everything Flashcards
which of these are the brush boarder enzymes?
lactase
protease
maltase
HCL
amylase
sucrase
lipase
lactase
maltase
sucrase
what 2 enzymes occur in the mouth?
pepsin
protease
amylase
lipase
amylase
lipase
what would labs look like with a patient who has anemia of chronic disease? (normal, low, or high)
ferritin - n, l or h
serum iron - l or h
TIBC - l or h
ferritin = normal or high
serum iron = low
TIBC = low
What causes pallegra?
deficiency in B2
deficiency in B3
Toxicity of B2
Toxicity of B3
deficiency in B3 (niacin)
Which of the following minerals would you find in black pepper, parsley, dill, and canned apple juice?
boron
vanadium
chromium
molybdenum
vanadium
found in shellfish, black pepper, parsley, dill, apple juice, beer, wine
Which of the following increases glutathione and therefor reduces oxidative stress?
l-glutamate
d-lactate
l-lysine
n-acteylcysteine
n-acteylcysteine
which is a sign of selenium toxicity?
Skin rashes, brittle hair, garlic breath
Anemia, burning sensation, chills
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Skin rashes, brittle hair, garlic breath
To make heme, which 4 micronutrients are required?
B6
Vit A
zinc
copper
iron
B5
B12
B6, zinc, iron, B5
Folate content in foods is reduced by all the following except?
cooking
exposure to sunlight
acidic environment
tannins
tannins
which vitamin is found in the following: liver, mushrooms, tuna, avocado, fortified cereals
B1
B2
B3
B5
B6
B5 pantothenic acid
RDA of vit D for adults
5 mcg
10 mcg
15 mcg
20 mcg
15 mcg
RDA for Potassium in adult females
2000 mg
2400 mg
2600 mg
3000 mg
2600 mg
Function of vit A
vision, immunity, growth
metabolic reactions
hormone activity
healthy skin, growth, blood vessels
vision, immunity, growth
Which vitamin is found in the following: sunlight, fish, eggs, mushrooms
A
C
D
E
D
what is the RDA for calcium in adults
500 mg
800 mg
1000 mg
1300 mg
1000 mg
toxicity of what mineral causes end stage renal failure and calcification of soft tissues?
manganese
molybdenum
copper
phosphorus
phosphorus
toxicity of what mineral causes kidney stones, calcification of tissue and anorexia?
manganese
phosphorus
iron
calcium
calcium
Which are sources of B1?
chickpeas, sweet potatoes, avocado
dairy, eggs, organ meats
brown rice, fish, chicken
pork, fish, lentils, enriched grains
pork, fish, lentils, enriched grains
Which vitamin functions are hormone activity, bone and tooth formation?
C
K
D
E
D
What is the RDA of phosphorus?
1000 mg
1200 mg
1250 mg
1300 mg
1250 mg
toxicity of what vitamin causes headaches, dry skin, and joint pain?
C
A
D
E
A
Which are collections of lipid soluble dietary subcomponents surrounded by a layer of water soluble bile salts?
Chylomicrons
liposomes
micelles
micelles
Salivary amylase functions best at which pH?
3-4
5.5-6.5
6.75-7
8-9.5
6.7-7
Which mineral is found in almonds, pecans, lima beans, oats, brown rice, green leafy vegetables, pineapple, and dark chocolate?
Ca
Fe
Mg
Mn
Mn
Which stimulates the release of zymogens by the pancreas and stimulates the gallbladder to contract and expel bile?
gastrin
secretin
ghrelin
CCK
CCK
Toxicity of what vitamin causes the following: calcification of organs, hypercalcemia, joint pain.
A
C
D
E
D
What is the RDA for vit A in M adults?
500 mcg
700 mcg
900 mcg
1000 mcg
900 mcg
Deficiency in what mineral causes the following: white spots on nails, poor healing, skin issues, loss of taste/smell.
copper
iron
zinc
magnesium
zinc
Deficiency in what mineral causes the following: convulsions, neuropathy, impaired metabolism.
copper
phosphorus
manganese
selenium
manganese
what nutrient inhibits iron absorption?
magnesium
Vit C
calcium
copper
calcium
deficiency of what nutrient causes rickets?
