiate swallowing proces
-Produces lipase for chemical digestion fats
-Sensory touch temperature and taste
-Speech

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7
Q

What are the three paires of salivatory glands?

A

-Parotid (mandible-ear)
-Sublingual (under the tongue)
-Submandibular (floor of the mouth)

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8
Q

Functions of the glands?

A

Moist food
Start chemical digestion
Buffer acid produced bu bacteria
Provide antibodies for immune response

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9
Q

What are the three regions of the throat/pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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10
Q

What does the upper and lower esophageal do?

A

UES avoids air entering esophagus

LES avoids gastric contents from entering the oesophagus

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11
Q

Name the way from the mouth till the anus?

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus (upper and low)
Stomach
Small intestine:
-Duodenum
-Jejunum
-Ileum
Large intestin:
-Cecum
-Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
-Rectum

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12
Q

Function of the stomach?

A

-Storage of ingested food
-Mechanical digestion (cementcar)
-Disinfection and chemical digestion
-Production of intrinsic factor (B12)

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13
Q

What happens in the stomach? Which cells helps?

A

Gastric secretion by:
Parietal cells - break down
Chief cells - active enzyme
Mucous cells - protect the stomach

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14
Q

What is Gastro-oesophageal?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) incompetence

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15
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of the stomach

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16
Q

How much segments does the liver have? And why is this important?

A

8 segments, because every segment has his own artery, vein and bile duct.

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17
Q

What are the liver functions?

A

Metabolic regulation
Hematologic regulation
Bile regulation

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18
Q

What is metabolic regulation?

A

Removes metabolic waste

Extracts excess nutrients and toxins

Mobilizes reserves and synthesizes necessary components (KH, fat, proteine)
—>IMPORTANT: Hemostasis of Glucose

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19
Q

What is the function of hematologic regulation?

A

Productions of plasma proteins:
-Albumin
-Fibrinogen

Remove age/damaged cells from blood

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20
Q

What is the bile? And what is the function?

A

Alcaline liqiod, mad of;
-Water
-Bile salts
-Bilirubin
-Cholesterol
-Ions

Function:
-Buffering of acids

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21
Q

Where is the alcaline liquid of the bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

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22
Q

Where does the bile duct drain into?

A

Into the duodenum

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23
Q

What causes Jaundice?

A

Increased production of bilirubin

Liver disfunction; infection

Impaired obstruction; gallstones and tumor

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24
Q

What are the symptoms from hepatitis?

A

Fatique
Fever
Nasua
Juandice

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25
Q

What is Hepatitis A, B and C?

A

A-Oral route, vaccine, acute not chronic

B-Sexually, blood/needles, vaccine, acute and chronic rare

C-Blood, needles, no vaccine but a medicine. Acute less but chronic high

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26
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

End stage liver disease with destruction of tissue.

Alcohol or obesitas and diabetes. Viral hepatitis.

May require liver transplantation.

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27
Q

What is gallstone disease? And what are the symptoms?

A

Imbalance of substance in bile leading to stone formation.

Symptoms:
Inflammation of the gallbladder, pancreas. And obstruction/infection of the common ballduct.

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28
Q

What is the location of the:
Spleen
Liver

A

Spleen LUQ
Liver RUQ

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29
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Red pulp
Removes aged damage RBC/platelets
Stores platelets 1/3

White pulp
Immune respons to antigens, rich of lymphatic tissue

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30
Q

Treatment splenic trauma?

A

Transfusion, TXA, hypothermia

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis? And the treatment?
(Ebstein Barr Virus (EBV) spleen)

A

Fatique, fever, throat, rash, head and body aches and swollen lymph nodes.

Treatment; symptomatic, avoid contact sports

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32
Q

Which two functions has the pancreas? And what do they do?

A

Exocrine and endocrine
Exocrine; pancreatic juice, chemical digestion, sugars, lipids, proteines, nucleic.

Endocrine; hormone production, control blood sugar level.
Alpha cell- Glucagon
Beta cell- Insuline

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33
Q

What is acute pancreatitus? How do you get it? Symptoms and treatment?

