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everything Flashcards

1
Q

which of these are the brush boarder enzymes?

lactase
protease
maltase
HCL
amylase
sucrase
lipase

A

lactase
maltase
sucrase

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2
Q

what 2 enzymes occur in the mouth?

pepsin
protease
amylase
lipase

A

amylase
lipase

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3
Q

what would labs look like with a patient who has anemia of chronic disease? (normal, low, or high)

ferritin - n, l or h
serum iron - l or h
TIBC - l or h

A

ferritin = normal or high
serum iron = low
TIBC = low

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4
Q

What causes pallegra?

deficiency in B2
deficiency in B3
Toxicity of B2
Toxicity of B3

A

deficiency in B3 (niacin)

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5
Q

Which of the following minerals would you find in black pepper, parsley, dill, and canned apple juice?

boron
vanadium
chromium
molybdenum

A

vanadium

found in shellfish, black pepper, parsley, dill, apple juice, beer, wine

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6
Q

Which of the following increases glutathione and therefor reduces oxidative stress?

l-glutamate
d-lactate
l-lysine
n-acteylcysteine

A

n-acteylcysteine

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7
Q

which is a sign of selenium toxicity?

Skin rashes, brittle hair, garlic breath
Anemia, burning sensation, chills
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain

A

Skin rashes, brittle hair, garlic breath

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8
Q

To make heme, which 4 micronutrients are required?

B6
Vit A
zinc
copper
iron
B5
B12

A

B6, zinc, iron, B5

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9
Q

Folate content in foods is reduced by all the following except?

cooking
exposure to sunlight
acidic environment
tannins

A

tannins

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10
Q

which vitamin is found in the following: liver, mushrooms, tuna, avocado, fortified cereals

B1
B2
B3
B5
B6

A

B5 pantothenic acid

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11
Q

RDA of vit D for adults

5 mcg
10 mcg
15 mcg
20 mcg

A

15 mcg

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12
Q

RDA for Potassium in adult females

2000 mg
2400 mg
2600 mg
3000 mg

A

2600 mg

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13
Q

Function of vit A

vision, immunity, growth
metabolic reactions
hormone activity
healthy skin, growth, blood vessels

A

vision, immunity, growth

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14
Q

Which vitamin is found in the following: sunlight, fish, eggs, mushrooms

A
C
D
E

A

D

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15
Q

what is the RDA for calcium in adults

500 mg
800 mg
1000 mg
1300 mg

A

1000 mg

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16
Q

toxicity of what mineral causes end stage renal failure and calcification of soft tissues?

manganese
molybdenum
copper
phosphorus

A

phosphorus

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17
Q

toxicity of what mineral causes kidney stones, calcification of tissue and anorexia?

manganese
phosphorus
iron
calcium

A

calcium

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18
Q

Which are sources of B1?

chickpeas, sweet potatoes, avocado
dairy, eggs, organ meats
brown rice, fish, chicken
pork, fish, lentils, enriched grains

A

pork, fish, lentils, enriched grains

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19
Q

Which vitamin functions are hormone activity, bone and tooth formation?

C
K
D
E

A

D

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20
Q

What is the RDA of phosphorus?

1000 mg
1200 mg
1250 mg
1300 mg

A

1250 mg

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21
Q

toxicity of what vitamin causes headaches, dry skin, and joint pain?

C
A
D
E

A

A

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22
Q

Which are collections of lipid soluble dietary subcomponents surrounded by a layer of water soluble bile salts?

Chylomicrons
liposomes
micelles

A

micelles

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23
Q

Salivary amylase functions best at which pH?

3-4
5.5-6.5
6.75-7
8-9.5

A

6.7-7

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24
Q

Which mineral is found in almonds, pecans, lima beans, oats, brown rice, green leafy vegetables, pineapple, and dark chocolate?

Ca
Fe
Mg
Mn

A

Mn

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25
Q

Which stimulates the release of zymogens by the pancreas and stimulates the gallbladder to contract and expel bile?

gastrin
secretin
ghrelin
CCK

A

CCK

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26
Q

Toxicity of what vitamin causes the following: calcification of organs, hypercalcemia, joint pain.