C
copper
D
selenium
D
Which micronutrient is required to oxidize iron so that it can bind to transferrin for transport?
vit C
calcium
copper
zinc
copper
Excess amounts of this micronutrient can cause a copper deficiency
vit D
calcium
zinc
magnesium
zinc
Which vitamin is associated with NAD/NADH?
B1
B2
B3
B5
B3 niacin
Which vitamin is associated with CoA?
B1
B2
B3
B5
B5
Which vitamin is associated with FAD/FADH?
B1
B2
B3
B5
B2
Which vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan?
B1
B2
B3
B5
B3
What are the 4 symptoms of Pellagra?
Dementia
Death
Dehydration
Dry skin
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
Deficiency of this vitamin is associated with Beriberi
B1
B2
B3
B5
B1 thiamine
Deficiency of this B vitamin is associated with alcoholism and congestive heart failure
B1
B2
B3
B5
B1
what deficiency causes the following: corneal vascularization (increased red blood vessels in whites of eyes), angular stomatosis, chelosis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis
Vit A
B1
Zinc
B2
B2 riboflavin
toxicity of what B vitamin causes the following: flushing, itching, redness, burning
B1
B2
B3
B5
B3 niacin
Pernicious anemia is a _____________ (megaloblastic, macrocytic, microcytic, or multiple) anemia.
megaloblastic, macrocytic
Anemia as a result of folate deficiency is considered……(megaloblastic, macrocytic, microcytic, or multiple) anemia.
megaloblastic, microcytic
Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of……
iron
b12
zinc
folate
b12
Autoimmune gastritis is associated with which anemia?
pernicious anemia
iron deficiency anemia
folate deficiency anemia
sideroblastic anemia
pernicious anemia
Sideroblastic anemia is ____________ (macrocytic, normocytic, microcytic) and (hypochromic, normochromic)
microcytic, hypochromic
How much folic acid is recommended for pregnant women?
200 mcg
400 mcg
800 mcg
1000 mcg
400 mcg
The safe minimal internal temp for beef, pork and lamb is..
145 F
155 F
165 F
145 F
which of the following symptoms could be present with thiamine deficiency?
flushing
insomnia
pellagra
abnormal gait and mental confusion
abnormal gait and mental confusion
What are the 9 essential amino acids?
Private (PVT) TIM HaLL
Phenylalanine
valine
tryptophan
threonine
isoleucine
methionine
histidine
Leucine
lysine
What are sulfa drugs?
antibiotics, treat infections like UTIS, skin, vaginal, eye infections
What are some sources of flavonoids?
green tea, licorice root, apples, wine
berries, coffee, spices, grapes
nuts, grains, seeds
green tea, licorice, etc
DRI for carbohydrates for pregnant women?
120 g
140 g
175 g
200 g
175 g
your client is experiencing lethargy, apathy, irritability, changes in pigmentation, edema, and low serum albumin. What condition may they have?
vit c deficiency
zinc deficiency
kwashiorkor
marasmus
kwashiorkor
Examples of high oxalate foods
blackberries, blueberries, kiwi, spinach, celery, nuts, soy, black tea
sideroblastic microcytic anemia
-high or low iron?
-deficiency of what nutrient?
-high iron (not making use of it, low RBC)
-B6
What drug inhibits absorption of iron, inhibits excretion of potassium, and increases urinary zinc excretion?
ACE inhibitors (end in -pril)
treat high blood pressure
which of the following nutrients is needed for glycogenolysis?
B2
B3
B5
B6
B6
Beta blockers end in ()
lol
Which of the following SNPs is associated with increased risk of hypertension in individuals who consume excess sodium?
ACE
AGT
CYP1A2
MTHFR
ACE
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the rate-limiting step in glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase
Hexokinase
Pyruvate kinase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphofructokinase
Which of the following supplements may interact with the blood-thinning medication warfarin and increase the risk of bleeding?
Calcium
Vitamin C
Magnesium
Fish oil
fish oil
What nutrients are required for the production of melatonin?
