Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Week 4 > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

1
Q

Three functions of the nervous system?

A

Monitoring the bodys internal and external environmens

Integrating sensory information

Coordinating voluntary and involantury responses of other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain and spinal court

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nervous system outside the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which two divisions do we have in the PNS? And what do they do?

A

Afferent division brings information to the CNS

Efferent division carries motor commands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Put these words in the correct order:
Pinch
Efferent system
Skeletal muscle
CNS
Afferent system
Somatic sensory

A

Pinch
Somatic sensory
Afferent system
CNS
Efferent system
Somatic nerve system
Skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the autonomic nerve system activates

A

Parasympathetic division
Sympathic division

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands
Adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the visceral sensory recept?

A

Monitoring internal conditions and the status of other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the way of transporting information in a neuroncel?

A

Information comes in the cel thru the dendrites
Then thru the cell body
Along the axon
Thru the axon terminals
Thru the synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is myoline?

A

electrical isolation around the nerve axon. It jumps over from myoline to myoline, because of this the electric potential goes faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the synaps?

A

Is the end of an axon. It communicates with an other cell. It exchanges information by neurotransmitters. This al happens at the end of the axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the Neuroglia do?

A

Support neurons for faster impulses, protection and provide proper environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the meninges?
And what is the anatomy?

A

Three layer membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord
Dura mater - Tough outer layer against the cranium

Arachnoidea - Smooth layer directly attached to the dura mater, sends spiderlike connection to the pia mater
Subarachnoid - fills up the space with cerebral spinal fluid inside of the spiderlike connection

Pia mater - delicate, highly vascularized inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of meninges?

A

Shock absorption
Removal of waste products
Provision of certain nutrients (ions, vitamin c)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Fluid in and around the brain and spinal (and ventrikels) that acts as shock absorber, transport nutrients, oxygen, neurotransmitters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the blood-brain-barrier?

A

Border between the blood circulation and the CNS by diffusion. It gives permission what goes thru(nutritions, ions) and not(waste).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of nutritions uses the brain the most?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many cardiac output does the brain receives?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which arteries forms the circle of Willis?

A

Vertebral arterie
Basilar arterie

Posterior cerebral
Middel cerebral
Anterior cerebral
Internal carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the four regions of the brain?

A

The cerebrum - Big brain
Diencephalon - Interbrain
Brainstam - Midbrain/pons/medulla oblongata
Cerebellum - Small brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which four lobes does the big brain have?

A

Frontal lobe (pre frontal cortex)
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is sulci and gyri?

A

Gyri Is the noodle
Sulci is the groove between the noodles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is gray matter and what is white matter?

A

White matter are myelinated axons
Gray matter are the nerve cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Primair motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the Parietal lobe?

A

Primary sensation/sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of the Occipital lobe?

A

Primary vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of the temperal lobe?

A

Primary is hearing and speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of the pre-frontal cortex?

A

Planning, memories and complex skill memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which side of the brain controls the left side of the body and which side of the brain controls the right side of the body?

A

Left brain right side
Right brain left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are association fibres, commissural fibres and projection fibres?

A

White matter
Assoiciation fibres are within one hemisphere (one sight)

Commissural fibres are connections between right and left hemisphere

Projection fibres bundels of axxons that are connected to the rest of the regions of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the basal nuclei consists of and what does it do?

A

Masses of grey matter, ganglion, subconsciousnes, cycling and walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which three parts does the diencephalon (interbrain) conists of? And what do they do?

A

Epithalamus - Melatonin wake and sleep
Thalamus - Conscious awareness, blocks 99% of sensory input
Hypothalamus - control center for autonomic nerve system (breathing, circulation, temperature, thirst/hunger), produces hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstam? And what do they do?

A

Midbrain - Controle muscle tones and posture, HQ

Pons - Links small brain with the rest of the CNS

Medulla oblongata - Regulates vital autonomic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the two important functions of the Cerebellum (small brain)?

A
  • Maintaining balance and equilibrium
  • programming and fine tuning, learned movements patterns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How many spinal nerves are there? How many each?

A

8 cerv
12 thor
5 lumb
5 sacr
1 coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Highway for sensory and motor impulses between brain and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the three important structures of the spine?

A

Vertebrea
Spinal disc
Ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ventral root = sensory input
Dorsal root = motor output

Right or wrong?

A

Wrong

Ventral root = motor output
Dorsal root = sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where does the spinal nerve receives sensory information from?