A
C
D
E

A

D

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27
Q

What is the RDA for vit A in M adults?

500 mcg
700 mcg
900 mcg
1000 mcg

A

900 mcg

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28
Q

Deficiency in what mineral causes the following: white spots on nails, poor healing, skin issues, loss of taste/smell.

copper
iron
zinc
magnesium

A

zinc

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29
Q

Deficiency in what mineral causes the following: convulsions, neuropathy, impaired metabolism.

copper
phosphorus
manganese
selenium

A

manganese

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30
Q

what nutrient inhibits iron absorption?

magnesium
Vit C
calcium
copper

A

calcium

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31
Q

deficiency of what nutrient causes rickets?

C
copper
D
selenium

A

D

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32
Q

Which micronutrient is required to oxidize iron so that it can bind to transferrin for transport?

vit C
calcium
copper
zinc

A

copper

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33
Q

Excess amounts of this micronutrient can cause a copper deficiency

vit D
calcium
zinc
magnesium

A

zinc

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34
Q

Which vitamin is associated with NAD/NADH?

B1
B2
B3
B5

A

B3 niacin

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35
Q

Which vitamin is associated with CoA?

B1
B2
B3
B5

A

B5

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36
Q

Which vitamin is associated with FAD/FADH?

B1
B2
B3
B5

A

B2

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37
Q

Which vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan?

B1
B2
B3
B5

A

B3

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38
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of Pellagra?

Dementia
Death
Dehydration
Dry skin
Dermatitis
Diarrhea

A

Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

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39
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin is associated with Beriberi

B1
B2
B3
B5

A

B1 thiamine

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40
Q

Deficiency of this B vitamin is associated with alcoholism and congestive heart failure

B1
B2
B3
B5

A

B1

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41
Q

what deficiency causes the following: corneal vascularization (increased red blood vessels in whites of eyes), angular stomatosis, chelosis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis

Vit A
B1
Zinc
B2

A

B2 riboflavin

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42
Q

toxicity of what B vitamin causes the following: flushing, itching, redness, burning

B1
B2
B3
B5

A

B3 niacin

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43
Q

Pernicious anemia is a _____________ (megaloblastic, macrocytic, microcytic, or multiple) anemia.

A

megaloblastic, macrocytic

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44
Q

Anemia as a result of folate deficiency is considered……(megaloblastic, macrocytic, microcytic, or multiple) anemia.

A

megaloblastic, microcytic

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45
Q

Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of……

iron
b12
zinc
folate

A

b12

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46
Q

Autoimmune gastritis is associated with which anemia?

pernicious anemia
iron deficiency anemia
folate deficiency anemia
sideroblastic anemia

A

pernicious anemia

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47
Q

Sideroblastic anemia is ____________ (macrocytic, normocytic, microcytic) and (hypochromic, normochromic)

A

microcytic, hypochromic

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48
Q

How much folic acid is recommended for pregnant women?

200 mcg
400 mcg
800 mcg
1000 mcg

A

400 mcg

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49
Q

The safe minimal internal temp for beef, pork and lamb is..

145 F
155 F
165 F

A

145 F

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50
Q

which of the following symptoms could be present with thiamine deficiency?

flushing
insomnia
pellagra
abnormal gait and mental confusion

A

abnormal gait and mental confusion

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51
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

Private (PVT) TIM HaLL

A

Phenylalanine
valine
tryptophan
threonine
isoleucine
methionine
histidine
Leucine
lysine

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52
Q

What are sulfa drugs?

A

antibiotics, treat infections like UTIS, skin, vaginal, eye infections

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53
Q

What are some sources of flavonoids?

green tea, licorice root, apples, wine
berries, coffee, spices, grapes
nuts, grains, seeds

A

green tea, licorice, etc

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54
Q

DRI for carbohydrates for pregnant women?

120 g
140 g
175 g
200 g

A

175 g

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55
Q

your client is experiencing lethargy, apathy, irritability, changes in pigmentation, edema, and low serum albumin. What condition may they have?

vit c deficiency
zinc deficiency
kwashiorkor
marasmus

A

kwashiorkor

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56
Q

Examples of high oxalate foods

A

blackberries, blueberries, kiwi, spinach, celery, nuts, soy, black tea

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57
Q

sideroblastic microcytic anemia
-high or low iron?
-deficiency of what nutrient?