Zinc
B6
Tyrosine
Magnesium
Tryptophan
zinc, tryptophan, magnesium
Zinc interferes with absorption of what nutrient and vise versa
copper
Which category of medications may lead to decreased absorption of vitamin B12, and should therefore be monitored closely in patients at risk of deficiency?
ACE inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
Antidepressants
Antihistamines
PPIs
Calcium inhibits absorption of what nutrient
Iron
Sources of choline
meat, fish, pork, eggs, dairy
Signs of B2 deficiency
stomatitis, swollen red tongue, cheilosis, blurred vision, depression
__________ is required to convert thiamin to its biologically active form and is also required for certain thiamin-dependent enzymes.
Magnesium
Zinc
Vitamin B6
Vitamin C
magnesium
Which of the following genetic variants is associated with reduced ability to metabolize caffeine?
CYP1A2
MTHFR
FTO
APOE
CYP1A2
Which medication could interact with calcium and other minerals, potentially leading to mineral deficiencies?
Lisinopril
Metformin
Alendronate
Alendronate-treats osteoporosis
glycolysis inputs and outputs
inputs: glucose, ADP, NAD+
outputs: pyruvate, ATP, NADH
citric acid cycle (Krebs) inputs and outputs
inputs: acetyl CoA, NAD, FAD, ADP
outputs: CO2, NADH, FADH, ATP
Which foods may you recommend avoiding for clients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?
sauerkraut, pickled/fermented foods (tyramine containing foods)
RDA for iodine
75 mg
100 mg
125 mg
150 mg
150 mg
B12 deficiency
macrocytic anemia
microcytic anemia
macrocytic anemia
What enhances vitamin C
L-carnitine
L-gluatmine
L-lysine
L-carnitine
RDA for zinc M & F
8mg F, 11mg M
what two nutrients enhance calcium
vit A
zinc
iron
Selenium
copper
vit A and selenium
hoshimotos, goiter and cystic fibrosis are causes by what nutrient toxicity?
iodine
magnesium deficiency
diarrhea, cramping, stomach pain
yawning, sighing, insomnia, stress
depression, anxiety, anemia, carpel tunnel
yawning, sighing, insomnia, stress
B6 deficiency
diarrhea, cramping, stomach pain
yawning, sighing, insomnia, stress
depression, anxiety, anemia, carpel tunnel
depression, anxiety, anemia, carpel tunnel
which of the following mineral supplementation may be used to increase testosterone levels, increase estrogen levels, or treat osteoporosis?
nickel
selenium
zinc
boron
boron
Raisins, dates, Brazil nuts, apricots, and avocados are a source of what?
selenium
nickel
boron
molybdenum
boron
What amino acid is a precursor for dopamine?
tyrosine
tryptophan
serotonin
melatonin
tyrosine
what Amino acid is a precursor for melatonin and serotonin?
tryptophan
A decrease in epinephrine causes a __ In glucagon
increase
what does aldosterone do?
increase secretion of water from kidneys
increase reabsorption of sodium in kidneys
increase reabsorption of potassium in kidneys
stimulates production of antidiuretic hormone
increase reabsorption of sodium in kidneys
CYP3A4 is responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of medicines. What is one supplement that significantly increases its activity?
St Johns wort
St Johns wort makes liver enzymes work faster or slower (usually faster)(Which is why it causes either too low of levels or too high of levels of medications.)
what classification is
under 5th percentile
5-85
85-95th percentile
95-99 percentile
underweight
normal
overweight
obese
Hemolytic anemia is an indicator of what nutrient deficiency?
C
E
B12
D
E
BMI range of 25-29.9 is considered?
overweight
High doses of this vit can lead to sensory neuropathy, ataxia, and degeneration of neurons
B5
B2
B6
B3
B6 its a neurotransmitter
Which biotransformation phase converts nutrients into highly oxidized and reactive intermediates?
phase 1
phase 2
phase 1
Which biotransformation phase converts nutrients into highly oxidized and reactive intermediates?
phase 1
phase 2
phase 1
Oxidations, reduction, dehalogenations, hydrolysis, dehyrogenations, dealkylations are types of reactions that occur in which phase of biotransformation?