A

Inflammation of the pancreas resulting in auto digestine of the organ.
Alcohol or gallstones
Abdominal pain, radiating to back, nasua vomiting.
Treatment; aggresive hydration, light diet, proton pump inhibitors

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34
Q

What does the small intestine do? (Small bowel)

A

90% of chemical digestion and nutrition absorption

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35
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

C-shaped, absorption of the majority of iron in food.
Mixing bowl from stomach, bile, liver/gallbladder and pancreas juice.

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36
Q

what is the function of the jejunum?

A

Responsible for the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption.

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37
Q

What is the function of the ileum?

A

Absorption of Vitamin B12 as well as bile salts

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38
Q

what is the difference between the Duodenum, Jejunum and the ileum?

A

Duodenum; absorption of iron (25cm) And juice stomach, liver, gallbladder/liver and pancreas.
Jejunum; nutrient Absorption (2m)
Ileum; Absorption B12 (3m)

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39
Q

What do enzymes of the pancreas do?

A

Chemical digestion carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

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40
Q

What does bile production do?

A

Lipid emulsification, buffering acid, helps digest fat

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41
Q

Sugars, fatty acid and amino acids are absorbed as well as water and electrolytes into the small intestine. True or false?

A

True

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42
Q

What are the three segments of the large intestine (large bowel)?

A

Cecum
Colon (ascending, transvers, descending, sigmoid)
Rectum

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43
Q

What is the function of the cecum?

A

Begins compaction by resorbing water and sodium

Primary function as lymphatic organ

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44
Q

What is appendicitis? And symptoms? Treatment?

A

Inflammation of the appendix.
Loss apatite, nausea and abdominal pain RLQ. Fever/diarrea.
Treatment; ABX and evacuate (appendicectomy)

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45
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A

Continues compaction of the feces by resorbing water and sodium.

46
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

Causes urge for defecation

47
Q

What are the numbers of balanced nutrition?

A

50-55% carbohydrates
25-30% Lipids
15-20% proteine
25kcal per kg per day

Water requirements: 30ml per kg per day

48
Q

What are the causes an treatments for constipation and diarrhea?

A

Constipation; female, older, diet, hormones, medication, psychological
Treatment; Adressing disease
Fiber and liquid
Physical activity
Laxatives

Diarrhea; viral, bacterial or parasite. Naussea/vomitting, cramp, bloody diarrhea, fever temp >38
Treatment; Iv, rehydration, ABX (metronidazole, Cipro, Azith)

49
Q

What are the triggers for nassea and vomiting?

A

Intraperitoneal
-infection, inflammation and intestinal obstruction.

Metabolic-toxic
-opioids, ABX, chemotherapy
- Alcohol

CNS-disorder
- Intracranial pressure
- motion sickness, cerebellar stroke
-migraine

Others:
Pregnacy
Myocardial infarction

50
Q

Which drugs do we use for naussea and vomiting?

A

Ondansetron
Metoclopramide
Domperidone
Dimenhydrinate
Diphenhydramine
Scopolamine transdermal patch
Dexamethasone

51
Q

How much blood do the kidneys get from the heart? (CO)?

A

20-25% cardiac output

52
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Maintaining homeostasis
- Blood volume and BP
-Blood concentration (sodium/potassium, chloride, other ions)
-Blood PH

-removal wastel; urea, uric acid and creatinine
-Assisting the liver

53
Q

How manny nephrons does 1 kidney has? When do they get worse?

A

1 million, age

54
Q

What are the basic steps in the urine production?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
55
Q

What is primary urine and secondary urine?

A

Primary 160l, 99% reabsorbed in bloodstream.

Secondary urine 1500ml/24h

56
Q

What is the average ph of urine?

A

6

57
Q

What is urinary anatomy of the male?

A

Kidney-Ureter-Urinary bladder-Urethra

58
Q

What is the difference between man and woman in the urethra?

A

By men urethra passes thru prostate, length is 20cm, transport urine and semen. Problems pissing with aging.

By woman urethra is 5cm, and between vagina and clitoris. Straight down. Infection and incontinents.

59
Q

What is the difference between anecddotal pearls 1, 2 and 3?

A

1- hypothermia cold diuresis
2- diabetes, sweet urine
3- alcohol consumption

60
Q

What is kidney failure?

A

Acute/chronic impairment of kidney function.
By: dehydration (volume) shock, medication, crush injury (rhabdomyolysis).

61
Q

What are kidney stones? Symptomps? Treatment?