A

-high iron (not making use of it, low RBC)
-B6

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58
Q

What drug inhibits absorption of iron, inhibits excretion of potassium, and increases urinary zinc excretion?

A

ACE inhibitors (end in -pril)
treat high blood pressure

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59
Q

which of the following nutrients is needed for glycogenolysis?

B2
B3
B5
B6

A

B6

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60
Q

Beta blockers end in ()

A

lol

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61
Q

Which of the following SNPs is associated with increased risk of hypertension in individuals who consume excess sodium?

ACE
AGT
CYP1A2
MTHFR

A

ACE

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62
Q

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the rate-limiting step in glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase
Hexokinase
Pyruvate kinase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

A

Phosphofructokinase

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63
Q

Which of the following supplements may interact with the blood-thinning medication warfarin and increase the risk of bleeding?

Calcium
Vitamin C
Magnesium
Fish oil

A

fish oil

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64
Q

What nutrients are required for the production of melatonin?

Zinc
B6
Tyrosine
Magnesium
Tryptophan

A

zinc, tryptophan, magnesium

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65
Q

Zinc interferes with absorption of what nutrient and vise versa

A

copper

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66
Q

Which category of medications may lead to decreased absorption of vitamin B12, and should therefore be monitored closely in patients at risk of deficiency?

ACE inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
Antidepressants
Antihistamines

A

PPIs

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67
Q

Calcium inhibits absorption of what nutrient

A

Iron

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68
Q

Sources of choline

A

meat, fish, pork, eggs, dairy

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69
Q

Signs of B2 deficiency

A

stomatitis, swollen red tongue, cheilosis, blurred vision, depression

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70
Q

__________ is required to convert thiamin to its biologically active form and is also required for certain thiamin-dependent enzymes.

Magnesium
Zinc
Vitamin B6
Vitamin C

A

magnesium

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71
Q

Which of the following genetic variants is associated with reduced ability to metabolize caffeine?

CYP1A2
MTHFR
FTO
APOE

A

CYP1A2

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72
Q

Which medication could interact with calcium and other minerals, potentially leading to mineral deficiencies?

Lisinopril
Metformin
Alendronate

A

Alendronate-treats osteoporosis

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73
Q

glycolysis inputs and outputs

A

inputs: glucose, ADP, NAD+
outputs: pyruvate, ATP, NADH

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74
Q

citric acid cycle (Krebs) inputs and outputs

A

inputs: acetyl CoA, NAD, FAD, ADP
outputs: CO2, NADH, FADH, ATP

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75
Q

Which foods may you recommend avoiding for clients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?

A

sauerkraut, pickled/fermented foods (tyramine containing foods)

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76
Q

RDA for iodine

75 mg
100 mg
125 mg
150 mg

A

150 mg

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77
Q

B12 deficiency

macrocytic anemia
microcytic anemia

A

macrocytic anemia

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78
Q

What enhances vitamin C

L-carnitine
L-gluatmine
L-lysine

A

L-carnitine

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79
Q

RDA for zinc M & F

A

8mg F, 11mg M

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80
Q

what two nutrients enhance calcium

vit A
zinc
iron
Selenium
copper

A

vit A and selenium

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81
Q

hoshimotos, goiter and cystic fibrosis are causes by what nutrient toxicity?

A

iodine

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82
Q

magnesium deficiency

diarrhea, cramping, stomach pain
yawning, sighing, insomnia, stress
depression, anxiety, anemia, carpel tunnel

A

yawning, sighing, insomnia, stress

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83
Q

B6 deficiency
diarrhea, cramping, stomach pain
yawning, sighing, insomnia, stress
depression, anxiety, anemia, carpel tunnel

A

depression, anxiety, anemia, carpel tunnel

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84
Q

which of the following mineral supplementation may be used to increase testosterone levels, increase estrogen levels, or treat osteoporosis?

nickel
selenium
zinc
boron

A

boron

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85
Q

Raisins, dates, Brazil nuts, apricots, and avocados are a source of what?

selenium
nickel
boron
molybdenum

A

boron

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86
Q

What amino acid is a precursor for dopamine?

tyrosine
tryptophan
serotonin
melatonin

A

tyrosine

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87
Q

what Amino acid is a precursor for melatonin and serotonin?