1
2
phase 1
phase 2 reactions include
glucuoronidations
sulfations
acetylations
methylations
peptide conjugations
all of the above
all of the above
Harris Benedict equation is used to calculate
total energy expenditure
REE
thermal effect of food
energy required for growth
REE
what is the mifflin st jeor calculation (BMR)
M: 10 X kg + 6.25 X cm - 5 X age - 5
F: 10 X kg +6.25 X cm - 5 X age -161
What are val, leu, ILE referred to as?
BCAAs
Alternative calculation for REE estimation (kcal/kg)
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
20-25 kcal/kg
Pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, as well as transkelotase require which vit?
b1
D
biotin
B12
B1
Which causes the intestinal smooth muscle to contract to push food along the tract?
secretin
CCK
acetylcholine
epinephrine
acetylcholine
what does coffee and tea contain that can impair B1 absorption?
thiaminase
silicon
polyphenols
tannins
tannins
which of these are caused by B1 deficiency?
berberi
pallegra
wernickle-korsakoffs
branched chain keto acidosis
epilepsy
berberi
wernickle-korsakoffs
branched chain keto acidosis
Which vitamin is required for ETC function, reduction reactions, oxidation of AAS and FAS, hepatitis drug detox, condensation of acetate or pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and what is the cofactor it is a precursor for?
B2, FAD
B3, NAD
B1, TPP
B6, P5P
B2, FAD
Selenium RDA
40
55
65
75
55 mcg
What are the aromatic AAS
Trp, Tyr, Phe
Phe -> tyrosine
Tyr & Trp -> neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)
Chronic deficiency of which leads to dermatitis, cheliosis, glossitis, blurred vision, face and genital eczema?
B1
B2
B3
B5
B2 riboflavin
Cheese, yorugr, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, beans, spinach, whole grains, nuts, asparagus, avocados, broccoli are good sources of?
B2
B3
folate
b2 riboflavin
What is the upper limit for daily niacin?
30mg
35mg
3 mg
3g
35mg
which nutrient functions in dehydrogenase enzymes, are needed for CHO metabolism Bia glycolysis, and steroid synthesis. what are the coenzymes?
Niacin (NAD)
Riboflavin (FAD)
Thiamine (TPP)
Folate (folic acid)
Niacin (NAD)
eggs, liver, fish m milk/cheese, potatoes, corn, broccoli, carrots, tomatoes are good sources of
C
E
niacin
folate
niacin B3
which vitamin is used in macronutrient metabolism and signs of deficiency are dry scaly skin, anorexia, seborrhea, nausea
B1
B3
B5
Biotin
biotin
Which vitamin plays a critical role in fat and cho utilization, oxidation/reductions rxns of energy metabolism, manufacturing of adrenal hormones and RBC metabolism
Biotin
B5
B6
B1
B5
which nutrient is hindered by the presence of all, antibiotics, and avidin?
B1
B3
Biotin
B6
Biotin
fatigue, nausea, and burning feet syndrome are signs of which deficiency
B1
B6
biotin
B5
B5
good food sources of _ include yeast, whole grains, egg yolks, organ meats, potatoes, peas, beans and salt water fish
B1
B6
biotin
B5
B5
chicken, lamb, pork, beef, beans, yeast, milk/cheese, saltwater fish are sources of
B1
B6
biotin
B5
biotin
which nutrient in large doses could accelerate wound healing and reduce joint inflammation?
B5
biotin
B6
vit A
B5
which nutrient is vital for healthy blood formation and nervous system function, required for 1 carbon methyl group transfers, fatty acid ox, DNA synthesis, cell division, and RBC differentiation?
B5
biotin
B12
B6
B12
dermatitis, anemia, irritability, fatigue, insomnia, nervousness, convulsions, brain wave abnormalities are sings of which deficiency?
B5
B6
B12
biotin
B6
which is required for collagen synthesis, iron metabolism, reduction of free radicals, synthesis of norepinephrine, dopamine, tryptophan, and tyrosine?
