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CS-150 Concepts Of Computer Science > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a byte?

A

8 bits.

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2
Q

What is analog data?

A

A continuous representation, analogous to the actual information it represents.

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3
Q

What digital data?

A

A discrete representation, breaking the information up into separate elements.

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4
Q

What does it mean to digitise?

A

To represent something (such as an image or sound) as a structured sequence of binary digits.

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5
Q

What does it mean to discretise?

A

To convert a continuous space into an equivalent discrete space, often for the purpose of easier calculation.

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6
Q

What is Data compression?

A

Reduction in the amount of space needed to store a piece of data?

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7
Q

What is the compression ratio and how do you calculate it?

A

The size of the compressed data is divided by the size of the original data.
compression ratio = size (compressed data) / size (data)

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8
Q

What lossless compresssion?

A

Once compressed data can be retieved without any loss of original information. For example texts

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9
Q

What is lossy compression?

A

Once compressed some information may be lost in the process of compression. An example is sound and images

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10
Q

What is Pulse Coded Modulation?

A

The process of digitising an analogue signal:

sampling: periodically reading the signal value
quantisation: discretise value

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11
Q

What is colour depth?

A

THe number of bits used to encode colours in the RBG model varies.

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12
Q

What is a pixel?

A

A dot with a colour in an image, or on a screen.

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13
Q

What is resolution?

A

The number of pixels in an image.

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14
Q

What are raster graphics?

A

IMages encoded pixel by pixel.

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15
Q

What are vector graphics?

A

Images described as a collection of geometricals objects.

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16
Q

What is a video codec?

A

An encoder/decoder. A software or hardware that compresses and decompresses digital video. The compression is typically lossy.

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17
Q

What is a gate?

A

A device that performs a basic operation on electrical signals.

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18
Q

What is a circuit?

A

Gates combined to perform more complicated tasks.

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19
Q

What is a transistor?

A

A deivce that acts either as a wire that conducts electricity ot as a resistor that blocks the flow of electricity, depending on the voltage level of an input signal.

20
Q

What is a combinational circuit?

A

The input values explicitly determine the output.

21
Q

WHat is a squential circuit?

A

The output is a function of the input values and the existing state of the circuit.

22
Q

What is circuit equivalance?

A

Two circuits that produce the same output for identical input.

23
Q

What is a half adder?

A

A circuit that cmoputes the sum of two bits and produces the correct carry bit.

24
Q

What is a full adder?

A

A circuit that computes the sum of two bits and a carry-in value and produces the sum and a cary-out value.

25
Q

What is a multiplexers?

A

A circuit that uses input control signals to determine which of seveal input data signals is routed to its ouput signal.

26
Q

What is an S-R latch?

A

An S0r latch (Set/Reset) stores a single binary bit.

27
Q

What are stored-programs?

A

Procans can be represented and stored as data inside a computer. There is no significant difference between instructions and data. Therefore, we can store programs in the main data memeory.

28
Q

What are the characteristics of theVon Neumann Architecture?

A

Any stored-program computer where instructions and data cannot be fetched at the same time, as they are communicated on a common bus.

29
Q

What is the control unit?

A

THe organising force in the computer. It provides timing sinals and control signals, direction the ALU, memory and I/O devices to responds to instructions. It contains the Instruction Register and the Program Counter.

30
Q

What is the Instruction Register?

A

A register containing the instructions that is currently being executed?

31
Q

What is the program counter?

A

Register containg the address of the next intruction to be executed.

32
Q

What does the Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)?

A

Performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition and multiplication. Also performs logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT.

33
Q

What is a bus?

A

A communcation system that transfers data. Can be between componets inside a computer or between computers.

34
Q

What is the memory bus?

A

Connects the CPU, main memory, other internal componets.

35
Q

What is RAM?

A

Random Accesss Memory, memory in which each location can be accessed and changed. A form of volatile memory, where data is lost when power is turned off.

36
Q

What is ROM?

A

Read Only Memory (ROM), memory in which each location can be accessed but not changed. A form of non-volatile memory.

37
Q

What is main memory for?

A

Main memory (RAM) is used for storing data and programs when currently being run.

38
Q

What is secondary storage?

A

Devices that store programs and data for extended time. For example: MAgnetic tape drives, MAgnetic disks, optical disks, solid state drives.

39
Q

What is an embedded system?

A

Computers that are dedicated to perform a narrow range of functions/specified tasks.

40
Q

What is parallelism?

A

The ability to perform operations concurrently.

41
Q

What is data-level parallelism?

A

Data subjected to the same operation sequence simultaneously. A single instruction used for multiple data.

42
Q

What is task-level parallelism?

A

Entire tasks can be completed simultaneously, either on the same data, or on different data.

43
Q

What is an array list?

A

We can store that data in a contigoues block of memory.

44
Q

What is linked list?

A

Each data is stored by itself and with a pointer to the next piece of data.

44
Q

What is linked list?

A

Each data is stored by itself and with a pointer to the next piece of data.

45
Q

What is the purpose of transistors?

A

Creates logic gates that are used in logic circuits.

46
Q

What is an abstract type?

A

An abstract data type dfines a data type from the perspective of a user.

CS-150 Concepts Of Computer Science (1 decks)

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