A

tryptophan

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88
Q

A decrease in epinephrine causes a __ In glucagon

A

increase

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89
Q

what does aldosterone do?

increase secretion of water from kidneys
increase reabsorption of sodium in kidneys
increase reabsorption of potassium in kidneys
stimulates production of antidiuretic hormone

A

increase reabsorption of sodium in kidneys

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90
Q

CYP3A4 is responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of medicines. What is one supplement that significantly increases its activity?

A

St Johns wort
St Johns wort makes liver enzymes work faster or slower (usually faster)(Which is why it causes either too low of levels or too high of levels of medications.)

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91
Q

what classification is
under 5th percentile
5-85
85-95th percentile
95-99 percentile

A

underweight
normal
overweight
obese

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92
Q

Hemolytic anemia is an indicator of what nutrient deficiency?

C
E
B12
D

A

E

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93
Q

BMI range of 25-29.9 is considered?

A

overweight

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94
Q

High doses of this vit can lead to sensory neuropathy, ataxia, and degeneration of neurons

B5
B2
B6
B3

A

B6 its a neurotransmitter

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95
Q

Which biotransformation phase converts nutrients into highly oxidized and reactive intermediates?

phase 1
phase 2

A

phase 1

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95
Q

Which biotransformation phase converts nutrients into highly oxidized and reactive intermediates?

phase 1
phase 2

A

phase 1

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96
Q

Oxidations, reduction, dehalogenations, hydrolysis, dehyrogenations, dealkylations are types of reactions that occur in which phase of biotransformation?

1
2

A

phase 1

97
Q

phase 2 reactions include

glucuoronidations
sulfations
acetylations
methylations
peptide conjugations
all of the above

A

all of the above

98
Q

Harris Benedict equation is used to calculate

total energy expenditure
REE
thermal effect of food
energy required for growth

A

REE

99
Q

what is the mifflin st jeor calculation (BMR)

A

M: 10 X kg + 6.25 X cm - 5 X age - 5
F: 10 X kg +6.25 X cm - 5 X age -161

100
Q

What are val, leu, ILE referred to as?

A

BCAAs

101
Q

Alternative calculation for REE estimation (kcal/kg)

10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30

A

20-25 kcal/kg

102
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, as well as transkelotase require which vit?

b1
D
biotin
B12

A

B1

103
Q

Which causes the intestinal smooth muscle to contract to push food along the tract?

secretin
CCK
acetylcholine
epinephrine

A

acetylcholine

104
Q

what does coffee and tea contain that can impair B1 absorption?

thiaminase
silicon
polyphenols
tannins

A

tannins

105
Q

which of these are caused by B1 deficiency?

berberi
pallegra
wernickle-korsakoffs
branched chain keto acidosis
epilepsy

A

berberi
wernickle-korsakoffs
branched chain keto acidosis

106
Q

Which vitamin is required for ETC function, reduction reactions, oxidation of AAS and FAS, hepatitis drug detox, condensation of acetate or pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and what is the cofactor it is a precursor for?

B2, FAD
B3, NAD
B1, TPP
B6, P5P

A

B2, FAD

107
Q

Selenium RDA

40
55
65
75

A

55 mcg

108
Q

What are the aromatic AAS

A

Trp, Tyr, Phe

Phe -> tyrosine
Tyr & Trp -> neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)

109
Q

Chronic deficiency of which leads to dermatitis, cheliosis, glossitis, blurred vision, face and genital eczema?

B1
B2
B3
B5

A

B2 riboflavin

110
Q

Cheese, yorugr, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, beans, spinach, whole grains, nuts, asparagus, avocados, broccoli are good sources of?

B2
B3
folate

A

b2 riboflavin

111
Q

What is the upper limit for daily niacin?

