everything Flashcards
draw and label a mitochondria and chloroplast cell
mitochondria- critae, inner membrane, outermembrane, intermembrane space, matrix
chloroplast- grunum, thylakoids, stroma, inner membrane, outer membrane, lumen
state the net equation for photsynthesis
carbon dioxide + water > glucose + oxygen
6C02 +6H20 >C6H1206 + 602
draw a diagram of the light independent an dependent process of phtotsynthesis
whats the function of NADP+
the co-enzyme picks up hydrogen ions and carries them to the next reaction as NADPH
OUTLINE 3 FACTORS THAT EFFECT THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LIGHT- INTESNITY OF LIGHT ^ RATE OF PHOTO SYNTHESIS^
CONCENTRATION OF CO- ^ VOLUME OF CO2 ^ RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
these both eventually plateau
TEMPERATURE- ^ TEMP ^RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
till the proteins denature
describe one methis that could be used to measure the rate of photosynthesis. list the variables
aim- how the concentration of CO2 effects the rate of photosynthesis
independent- concentration of CO2 IN EACH bicarbionate solution
dependent how quickly the chad rises
controllled- amount of light, the temp, the volume of the solution
leaf chad experiment
draw the 3 step process of aerobic respiration
state the ractants an products of glycolysis
1 glucose > 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP MOLECULES
WASTE PRODUCTS FROM ANAROBIC RESPIRATION IN ANIMALSA ND PLANTS
ANIMAL- lactic acid
PLANT- ethanole, CO2 and water
whats the role of hydrogen transporters in aerobic respiration
to transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain where the the ions flow through atp synthase enzymes to produce 32 molecules of ATP
THINGS THAT EFFECT THE RATE OF RESPIRATION
- CONCENTRTION OF OXYGEN
- CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE
- TEMPERATURE
HOW DOES A RESPIROMETER WORK
it measures the amount of oxygen being consumes by the organism, and any CO2 produced is absorbed by the apparatus so any change in gas volume is due to the remolval of oxygen through aerobic respiration
design a experiment to measure how the availability of glucose effects the rate of resiration
yeast and water in a bottle and add differen amounts of water into each bottle and measure how large the balloon gets that is an approximate amount of the CO2 released
what are organisms levels of organisation
cells, tissues, organ, organ system, organism
whats the level of organisation more simple than cells
organells which are a small a part o a cell that has a specific funtion
list 3 examples of body systems
resiratory system, digestive system and circulatroy system
2 exmples of tissues
epithelial tissue (digestive), muscle tissue
whats the defintion of a tissue
a group of similar cells that work together to do the same job
evolutionary process between unicellular organiss loining to become one multicelluar organism
multicelluarity developed as a result of co-operations between cellls, they worked together ti become more efficient
ist the advantages and disadvantages of multicellularity
+
- specialisced meaninf they can do one particular thing very well
- cells share nutrients
- allows organism to grow larger and live longer
- requires more energy
- takes longer to reproduce
- cells rarely work alone
- several different cells have to come together to make an organ
what are the features requires for gas exchange
moist - allows gases to dissolve as they diffuse through the membrane
thin+ highly permeable membrane- allows quick and easy passage
large SA:VOL- allows fro efficient diffucion into the cells
different concentration outside of cell- maintains concentration gradient
differences between respiratory system of mammals and insects
mammals occour in internal environment because exchange surfaces are highly specialised and could be easily damaged or dehydrated if notinsects have spirakles ehich go straight to exchange at the tissues through networks of trachea and tracheoles then to the muscle tissue. mammals have agreater separation of exhange surfaces too, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
what types of gaseous exchange does a fish have and what is the function of them.
through their gills, the water flows over the lamella which is a comb like structure (large sa) filled with capillaries for gaseous exchange to occur.
what are the 4 key systems of gas exchange
lungs, gills, spiracles, skin
if a frog gets a fungal infection which causes rashes and harneing of skin why is it fatal?
amphipians are more effected as theyre skin breathers, if the infection causes hardness and rashes on the skin its effecting the semi permeable skin as well as the ability for them to regulate their water levels
different types of feeders and examples of each
suspension feeders- sifts small particles out of passing water (whale shark)
substrate- live in or on their food source(catepillars
fluid- suck fluids out from a host (mosquito)
bulk- ingest large pieces of food (humans or most animals)
whats mechanical digestion
the food being physically broken down by either the mouth or churring in the stomach
whats chemical digestion
ensymes breaking chemical bonds to reduce the substances into their simplest form. carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides and disaccharides via amylase
lipids are broken down into glycerides by lipase
why is digestion important when considering absorption
becasue digestion involves the breaking down of large substance into smaller substances to that it can be eaily absorbed by diffusion or active transport.
whats the alimentary and gastrovascular canal
alimentary canal- one opening and one exit
gastrovascular- single cavity where ingestion and egestion occur
what length digestive system does a carnivor have
carnivores have a very simple digestive system containing one stomach chamber and a short digestive tract
what are the different feeding behaviors of a carnivor and a herbivore
carnivores do not need to eat as frequently or for as long
herbicores requiew more fequent feedinf ans excessive cheing to allow digestion
what as ruminat herbivore
hoofed or grasinf mammals that aquire plant based food by fermenting it in stomach prior digestion
these herbivores have a 4 chambered stomach
whats hindcut fermentation
seen in animals with a single chambered stomach and fermentation occurs later on in the cecum and colon they then poop this out and eat their waste to digest this the second time around and to absorb max nutrition