A

Pains, blood in urine and fever
Treatment; Symptomatic, ABX, evacuate

62
Q

What is urinary tract infection? Symptoms, treatment?

A

Pain urination, higher frequency, kidney pain, fever, infections
Treatment; ABX and protocol, Catheter

Consider STD

63
Q

What is the difference between Transurethral and suprapubic way?

A

Transurethral = in the dick
Suprapubic = needle above pubic

64
Q

What are your goals buy urine output for:
Regular
Electrical burns
Crush syndrome

A

Regular - 0.5ml/kg/ph (30-50ml/ph)
Electrical burns - 70-100ml/hr
Crush syndrome - 100-200ml/hr

65
Q

What do you give in general for shock/high risk shock?

A

TXA 2g IO/IV
Blood
Calcium 1g IV/IO
Pelvic (internal bleeding)
Penetrating ABX- Moxifloxi 400mg and Ertapenem 1g IO/IV

66
Q

What is Crush injury?

A

Compression leads to direct muscle cel damage and impedes venous outflow. Tissue swelling -> hypoperfusion and compartment syndrome

Muscle tissue dies (rhabdomyolysis, waste products release)

67
Q

By crush injury the artery inflow is low. True or false?

A

False, venous outflow is low

68
Q

What is crush syndrome?

A

When all the waste products are released into systemic circulation after crush injury.

69
Q

What is the manifestation of crush syndrome?

A

Hypotension
Cardiac arrythmias
Acute kidney failure
Disseminated intravascular coagulation

70
Q

What is the early management of crush syndrome?

A

Consider TQ placement

Start aggressive fluid resuscitation: 2L crystalloids (normal saline) bolus, 1L/ph and 100-200ml UO/ph

Treat hyperkalemia; Glucose+insuline and calcium

Monitor for compartment syndrome

71
Q

> 37.2 and up to 38.5 is fever. true or false?

A

True

72
Q

What are the symptoms of mild hypothermia?

A

Shivering, foot stamping
Constricted blood vessels
RR increase
Cold diuresis (pissing)
Ataxia - loss of body movement
Dysarthria - difficulty speaking

73
Q

If you stop shivering when you have mild hypothermia, this is a good sign?

A

No stupid ass nigahh, he’s dying

74
Q

Which body temperature does the body has by mild hypothermia?

A

32-35 degrees

75
Q

What is the general fluid body composition of male and female?

A

Male;
60% fluids, 40% solid
60% fluid=60% ICF and 40% ECF

Woman;
50% fluids, 50% solid
50% fluid=55% ICF and 35% ECF

76
Q

What are the different concentrations between ICF and ECF?

A

ICF: Potasium(kaluim), magnesium, phosphate, neg proteins

ECF: Sodium(natrium), Chloride and bicarbonate

77
Q

How do you keep the fluid balance in the body?

A

Intake equals water loss

Intake; drinking, eating, metabolism

Loss; urinating, feces, insensible perspiration (breathing and skin), sensible (sweating)

78
Q

ICF and ECF shifts by osmose, true or false?

A

True

79
Q

Why are crystalloids bad to treat blood loss?

A

-No oxygen
-Doesnt help with coagulation (no RBC and platelets)
-Cristalloids rapid into intertitial space, 3-4 liters is same as 1L blood loss.

80
Q

Which electrolytes do we have ICL?
Which electrolytes do we have ECL?

A

yy§

81
Q

What is the normal pH in the body?

A

PH ECF; 7,35-7,45

82
Q

What is alkalosis ph?
What is acidosis ph?

A

Alkalosis >7.45
Acidosis <7,35

83
Q

What are the signs of alkalosis respiratory and metabolic?

What are the signs by acidosus respiratory and metabolic?

A

Met acidosis; diarrhea
Resp acidosis; Hypoventilation

Met alkalosis; vomiting
Resp alkalosis; hyperventilation/astma

84
Q

What is the way of the sperm?

A

-Produced in the testi’s+hormoons
-Epididymis, mature and storage
-Ductus
-Seminal glands; semen (volume) and nutritions
-Prostate; semen and enzymes (prevent coagulation)
-Bulbo gland; alkaline fluid (neutralize urine)
-Urethra

85
Q

When is the sperm mature?

A

2 weeks

86
Q

Which hormons does the testi’s produce?