30mg
35mg
3 mg
3g

A

35mg

112
Q

which nutrient functions in dehydrogenase enzymes, are needed for CHO metabolism Bia glycolysis, and steroid synthesis. what are the coenzymes?

Niacin (NAD)
Riboflavin (FAD)
Thiamine (TPP)
Folate (folic acid)

A

Niacin (NAD)

113
Q

eggs, liver, fish m milk/cheese, potatoes, corn, broccoli, carrots, tomatoes are good sources of

C
E
niacin
folate

A

niacin B3

114
Q

which vitamin is used in macronutrient metabolism and signs of deficiency are dry scaly skin, anorexia, seborrhea, nausea

B1
B3
B5
Biotin

A

biotin

115
Q

Which vitamin plays a critical role in fat and cho utilization, oxidation/reductions rxns of energy metabolism, manufacturing of adrenal hormones and RBC metabolism

Biotin
B5
B6
B1

A

B5

116
Q

which nutrient is hindered by the presence of all, antibiotics, and avidin?

B1
B3
Biotin
B6

A

Biotin

117
Q

fatigue, nausea, and burning feet syndrome are signs of which deficiency

B1
B6
biotin
B5

A

B5

118
Q

good food sources of _ include yeast, whole grains, egg yolks, organ meats, potatoes, peas, beans and salt water fish

B1
B6
biotin
B5

A

B5

119
Q

chicken, lamb, pork, beef, beans, yeast, milk/cheese, saltwater fish are sources of

B1
B6
biotin
B5

A

biotin

120
Q

which nutrient in large doses could accelerate wound healing and reduce joint inflammation?

B5
biotin
B6
vit A

A

B5

121
Q

which nutrient is vital for healthy blood formation and nervous system function, required for 1 carbon methyl group transfers, fatty acid ox, DNA synthesis, cell division, and RBC differentiation?

B5
biotin
B12
B6

A

B12

122
Q

dermatitis, anemia, irritability, fatigue, insomnia, nervousness, convulsions, brain wave abnormalities are sings of which deficiency?

B5
B6
B12
biotin

A

B6

123
Q

which is required for collagen synthesis, iron metabolism, reduction of free radicals, synthesis of norepinephrine, dopamine, tryptophan, and tyrosine?

B6
vit C
biotin
Vit A

A

Vit C

124
Q

impaired nervous function, confusion, depression, memory loss, impaired coordination, peripheral neuritis, moodiness secondary folate deficiency are signs of which deficiency?

B12
B6
vit C
biotin

A

B12

125
Q

which is needed for protein and AA metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, immune function, hormone synthesis heme synthesis, RBC differentiation, and MTHF

B6
Vit C
biotin
B12

A

B6

126
Q

what is the coenzyme form of B6

A

pyridoxal 5 phosphate (must be phosphylated)

127
Q

citrus fruit, berries, and veggies are sources of

A
C
folate
B6

A

C

128
Q

meat, fish , eggs, cheese, milk and liver are sources of

C
B12
B6
A

A

B12

129
Q

in gluconeogensis, 1 glucose is formed by:

1 pyruvate, 1 ATP, 1 GTP
2 pyruvate, 1 ATP, 1 GTP
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 1 GTP

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 1 GTP

130
Q

anticonvulsants, barbiturates, and cortisone can impair the bioavailability of

A
D
E
K

A

D

131
Q

squash, yams, cantaloupe, dark green leafy veggies, fish oil and liver are good sources of

A
D
E
K

A

A

132
Q

green leafy veggies, veg oils, nuts, legumes, and wheat germ are good sources of

A
D
E
K

A

E

133
Q

antibiotics, dilantin, aspirin, and anticoagulants as well as high doses of vit E affect the bioavailability of

A
D
E
K

A

K

134
Q

What deficiencies are likely in a patient with ataxia?

K and D
iron, folate
E, B12, thiamine
Mg, Zn, Se

A

E, B12, thiamine

135
Q

nausea, appetite loss, diarrhea, fatigue, restlessness are signs of which toxicity?