B6
vit C
biotin
Vit A
Vit C
impaired nervous function, confusion, depression, memory loss, impaired coordination, peripheral neuritis, moodiness secondary folate deficiency are signs of which deficiency?
B12
B6
vit C
biotin
B12
which is needed for protein and AA metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, immune function, hormone synthesis heme synthesis, RBC differentiation, and MTHF
B6
Vit C
biotin
B12
B6
what is the coenzyme form of B6
pyridoxal 5 phosphate (must be phosphylated)
citrus fruit, berries, and veggies are sources of
A
C
folate
B6
C
meat, fish , eggs, cheese, milk and liver are sources of
C
B12
B6
A
B12
in gluconeogensis, 1 glucose is formed by:
1 pyruvate, 1 ATP, 1 GTP
2 pyruvate, 1 ATP, 1 GTP
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 1 GTP
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 1 GTP
anticonvulsants, barbiturates, and cortisone can impair the bioavailability of
A
D
E
K
D
squash, yams, cantaloupe, dark green leafy veggies, fish oil and liver are good sources of
A
D
E
K
A
green leafy veggies, veg oils, nuts, legumes, and wheat germ are good sources of
A
D
E
K
E
antibiotics, dilantin, aspirin, and anticoagulants as well as high doses of vit E affect the bioavailability of
A
D
E
K
K
What deficiencies are likely in a patient with ataxia?
K and D
iron, folate
E, B12, thiamine
Mg, Zn, Se
E, B12, thiamine
nausea, appetite loss, diarrhea, fatigue, restlessness are signs of which toxicity?
A
D
E
K
D
green leafy veggies, broccoli, cabbage, spinach, egg yolks, cheese, liver, intestinal microflora are sources of
A
D
K
E
vit K
which recycles oxidized vit C and beta carotene
A
D
E
K
E
toxic levels of this vitamin cause hemolytic anemia
A
D
E
K
K
headache, fatigue, blurred vision, dry skin, weakness, nausea, hair loss, vertigo, appetite loss are signs of which toxicity
A
D
K
E
vit A
What is aplastic anemia
Anemia that is inherited or acquired where the bone marrow is damaged and can’t make enough RBC, platelets, white blood cells
What is hemolytic anemia
Anemia where the RBCs die faster than they are replaced
What is thalassemia
Inherited blood disorder where your body has suboptimal hemoglobin
What nutrient deficiency increases risk of glucose intolerance and development of diabetes
chromium
Diabetes excretes which minerals?
Magnesium
Boron
Zinc
Iron
Chromium
Magnesium
Zinc
Chromium
Metformin is a drug used for what condition? and depletes which nutrients?
diabetes
folic acid, B12
Insulin depletes which nutrient
magnesium
7 Nutrients of concern with osteoporosis
calcium
vit d
vit k
magnesium
phosphorus
boron
vit c
what are Bisphosphonates (Alendronate, Risedronate) used for?
what 4 nutrients interfere?
osteporosis
magnesium
calcium
zinc
iron
what nutrients convert homocysteine to methionine?
B6, B9, B12
what 10 nutrients are important for cardiovascular disease prevention
fiber
B6, B9, B12
calcium
magnesium
EFAs (omegas, DHA, EPA)
Vit C, E, selenium
What are ACE inhibitors (lisinopril) used for? What nutrient does it deplete?
blood pressure
zinc
What are beta blockers ex: atenolol used for?
What nutrients does it deplete?
blood pressure
CoQ10, chromium, melatonin
what are Calcium Channel Blockers ex: amlodipine used for?
what nutrient does it deplete?
vitamin D
What are statins ex atorvastatin used for?
what nutrient does it deplete?
high cholesterol
CoQ10
what nutrient deficiency causes easy bruising?
iron
zinc
b12
choline
iron
Vitamin A absorption is increased by
vit E, zinc, protein
Arachidonic is why kind of fat?
poly unsaturated omega 6 (part of inflammatory process-dont want excess)
what kind of fat is Stearic
saturated fat (not considered harmful)
what kind of fat is Oleic
mono-unsaturated omega 9
achalasia
dysfunction of the esophagus
Gastritis
inflammation of the stomach lining.