A

The skin, called the dermatome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where are the spinal nerves; C5, C6, C7, C8, T4, T10, L1, L4

A

Good luck touching yourself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a myotome?

A

The identifying muscle, the end station of the nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Name the 5 steps of the reflex arc?

A

1 Stimulus activates receptor
2 Receptor activates sensory
3 Proces interneuron
4 Inter neuron activates motor neuron
5 Motor neuron triggers respons by peripheral effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex reflex?

A

Patella-reflex is simple reflex, you have no controle over

Hand in the fire is complex, if you want you can stay in the fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Sympathetic nerves are from T1 till L2. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Parasympathetic nerves are cranial nerves; 3, 7, 9 and 10.
True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the signs of a stroke? And what are the fast diagnostics?

A

Blindness one side
Sensori-motor hemisyndrome
Speech
Dizziniess
Consciousness decreased

Face dropping one side
Arm/leg weakness
Speech difficulty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Management of a stroke?

A

Secure ABC
Evac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is a seizure?

A

Sudden and temporal abnormal electric activity of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Manifestation of seizure?

A

Typically acute onset, with short duration

Localized forms - one side of the brain/body

Generalized - both side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Management seizure

A

ABC
Protect patient voor injury
Exclude hypoglycemia
Seizure longer then 5 min - fucked up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Infection of the meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the signs of meningitis?

A

Severe headache
Fever
Stiff neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Early management of meningitis?

A

ABC
Isolate patient
ABX
Give corticosteroids
Evac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the red flaggs for back pain?

A

Back pain <18 and >50
Recent trauma
Pain at rest and night
Symptoms of fever or weight loss
Radiation to the legs
Hypo or hyperreflexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Awareness of the internal and external environment

56
Q

Which two kinds of consciousness do we have?

A

Quantity - Arousal
Awareness/wakefullness

Quality - Content
Cognitive functions; mood, memory

57
Q

What do you need to have a good consciousness?

A

Intact brain
Cerebral perfusion
Oxygenated blood
Glucose
Without interruptions

58
Q

Three stages of quantitative consiousness?

A

Somnolence
Stupor
Coma

59
Q

Which three things are you testing with the GCS?

A

Eye opening (4)
Verbal respons (5)
Motor respons (6)

60
Q

GCS test, what score is a mild, a moderate and severe TBI?

A

Mild 13-15
Moderate 9-12
Severe 3-8

61
Q

What is syncope?

A

A transient loss of consciousness

62
Q

Which kind of syncope is dangerous?

A

Cardiogenic syncope - brady/tachycardia

63
Q

What are the red flags of a syncope?

A

Family historie
Cardiac arrhytmia
Chest pain before fainted

64
Q

What is AEIOUTIPS?

A

Causes of altered level of consciousness

A alcohol
E environment
I infections
O overdose
U underdose/sleep
T toxins
I infections/insuline
P poison
S stroke/seizure/shock

65
Q

Quantitativ consciousness changes

A

Somnolence
Stupor
Coma

66
Q

What are the obvious MOI’s of TBI?

A

Motor vehicle collision or roll over
Within 50m blast
Direct blow to the head

67
Q

What are the less obvious MOI’s of TBI?

A

Sports
Blast within 50m
Breaking/accelaration

68
Q

What is the ICP consists of and what is the normal state? (How much?)

A

Cerebral spinal fluid
Brain tissue
Blood

Normally <15 mmHg

69
Q

How much CSF do we have in the head, and how much do we make eceryday?

A

150ml and 500ml

70
Q

What is a primary brain injury and what is a secondary brain injury?

A

Primary is direct injury to the brain/skull/scalp/tissue loss/bleeding

Secondairy is Edema/Inflammation/Blood brain barrier defect

71
Q

What is a herniation?

A

Hematoma pushing the brain across and through fixed structures

72
Q

What are the signs:
Cingulate herniation
Uncal herniation
Central herniation
Cerebello-tonsilar herniation

A

Cingulate herniation
Abnormal posturing and coma

Uncal herniation
Pupil dilation, contralateral motor weakness, respiratory dysfunction going to coma

Central herniation
Decorticate posturing, respiratory depression and death

Cerebello-tonsilar herniation
Respiratory and cardiac arrest

73
Q

What are the symptoms of TBI?

A

HEADS+
H headache and vomiting
E Ear ringing
A Amnesia (lost of memory)
D Double vision/loss of balance
S Something feels wrong
+ patient within 50m blast

74
Q

What are the signs of TBI?