A
D
E
K

A

D

136
Q

green leafy veggies, broccoli, cabbage, spinach, egg yolks, cheese, liver, intestinal microflora are sources of

A
D
K
E

A

vit K

137
Q

which recycles oxidized vit C and beta carotene

A
D
E
K

A

E

138
Q

toxic levels of this vitamin cause hemolytic anemia

A
D
E
K

A

K

139
Q

headache, fatigue, blurred vision, dry skin, weakness, nausea, hair loss, vertigo, appetite loss are signs of which toxicity

A
D
K
E

A

vit A

140
Q

What is aplastic anemia

A

Anemia that is inherited or acquired where the bone marrow is damaged and can’t make enough RBC, platelets, white blood cells

141
Q

What is hemolytic anemia

A

Anemia where the RBCs die faster than they are replaced

142
Q

What is thalassemia

A

Inherited blood disorder where your body has suboptimal hemoglobin

143
Q

What nutrient deficiency increases risk of glucose intolerance and development of diabetes

A

chromium

144
Q

Diabetes excretes which minerals?
Magnesium
Boron
Zinc
Iron
Chromium

A

Magnesium
Zinc
Chromium

145
Q

Metformin is a drug used for what condition? and depletes which nutrients?

A

diabetes
folic acid, B12

146
Q

Insulin depletes which nutrient

A

magnesium

147
Q

7 Nutrients of concern with osteoporosis

A

calcium
vit d
vit k
magnesium
phosphorus
boron
vit c

148
Q

what are Bisphosphonates (Alendronate, Risedronate) used for?
what 4 nutrients interfere?

A

osteporosis

magnesium
calcium
zinc
iron

149
Q

what nutrients convert homocysteine to methionine?

A

B6, B9, B12

150
Q

what 10 nutrients are important for cardiovascular disease prevention

A

fiber
B6, B9, B12
calcium
magnesium
EFAs (omegas, DHA, EPA)
Vit C, E, selenium

151
Q

What are ACE inhibitors (lisinopril) used for? What nutrient does it deplete?

A

blood pressure
zinc

152
Q

What are beta blockers ex: atenolol used for?
What nutrients does it deplete?

A

blood pressure
CoQ10, chromium, melatonin

153
Q

what are Calcium Channel Blockers ex: amlodipine used for?
what nutrient does it deplete?

A

vitamin D

154
Q

What are statins ex atorvastatin used for?
what nutrient does it deplete?

A

high cholesterol
CoQ10

155
Q

what nutrient deficiency causes easy bruising?

iron
zinc
b12
choline

A

iron

156
Q

Vitamin A absorption is increased by

A

vit E, zinc, protein

157
Q

Arachidonic is why kind of fat?

A

poly unsaturated omega 6 (part of inflammatory process-dont want excess)

158
Q

what kind of fat is Stearic

A

saturated fat (not considered harmful)

159
Q

what kind of fat is Oleic

A

mono-unsaturated omega 9

160
Q

achalasia

A

dysfunction of the esophagus

161
Q

Gastritis

A

inflammation of the stomach lining.

162
Q

Deficiencies of iron generally would result in which type of anemia?

Microcytic
Megaloblastic
Macrocytic
Hemolytic

A

Microcytic

Megaloblastic anemia is specific to B12 deficiency

Macrocytic anemia is most specifically attributed to low B12
Hemolytic anemia is caused when the RBCs are being destroyed faster than they can be made. This is rare and is usually linked with diseases such as sickle cell and lupus

163
Q

Phenytoin, a common drug used to treat epilepsy, depletes with which of the following nutrients?

Biotin
B12
Folate
Thiamin

A

Folate

164
Q

Which of the trace minerals is considered essential for normal brain function?

Chromium
Vanadium
Fluorine
Manganese

A

Manganese

165
Q

How much weight should women of normal weight gain during pregnancy?

15-25 lbs
28-40 lbs
20-35 lbs
25-35 lbs

A

25-35 lbs

166
Q

An excessive intake of this mineral can inhibit copper absorption. It is known as:

calcium
molybdenum
iodine
iron

A

molybdenum

167
Q

You have a patient with Multiple Sclerosis. He/she has been treated with corticosteroids long term. What nutrition intervention is appropriate?

increasing complex CHO intake
iron and omega-3 fish oils
supplementation with antioxidants promoting the Atkins diet
supplementation with vitamin D and calcium

A

supplementation with vitamin D and calcium

168
Q

A deficiency in which of the following will increase blood pressure and cholesterol?