A

Androgens and testosteron

87
Q

What is the root, the body and glans of the penis? And what is te corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum?

A

Corpus spongiosum doesnt get facking hard, so you can ejaculate on the womans face

88
Q

Signs symptoms and treatment of Chlamydia

A

Itching by urination, pain, silent infection. Mouth/throat and rectum. Arthtritis.

ABX (doxycyclin and moxifloxi)

89
Q

Signs symptoms and treatment of gonorrhea?

A

Itching, pain. Urithritis. Pus.
Mouth/throat or rectum and PID.
May cause infertility by woman.

ABX (Ceftriaxon)

90
Q

Signs symptoms and treatment of Syphilis?

A

Fase 1 (3 weeks), sore spot; shancre, lymph node swelling.

Fase 2 (2/3 months), body rash, fever, no symptoms.

Fase 3, end stage, infections of organs brain, heart, liver and bones

ABX (Peniciline, Doxicyclin, Ceftriaxon)

91
Q

Symptoms and signs testicular torsion? Treatment?

A

Sever pain, Swelling, nuassea and vomiting. Mostly twisted inword

Treatment: Try to twist outward, surgery in 6 hours.

92
Q

What is the anatomy of the vagina?

A

Ovaries
Uterine tube
Uterus
Vagina

93
Q

What is the functions of the ovary?

A

Female sex hormons; Estrogen and progesteron
Storage and maturation of the oozytes (eggcel)

94
Q

What is the function from the uterine tube?

A

Catching the oozytes and transport towards the uterus.

95
Q

What does the Uterus provide for the oozyte?

A

Mechinal protection, nutritions and waste removal.

96
Q

What is the menarche and the menopauze?

A

Menarche is the first menstrual

Menopause is the last menstrual

97
Q

What happens in the pre ovulatory phase (follicular)?

A

FSH (folli stimuli hormone) and estrogen, follicular maturation leads to ovulation.

Menstruation (50ml)

98
Q

What happens in the post ovulatory (luteal)?

A

Progesteron, exact 14 days. Follicle turns into corpus. Uterus provide perfect conditions for pregnacy.

99
Q

Which face is variable and which one is exact?

A

Pre ovulatory is variable
Post ovulatory is exact 14 days

100
Q

How long does sperm survives in the urethra? How long does the oozyte survives?

A

Sperm 5 days
Oozyte 24 hours

101
Q

What is Amenorrhea primary and secondary?

A

Primary; genetic and malnutrition

Secondary: switched off, malnutrtition, anorexia, psychological, heavy sport

102
Q

Which electrolytes are important for ICF and ECF?

A

ICF Potassium (Kalium)
Low on Natrium and Chloride

ECF Natrium and Chloride
Low on Potassium (Kalium)

103
Q

What are three trimesters?

A

First embryonic
Second fetal maturation organs
Third biggest size and weight gain

104
Q

Whatare the changes in a pregnant woman?
Lungs
Circulation
Blood
Kidneys
Metabolism

A

Lungs - rr and depth increase

Circulation - blood volume +50%, hr increase, bp decrease

Blood hypercoagulability

Kidneys works harder, increase +50%

Metabolism Nutrition increas 10-30%, weight 10-16kg

105
Q

What is the dilation phase?

A

Dilation 3-12 hours
Contractions every 10-30 min\
No active pushing
Water breaks
Cervix dilates, fetus to cervical canal

106
Q

What is the expulsion phase?

A

2 hours
Cervix fully dilated 10 cm
Contraction 2-3 min
(Active pushing if 10cm and 2-3 min contraction)
Protect perineum

107
Q

What is the placental phase?

A

30 min
Uterus decreases in size
Placenta is ejected

108
Q

What is ectopic pregnacy?

A

Embryo is in the uterine tube, life threatening

109
Q

What is preeclampsia? (Bloodpoison)

A

Disturbed placenta, hypertension mother and organ dysfunction
Respiratory
Edema
HELLP

Treatment deliver baby

110
Q

What is pre mature labor?

A

After week 34: child birth

Week 25-34: Stop contraction

Less then week 25: baby doesnt survive

111
Q

What do you do with a pregnant woman in trauma? On which side?

A

Right up, laying on the left. Laying on the aorta.

Week 5 (1 decks)

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