A

Scalp or skull wounds
Otorrhea or Rhinorrhea
Altered level of consciousness (AVPU/GCS)
Pupil dilation

75
Q

What is the management/treatment of all TBI?

A

Disarm and secure communication

Oxygen saturation above 90%
2g TXA
1g calcium
Asses for shock
BP syst >100 best 110
Protect casualty for hypothermia
(ABX open/penetrating headwound)

PFC
More advanced airway
Monitoring

76
Q

What effects injuries at the next area’s:
C4
C6
T6
L1

A

C4 - Neck and down / tetraplegia
C6 - Shoulders and down / tetraplegia
T6 - Chest and down / paraplegia
L1 - Hips and down / paraplegia

77
Q

Youre doing good

A
78
Q

What is the difference between spinal shock and neurogenic shock?

A

Spinal shock potentially reversible loss of motor and sensory signal - baseball

Neurogenic bradycardia and hypotension and loss of sympathetic system

79
Q

What is the difference between a complete spinal cord injury and an incomplete spinal cord injury?

A

Complete is both side of the body

Incomplete is injury without complete loss of neurologic function

80
Q

What are your goals to manage a moderate/severe tbi?

A

Monitoring for:
Level of consiousness
Dilated or fixed pupils
SBP >100 best 110
Sat >90
Hypothermia
End-tidal 35-40mmHg
ABX? (Penetrating)
Assume spinal injury

81
Q

Have you trained the C-spine rule today?

A

No? Go do it asshole

82
Q

Pain happens in the brain and is objective, true or false?

A

False, it does happen in the brain. But it is subjective.

83
Q

Which kind of noxious stimulus do we have?

A

Mechanical stimuli: pressure, stretching

Chemical stimuli: acid, inflammation

Thermal stimuli: cold, heat

84
Q

What is the pain anatomy?

A

-Nociceptors (nerve endings)

-Nociceptor makes an electric stimulus

-Transmitting to the spinal cord

-Transmitting to the brain (thalamus, sorting)
-(speaks also to:
-brainstam; staying awake
-hypothalamus; heart rate/breathing/sweating
-Amygdala gives neg/pos experience)

85
Q

What is referred pain?

A

When you feel pain in a different area then where the pain stimulus is.

Heart attack - left chest/arm/neck
Appendix; right lower abdomen

86
Q

Referred pain from:
Heart attack
Gallbladder
Appendix
Kidney

A

Heart rate; left arm/chest/neck

Gallbladder; right upper abdomen, right shoulder

Appendix; right lower abdomen

Kidney; lower back/flanks/pelvis region

87
Q

Which two kinds of analgesia do we have?

A

-Opiod
Act central (brain and spinal cord) -morphin, fentanyl, codein

-Non-opiod
Act peripheral, blocks transduction in the nociceptors -paracetamol

-Ketamin
Modulation rug in the spinal cord

88
Q

What are the five rights in giving medication/analgesia?

A

the right person
the right medication
The right dose
the right time
The right route/admin

89
Q

With local analgesia you will effect different nerves, depending on the concentration and time. Put the nerves in order from short time, to longer time:
Movement
Pain
Touch
Cold

A

Cold
Pain
Touch
Movement

90
Q

What do you do before digital nerve block?

A

Hypersensitivity for local anesthetics

Always make note of sensory and motor function before performing a nerve block

91
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

As a part immune system it produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes as defence

92
Q

What does the lymphatic system contains of?

A

Tissue organs:
Red bone marrow
Thymus
Spleen

Lymphatic vessels and nodes

Cells

93
Q

Do lymphocytes gather up in the lymph nodes, true or fals?

A

True

94
Q

Which cells do we have in the lymphatic system and what are they?

A

Phagocytes - naturel killers
Lymphocytes - T-cell and B-cell - specific killers

95
Q

What is the function of the Thymes and where is it?

A

Production of the T-cell, above the heart

96
Q

Where is the production voor Phagocytes and B-cells?

A

Red bone marrow

97
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

removing abnormal blood cells and initiating immune responses

98
Q

Injuries to the spleen can easily cause hemorrhagic shock, true or false?

A

True

99
Q

What does the innate immune system do?
What does the adaptive immune system do?

A

Innate are the phagocytes that attacks al foreign organism. Block barriers, skin and mucosa)

Adaptive immune system are the T-cells and the B-cells that attacks perticular organism

100
Q

The phagocytes are the second defence line, true or false?