Selenium.
Iron.
Copper.
Zinc.

A

copper

169
Q

Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia is known as which of the following?

dawn phenomenon
lactic acidosis
Somogyi effect
ketoacidosis

A

Somogyi effect

170
Q

Deprivation of which of the following nutrients during periods of rapid growth impairs brain and sexual development?

folate
niacin
zinc
B5

A

zinc

171
Q

Someone who takes medication for an ulcer is likely to have which of the following depleted?

Vitamin D.
Vitamin B12.
Vitamin A.
Vitamin E

A

ulcer medication are PPIs
b12 is depleted

172
Q

PPIs deplete what two nutrients

b6
b12
b5
magnesium
zinc

A

b12, magnesium

173
Q

Kesha’s disease is caused by deficiency of

vandadium
copper
zinc
selenium

A

selenium

174
Q

high quantities of this mineral impairs iron metabolism, causes anorexia, insomnia, and muscle pain

manganese
copper
molybdenum
iron

A

molybdenum

175
Q

What is hyposmia?

A

decreased sense of smell

176
Q

what is the mai extracellular anion and primary regulator of fluid and acid-base balance

sodium
chloride
potassium
magnesium
Calcium

A

calcium

177
Q

sterility, anemia, neuro disorders/nerve damage, muscle weakness are signs of which deficiency?

A
D
E
K

A

E

178
Q

which vitamin has a form that can, when given alone, increase lung cancer risk in smokers?

A
D
E
K

A

A

179
Q

which is an integral component of GSH (glutathione), insulin, keratin, and vital for cartilage, skin and CT

calcium
sulfur
magnesium
sodium

A

sulfur

180
Q

cloves are useful for which conditions? due to?

niple soreness
bruises and burns
toothache and muscle cramps
HTN

A

toothache and muscle cramps
due to eugenol which is an anesthetic

181
Q

chronic deficiency of this mineral causes hyperparathyroidism, muscle irritability, irritation, disorientation, convulsions, cramps, twitches

calcium
sulfur
magnesium
sodium

A

magnesium

182
Q

upper limit of calcium

1500
1750
2000
2500

A

2500 mg

183
Q

which beriberi do these sx belong to
muscle wasting, leg cramps, tenderness, decreased sensation in fingers and toes

dry
wet
cerebral
infantile

A

dry

184
Q

the most bioavailable forms of mag and calcium are

glycinate
lactate
citrate
gluconate

A

citrate

185
Q

processed foods, soft drinks, high protein foods, and cereal products are sources of

calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
boron

A

phosphorus

186
Q

Etoh (alc) and caffeine increase urinary excretion of

calcium
sulfur
magnesium
potassium

A

magnesium

187
Q

chronic ingestion of large amounts of protein, caffeine and odium will increase urinary excretion of which?

calcium
sulfur
magnesium
potassium

A

calcium

188
Q

which b vitamin assists in redox reactions and reactions that protect biological membranes from oxidative damage

B1
B2
B3
B5

A

B2

189
Q

which enhances the use of iron?

copper
molybdenum
nickel

A

nickel

190
Q

soybean, prunes, raisins, almond, rose hips, peanuts, and hazel nuts are good sources of

chromium
boron
copper
manganese

A

boron

191
Q

nuts, whole grains, legumes, liver are sources of

copper
boron
nickel
manganese

A

copper

192
Q

brewers yeast, grain, salmon, honey are good sources of

chromium
copper
molybdenum
nickel

A

chromium

193
Q

which phytonutrient helps clear glucose from the blood

lycopene
curcuminoids
colosolic acid
isoflavones

A

colosolic acid

194
Q

impaired reproduction along with decreased life expectancy are signs of what deficiency

iodine
copper
molybdenum
nickel

A

molybdenum

195
Q

protein requirements for adolescents
.8
.85
.9
.95

A

.95

196
Q

which botanical is used for coughing and asthma

lavender
hawthorn
burdock

A

burdock

197
Q

high amounts of dietary carbs will increase urinary excretion of

chromium
manganese
copper
boron

A

chromium

198
Q

which are needed to form niacin from tryptophan

B2,B3, Mg
B1, B2, B6
B6, B3, Mg
B2, B6, iron

A

B2, B6, iron

199
Q

the safe range for iron dosing is

A

below 75mg

200
Q

Cystic fibrosis, chronic renal failure, and UTIs are associated with alkaline or acidic urine

A

alkaline

201
Q

IBD is associated with acidic or alkaline urine

A

acidic

202
Q

MTHFR what does it do

A

homocysteine to methionine
detox

203
Q

agonists of MTHFR

A

b12, colonic acid, B2

204
Q

COMT involved with?
signs of SNP

A

breakdown of catecholamine neurotransmitters
-anxiety, add, add, hypertension, high pain sensitivity

205
Q

agonists of COMT

A

magnesium p-5-p

206
Q

antagonists of COMT

A

cannabis, rhodiola, green tea

207
Q

VDR what does it do

A

vitamin d receptor, antiinflammatory
drug and steroid metabolism

208
Q

VDR agonist

A

vit d

209
Q

slow comp problems

A

Those with a slow COMT will have higher levels of cortisol and suffer from HPA axis dysregulation.

210
Q

CYP19A1 (aromatase) what does it due

A

called essential in the synthesis of estrogen, specifically estradiol. Makes estradiol from testosterone

211
Q

CYP3A4 what does it do

A

metabolize vit d and testosterone

212
Q

CY3A4 agonist

A

kava kava & st johns wort, glucocorticoids (Nsaids)
st johns wort- dont use if taking drugs it will make drug metabolized faster and less effective

213
Q

CY3A4 antagonist

A

grapefruit (dont consume with statins)
goldenseal
resveretrol

214
Q

aromatase inhibitors

A

soy and selenium
(useful for women w/ too much estrogen)

215
Q

BCO1/BCMO1 what does it do

A

converts beta carotene to vitamin A (retinol)

216
Q

HLA-DQ2 is associated with?

A

celiac disease

217
Q

APOE-E4 is associated with?

A

alzhiemers

218
Q

what occurs due to poor kidney function

A

metabolic acidosis
hyperkalemia
hyperphosphatemia
hypocalcemia (due to reduced calcitriol-vit d)
anemia

219
Q

nutrients to increase for impaired kidney function

A

calcium
vit d

220
Q

nutrients to limit for impaired (renal ) kidney function

A

potassium and protein
phosphorus
fat soluble vit (A, K)

221
Q

which amino acid helps with anxiety attacks

A

glycine

222
Q

normal kidney function GFR

A

> 90

223
Q

end stage renal failure GFR (glomular filtration rate)

A

<15

224
Q

normal A1C level

A

below 5.7

225
Q

normal cholesterol

A

<200

226
Q

normal fasting glucose

A

70-100

227
Q

CKD stage GFR level (mL/min/1.73 m2)
Stage 1 ≥ 90
Stage 2 60 – 89
Stage 3 30 – 59
Stage 4 15 – 29
Stage 5 < 15

A
228
Q

normal triglycerides

A

<150

229
Q

optimal hdl

A

> 60

230
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120/80

231
Q

high phosphorus foods

A

meat, dairy, nuts, beans, soda

232
Q

high potassium foods

A

oranges, bananas, potatoes, wild/ brown rice, dairy

233
Q

what is chyme
what does it stimulate

A

fluid that passes from stomach to small intestine (gastric juices and partially digested food)
stimulates secretin

234
Q

what are enterocytes

A

cells that line gut (mostly small intestine)

235
Q

what does secretin do?

A

stimulates pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate towards common bile duct

236
Q

what does cholecystokinin do

A

stimulates pancreatic secretion of zymogens which stimulates gallbladder contraction of bile into common bile duct

237
Q

GALT contains what percentage of total immune cells in body

A

50-60% (primer)

238
Q

what does low urine excretion mannitol mean

A

small intestinal malasorption

239
Q

what does high lactulose urinary excretion mean

A

increased small intestinal impermeability

CNS exam (1 decks)

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