Deficiencies of iron generally would result in which type of anemia?
Microcytic
Megaloblastic
Macrocytic
Hemolytic
Microcytic
Megaloblastic anemia is specific to B12 deficiency
Macrocytic anemia is most specifically attributed to low B12
Hemolytic anemia is caused when the RBCs are being destroyed faster than they can be made. This is rare and is usually linked with diseases such as sickle cell and lupus
Phenytoin, a common drug used to treat epilepsy, depletes with which of the following nutrients?
Biotin
B12
Folate
Thiamin
Folate
Which of the trace minerals is considered essential for normal brain function?
Chromium
Vanadium
Fluorine
Manganese
Manganese
How much weight should women of normal weight gain during pregnancy?
15-25 lbs
28-40 lbs
20-35 lbs
25-35 lbs
25-35 lbs
An excessive intake of this mineral can inhibit copper absorption. It is known as:
calcium
molybdenum
iodine
iron
molybdenum
You have a patient with Multiple Sclerosis. He/she has been treated with corticosteroids long term. What nutrition intervention is appropriate?
increasing complex CHO intake
iron and omega-3 fish oils
supplementation with antioxidants promoting the Atkins diet
supplementation with vitamin D and calcium
supplementation with vitamin D and calcium
A deficiency in which of the following will increase blood pressure and cholesterol?
Selenium.
Iron.
Copper.
Zinc.
copper
Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia is known as which of the following?
dawn phenomenon
lactic acidosis
Somogyi effect
ketoacidosis
Somogyi effect
Deprivation of which of the following nutrients during periods of rapid growth impairs brain and sexual development?
folate
niacin
zinc
B5
zinc
Someone who takes medication for an ulcer is likely to have which of the following depleted?
Vitamin D.
Vitamin B12.
Vitamin A.
Vitamin E
ulcer medication are PPIs
b12 is depleted
PPIs deplete what two nutrients
b6
b12
b5
magnesium
zinc
b12, magnesium
Kesha’s disease is caused by deficiency of
vandadium
copper
zinc
selenium
selenium
high quantities of this mineral impairs iron metabolism, causes anorexia, insomnia, and muscle pain
manganese
copper
molybdenum
iron
molybdenum
What is hyposmia?
decreased sense of smell
what is the mai extracellular anion and primary regulator of fluid and acid-base balance
sodium
chloride
potassium
magnesium
Calcium
calcium
sterility, anemia, neuro disorders/nerve damage, muscle weakness are signs of which deficiency?
A
D
E
K
E
which vitamin has a form that can, when given alone, increase lung cancer risk in smokers?
A
D
E
K
A
which is an integral component of GSH (glutathione), insulin, keratin, and vital for cartilage, skin and CT
calcium
sulfur
magnesium
sodium
sulfur
cloves are useful for which conditions? due to?
niple soreness
bruises and burns
toothache and muscle cramps
HTN
toothache and muscle cramps
due to eugenol which is an anesthetic
chronic deficiency of this mineral causes hyperparathyroidism, muscle irritability, irritation, disorientation, convulsions, cramps, twitches
calcium
sulfur
magnesium
sodium
magnesium
upper limit of calcium
1500
1750
2000
2500
2500 mg
which beriberi do these sx belong to
muscle wasting, leg cramps, tenderness, decreased sensation in fingers and toes
dry
wet
cerebral
infantile
dry
the most bioavailable forms of mag and calcium are
glycinate
lactate
citrate
gluconate
citrate
processed foods, soft drinks, high protein foods, and cereal products are sources of
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
boron
phosphorus
Etoh (alc) and caffeine increase urinary excretion of
calcium
sulfur
magnesium
potassium
magnesium
chronic ingestion of large amounts of protein, caffeine and odium will increase urinary excretion of which?
calcium
sulfur
magnesium
potassium
calcium
which b vitamin assists in redox reactions and reactions that protect biological membranes from oxidative damage
B1
B2
B3
B5
B2
which enhances the use of iron?
copper
molybdenum
nickel
nickel
soybean, prunes, raisins, almond, rose hips, peanuts, and hazel nuts are good sources of
chromium
boron
copper
manganese
boron
nuts, whole grains, legumes, liver are sources of
copper
boron
nickel
manganese
copper
brewers yeast, grain, salmon, honey are good sources of
chromium
copper
molybdenum
nickel
chromium
which phytonutrient helps clear glucose from the blood
lycopene
curcuminoids
colosolic acid
isoflavones
colosolic acid
impaired reproduction along with decreased life expectancy are signs of what deficiency
iodine
copper
molybdenum
nickel
molybdenum
protein requirements for adolescents
.8
.85
.9
.95
.95
which botanical is used for coughing and asthma
lavender
hawthorn
burdock
burdock
high amounts of dietary carbs will increase urinary excretion of
chromium
manganese
copper
boron
chromium
which are needed to form niacin from tryptophan
B2,B3, Mg
B1, B2, B6
B6, B3, Mg
B2, B6, iron
B2, B6, iron
the safe range for iron dosing is
below 75mg
Cystic fibrosis, chronic renal failure, and UTIs are associated with alkaline or acidic urine
alkaline
IBD is associated with acidic or alkaline urine
acidic
MTHFR what does it do
homocysteine to methionine
detox
agonists of MTHFR
b12, colonic acid, B2
COMT involved with?
signs of SNP
breakdown of catecholamine neurotransmitters
-anxiety, add, add, hypertension, high pain sensitivity
agonists of COMT
magnesium p-5-p
antagonists of COMT
cannabis, rhodiola, green tea
VDR what does it do
vitamin d receptor, antiinflammatory
drug and steroid metabolism
VDR agonist
vit d
slow comp problems
Those with a slow COMT will have higher levels of cortisol and suffer from HPA axis dysregulation.
CYP19A1 (aromatase) what does it due
called essential in the synthesis of estrogen, specifically estradiol. Makes estradiol from testosterone
CYP3A4 what does it do
metabolize vit d and testosterone
CY3A4 agonist
kava kava & st johns wort, glucocorticoids (Nsaids)
st johns wort- dont use if taking drugs it will make drug metabolized faster and less effective
CY3A4 antagonist
grapefruit (dont consume with statins)
goldenseal
resveretrol
aromatase inhibitors
soy and selenium
(useful for women w/ too much estrogen)
BCO1/BCMO1 what does it do
converts beta carotene to vitamin A (retinol)
HLA-DQ2 is associated with?
celiac disease
APOE-E4 is associated with?
alzhiemers
what occurs due to poor kidney function
metabolic acidosis
hyperkalemia
hyperphosphatemia
hypocalcemia (due to reduced calcitriol-vit d)
anemia
nutrients to increase for impaired kidney function
calcium
vit d
nutrients to limit for impaired (renal ) kidney function
potassium and protein
phosphorus
fat soluble vit (A, K)
which amino acid helps with anxiety attacks
glycine
normal kidney function GFR
> 90
end stage renal failure GFR (glomular filtration rate)
<15
normal A1C level
below 5.7
normal cholesterol
<200
normal fasting glucose
70-100
CKD stage GFR level (mL/min/1.73 m2)
Stage 1 ≥ 90
Stage 2 60 – 89
Stage 3 30 – 59
Stage 4 15 – 29
Stage 5 < 15
normal triglycerides
<150
optimal hdl
> 60
normal blood pressure
120/80
high phosphorus foods
meat, dairy, nuts, beans, soda
high potassium foods
oranges, bananas, potatoes, wild/ brown rice, dairy
what is chyme
what does it stimulate
fluid that passes from stomach to small intestine (gastric juices and partially digested food)
stimulates secretin
what are enterocytes
cells that line gut (mostly small intestine)
what does secretin do?
stimulates pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate towards common bile duct
what does cholecystokinin do
stimulates pancreatic secretion of zymogens which stimulates gallbladder contraction of bile into common bile duct
GALT contains what percentage of total immune cells in body
50-60% (primer)
what does low urine excretion mannitol mean
small intestinal malasorption
what does high lactulose urinary excretion mean
increased small intestinal impermeability