A

False, there the first line

101
Q

Pus is mainly created by bacteria, true or false?

A

True

102
Q

How does the T-cell and the B-cell work?

A

T-cells attack and destroy foreign cells

B-cells differentiate into plasma cells and make anti-bodies

103
Q

Antibodies work with a lock and key system, true or false?

A

True

104
Q

What is the difference between an infection and an inflammation?

A

Inflammation is the body’s responds to an infection

An infection is an invasion of a pathogen

105
Q

What are the signs of infections/inflammation

A

redness
Heat
Pain
Swelling
Loss of function

106
Q

What are the four types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungus
Parasites

107
Q

How do you treat bacteria?

A

ABX

108
Q

Can you treat a virus with ABX, yes or no?

A

No

109
Q

What is a sepsis?

A

Life threatening infection with multi organ failure. Blood poison.

110
Q

What is the sepsis management?

A

ABX hit fast and hit hard, within one hour.

111
Q

Is sepsis a primary injury or a secondairy injury?

A

Secondairy injury

112
Q

How do you prevent an infection

A

-Take care of the wound
-Work aseptic
-Avoid unnecessary -Procedures/injurie
-Treat with antibiotics

113
Q

What are anaphylactic reactions?
Local and systematic.

A

Local
-Edema
-Rash

Systematic
Abdominal - Vomiting
Respiratory - Stridor
Cardiovasculair - Shock

114
Q

What is the treatment for Anaphylactic?
Local, systemic and shock.

A

Local: Ceterizine, momentasone

Systemic: Ceterizine, Dexamethasone

Shock: Adrenaline, dexamethasone, ceterizine

115
Q

Three functions of the endocrine system?

A

Communication
Integration
Control

Of chemicals messengers to specific cells

116
Q

What is the difference in the nerve system and endocrine system?

A

Nerve
Electrical impuls - specific destination - short term - crisis management

Endocrine
Chemical impuls - many cells - long term - release by negative feedback

117
Q

What is the negative feedback loop?

A

Explain it with testosteron.

118
Q

Do hormones enter de capilary directly? True or false?

A

True

119
Q

By what are hormones inactivated?

A

Breaking down enzymes
Removed by kidney and liver
Bind to cell recepter

120
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine?

A

Endocrine is inside of the body

Exocrine is outside the body, sweat glands, oil glands

121
Q

Which three stimuli’s do you have for hormon control?

A

Neural (nerve)
Humeral (Ph blood)
Hormonal (hormones)

122
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Master glands, link between nervous system and endocrine system

123
Q

What is the hypophysis (pituitary)?

A

Inside of the hypothalamus
Controls over different organs with different hormones

124
Q

Underproduction of growth hormone is gigantism.
Overproduction is dwarfism. True or false?

A

False, underproduction is dwarfism
Overproduction is gigantism

125
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce, stores and release?

A

Thyroid hormones. Rich blood supply.

126
Q

What does the thyroid gland produces?

A

Produces hormones for growth

Develepmont

Increase of metabolism

And reduction of Ca2 in the blood(bone weaker)

127
Q

Tell something about:
Graves dissease and hashimotos thyroiditis

A

Graves dissease is hyper thyroidisme. Weight loss and goiter

Hashimotos thyroiditis is hypo thyroidisme. Weight gain and goiter

128
Q

What is the outer portion adrenal cortex triggered by?

What is the inner portion adrenal cortex triggered by?

A

Outer hormonal:
Sodium
Glucose
Testosteron
SALT/SUGAR/SEX

Inner neural:
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

129
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On top of the kidney’s

130
Q

What is Glucocorticoid?

A

Stresshormoon

131
Q

Acute adrenal crisis (cortisol/stresshormone) can be a life threatening emergency. True or false.

A

True

132
Q

Pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine cells. True or false?

A

True

Endocrine 1%
Exocrine 99%

133
Q

What do the endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhands produce and secrete?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

134
Q

What does the exocrine cells secrete?

A

Enzyme rich digestive fluid

135
Q

What is the difference between insulin and glucagon?

A

Insuline decreases blood sugar glucose levels

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels

136
Q

What does a type 1 diabetes doesnt have?
Glucogeen or insuline?

A

Insuline

137
Q

What do you do with a hyperglykemie and with a hyoglykemie?

A

Hyperglykemie insuline
Hypoglykemie eat sugar

Week 4 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions