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Networking & Operating System > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

1
Q

What are system backups and what achieves

A

– Copies files and directories to an archive.

– Use to restore data in case of a system failure or
data loss and corruption.

– File containing many other files, each of which is
still identified by its filename, owner, permissions,
and timestamp.

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2
Q

Describe what these core folders contain in debian:
etc/
home/
opt/
root/
var/
srv/

A

– /etc -contains core configuration files, security
files, network configuration files, user and group
information, etc.

– /home -each user has a /home directory.

– /opt -software and packages added after the
default installation.

– /root -root user’s home directory.

– /var -system-specific information that changes
while the system is running normally.

– /srv -server scripts

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3
Q

What is the Tar Ulitlty?

A

This is a tool that is used to achieve files into a Tarball

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4
Q

What is a full backup?

A

Archive of all files on the file system

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5
Q

What is Incremental backup?

A

Archive containing only files modified since the last backup

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6
Q

What does these operators mean:

> <
I

A

> : Output
< : Input
I : One command option

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7
Q

What does “cpio” mean?

ls | cpio -o > files.cpio

A

This is a tool that is used to achieve and extract files (Like Winrar)

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8
Q

What does Gzip mean and what’s the difference between Tar and Gzip and why do we use Tar for Gzip.

A

The Gzip is a tool that is used for compressing, whilist Tar is used for acheiving (Tarball). Gzip can only compress one file so we tar the files/folders into a achieve (one file) and then compress that file.

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9
Q

What is Cron?

crontab

A

The configuration file used to specify tasks to run at a
certain time and shell files, commands are ran.

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10
Q

What is a process?

A

A process refers to an instance of a running program or application within the Debian operating system. A process cannot be created without a process so Partent and Child process exisit.

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11
Q

What is Foreground Process & Background Process?

A

Backeground: This software/application is ran by the Kernal or other parent processes.

Foreground: This software/application is ran by the User starting the processes.

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12
Q

What is fork and vfork?

A

Fork creates a new process by duplicating the existing process, while vfork creates a new process without duplicating the entire address space of the parent process, instead sharing the memory of the parent process until the child process calls exec or _exit.

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13
Q

What is wait in processing?

A

Wait system call is same as fork with one key
difference. The parent goes into a wait state (sleep) until the child
terminates

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14
Q

What is exec in processing?

A

exec system call causes a process to start a new
program that replaces the current process. In other words, creates a new process which replaces the current process

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15
Q

What is a an Alu?

A

ALU stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit. It is a key component of a CPU (Central Processing Unit) responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations on data.

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16
Q

What is the control unit?

A

The control unit is a crucial component of a CPU (Central Processing Unit) responsible for coordinating and controlling the operations of the entire processor. It manages the flow of data and instructions between different components of the CPU, ensuring that instructions are fetched, decoded, and executed in the correct sequence.

17
Q

What is top commnad?

A

This command enables you to monitor the process in linux

18
Q

What is vmstat command?

A

Displays the computer hardware performance e.g., the ram is 90% free

19
Q

What is the Inode?

A

Data structure that stores all information about a file except the actual data and filename. In a file system, an inode (index node) is a data structure that represents a file or a directory. It serves as a reference or “address” to access and retrieve the properties and metadata associated with the file.

20
Q

What are soft and hard links? Please tell me the difference aswel.

A

Soft (Symbolic) and hard links are ways to link files together so if:

/etc/data/cat.txt
/var/log/cat.txt

Had a link, then if /etc/data/cat.txt was edited then /var/log/cat.txt.

The difference is that hard link will create another partition on the hard drive, meaning its like a copy and paste with the linking properties, however soft link will create a partent and child file meaning this takes less space, however if /etc/data/cat.txt was deleted then /var/log/cat.txt, wouldn’t work.

21
Q

File Space exists two levels of abstraction?

A

– Logical: Partitions, Directories, Files
– Physical: File Systems, Disk Blocks, Pointers

22
Q

What are blocks towards storage (Basically how does a file get stored on a hard disk)?

A

To store a file, it is decomposed into fixed-size blocks. Each block is then stored at a disk location

23
Q

How does the Kernel locate a particular block of a
disk

A

– File Systems use an indexing scheme
– In Linux indexing is handled through data
structure

Basically using the Inode, tells us the indexes (almost like keys) of block which are needed for the file so the Inode basically acts like a map.

24
Q

What pointers (points to block) are within an inode?

A

Typically, an inode will contain 15 pointers
– 12 Direct pointers
– 1 indirect pointer
– 1 double indirect pointer
– 1 triple indirect pointer
* Indirect pointers point to Indirect Block
* Disk block stores ~1-8Kb

Direct -> Blocks

Indirect -> Blocks

Double -> Indirect -> Blocks

Triple -> Double -> Indirect -> Blocks

25
Q

We know how files are stored within a hard drive using pointers and blocks but how does the directors work/fit?

A

Directory = Collection of data blocks on Directory Structure

26
Q

What are the terminology for Filesystem and Storage Space ?

A

Storage Space = Collection of storage devices

Filesystem = Block Structure for a specific Partition

27
Q

What are these Compute AWS services?

EC2

EC2 Auto Scale

Elastic Container

EC2 Container Registry (ECR)

AWS Lambda

AMI

AWS Elastic Beanstalk

A

EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud): It provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud, allowing users to create and manage virtual servers (Instances of a computer).

EC2 Auto Scaling: It is a feature of EC2 that automatically adjusts the number of instances based on predefined scaling policies to match the demand (Creates or destroys EC2 depending on the police, e.g., amount of users).

Elastic Container Service (ECS): It is a fully managed container orchestration service that allows running and scaling containerized applications using Docker containers (Docker containers basically).

EC2 Container Registry (ECR): It is a fully managed Docker container registry that makes it easy to store, manage, and deploy container images (Manger/Setup/Application for the ECS containers).

AWS Lambda: It is a serverless compute service that lets you run your code, executing functions in response to events or triggers (Code you write, that can be triggered or trigger actions, e.g, remove all users from database).

AMI (Amazon Machine Image): It is a template that provides the information required to launch an instance, including the operating system, applications, and configuration (Image for ECS/EC2 e.g., Docker images).

AWS Elastic Beanstalk: It is a fully managed service that simplifies the deployment and management of applications by handling the underlying infrastructure and platform configuration automatically.

28
Q

What are AWS database features?

Amazon DynamoDB

Amazon RDS

Amazon Auroa

A

Amazon DynamoDB: It is a fully managed NoSQL database service that provides fast and predictable performance with seamless scalability (Scales your database if needed).

Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service): It is a managed database service that makes it easy to set up, operate, and scale relational databases such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and SQL Server (Just simply a database).

Amazon Aurora: It is a high-performance and fully managed relational database service compatible with MySQL and PostgreSQL, offering increased scalability, availability, and durability (A database but faster than the other database services).

29
Q

What is it meant by AWS if something is Managed and Unmanaged?

A

Unmanaged:
Scaling, fault tolerance, and availability are managed by you.

Managed:
Scaling, fault tolerance, and availability are typically built in to the service.

30
Q

What are AWS networking features?

ELB

Region & Availability zones

VPC

CloudFront

AWS Transit Gateway

Route 53

Internet gateway

VPN

A

Elastic Load Balancing (ELB): It is a service that automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple EC2 instances or containers to improve availability and scalability (Redirect users to different EC2 instances, depending on the live users on the instance).

Region & Availability Zones: AWS Regions are separate geographic areas where AWS resources are located, and Availability Zones are distinct data centers within a region that provide fault tolerance (Region -> AZ -> Data Servers, large and spread across).

VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): It is a virtual network that allows you to provision a logically isolated section of the AWS Cloud, providing control over network configuration, IP addressing, and security (Section that is different from others for example Frontend has a VPC and backend has a VPC).

CloudFront: It is a content delivery network (CDN) service that securely delivers data, videos, applications, and APIs to users with low latency and high transfer speeds. (CloudFront is a server that enables the user to access media faster)

AWS Transit Gateway: It is a network transit hub that simplifies connectivity between Amazon VPCs, on-premises networks, and remote networks (Allows VPC to connect to each other, e.g, public VPC to connect to a private VPC).

Route 53: It is a scalable and highly available domain name system (DNS) web service that translates domain names to IP addresses and routes users to internet applications.
Subnets/Private Subnets: Subnets are segments of a VPC’s IP address range, and private subnets are subnets that don’t have direct internet access, providing an extra layer of security (Route 53 could route your English users to the English language of your application and route your Spanish users to the Spain language of your application).

Internet Gateway: It is a horizontally scalable, redundant AWS service that allows communication between instances in a VPC and the internet (Allows the public to access a VPC but does not enable VPCs to communicate with each other).

VPN (Virtual Private Network): It is a secure network connection that allows you to establish an encrypted connection between your on-premises network and your VPC, extending your private network securely into the cloud (Secure network connection, encrypted connection).

31
Q

What is Amazon CloudWatch?

A

Amazon CloudWatch is a monitoring and observability service provided by AWS. It collects and tracks metrics, logs, and events from various AWS resources and applications, providing you with a unified view of your AWS infrastructure and applications’ operational health and performance.

32
Q

What are AWS storage features?

S3

S3 Glacier

EBS

EFS

A

Amazon S3 is a highly scalable and durable object storage service designed for storing and retrieving large amounts of data in the cloud (S3 is an object storage system, that storage large files such as datasets, videos, images, etc).

Amazon S3 Glacier is an archival storage service designed for long-term storage of data that is infrequently accessed (S3 Glacier is archive storage for S3, basically if any media hasn’t been viewed in S3 for a long time, then it’s moved into S3 Glacier).

EBS provides persistent block-level storage volumes for use with EC2 instances, allowing you to store and retrieve data as needed (Block storage volumes such as SSD, HHD, etc.).

EFS is a scalable and fully managed file storage service that provides shared file storage for multiple EC2 instances, supporting concurrent access from multiple instances. (Shared file directory system NFS across multiple EC2 instances for example etc/images EC2 1 has this and EC2 2 has this, EC2 1 edits the images folder so it’s updated for EC2 2 directory as well).

33
Q

What is Traditional IT?

A

This is basically when the company’s on-premise runs the server.

34
Q

What are the three types of cloud services?

A

Infrastructure as a Service
Platform as a Service
Software as a Service

Networking & Operating System (1 decks)

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