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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

parts of an Animal Cell

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria

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2
Q

parts of a Plant Cell

A

nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast, ribosomes, mitochondria

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3
Q

parts of a Fungal Cell

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole, cell membrane, ribosomes, cell wall, mitochondria, bud scar

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4
Q

parts of a Bacteria Cell

A

cytoplasm, plasmids, capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA

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5
Q

what does the cell membrane consist of?

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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6
Q

The cell membrane is selectively permisable. what does this mean?

A

This means that only certain substances can pass through it.

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7
Q

what substances that can pass through the membrane?

A

Starch, amino acids, glucose, proteins

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8
Q

What substances cannot pass through the membrane?

A

fatty acids, oxygen, red blood cells.

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9
Q

What is diffusion?

A

is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down a concentration gradient.

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10
Q

Does diffusion require energy

A

it does not require energy

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11
Q

What is meant by a concentration gradient

A

A concentration gradient is the difference in concentration of molecules between one area compared to another.

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12
Q

Why is diffusion important to cells?

A

It allows cells to gain useful substances they require to obtain energy, grow and lets them get rid of waste products.

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13
Q

Definition of Osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration, across a selectively permeable membrane.

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14
Q

why does osmosis affect animal and plant cells differently?

A

Because plant cells contain a Cell Wall.

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15
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

is movement of molecules and ions from a low concentration to a high concentration, against a concentration gradient.

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16
Q

Where does the energy for active transport come from?

A

Respiration. The energy comes from a special energy-rich molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

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17
Q

How is active transport carried out?

A

by carrier proteins in the membrane, called pumps.

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18
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is a double- stranded helix molecule, held together by complementary bass pairing.

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19
Q

Definition of DNA?

A

DNA carries the genetic information for making a protein.

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20
Q

Definition of a gene?

A

A gene is a section of DNA which codes for a protein.

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21
Q

What are the 4 bases called?

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine.

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22
Q

What is the base pairing rule?

A

A-T

C-G

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23
Q

What are proteins made from?

A

Amino Acids

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24
Q

What does the base sequence determine?

A

determines the amino acid sequence in proteins.

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25
Q

What is the messenger RNA?

A

is a molecule which carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA, in the nucleus, to a ribosome, where the protein is assembled from amino acids.

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26
Q

what are amino acids joined together with?

A

peptide bonds

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27
Q

Proteins have many functions such as….?

A

structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors

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28
Q

How do enzymes function?

A

as biological catalysts and are made by all living cells

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29
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

they speed up cellular reactions and are unchanged in the process.

30
Q

How many substrates do enzymes work on?

A

one

31
Q

The shape of the active site of an enzyme molecule is?

A

Is complementary to its specific substrate.

32
Q

What can enzymes be involved in?

A

in degradation(break down) and synthesis (build up) reactions.

33
Q

how can enzymes be used in biotechnology industries?

A

For making cheese, washing powders.

34
Q

how can enzymes be used to make cheese?

A

they speed up the clotting process of milk.

35
Q

how can enzymes be used in washing powders?

A

to help break down stains

36
Q

How are enzymes used in digestion?

A

to break down food into basic units

37
Q

What are the basic unit(s) for carbohydrates?

A

glucose

38
Q

What are the basic unit(s) for fats?

A

Fatty acids and Glycerol

39
Q

what are the basic unit(s) for proteins?

A

amino acids

40
Q

What can enzymes and other proteins be affected by?

A

temperature and PH

41
Q

when is each enzyme most active?

A

in its optimum conditions

42
Q

At low temperatures enzyme activity is…?

A

slow

43
Q

At temperatures above 37 degrees enzymes are often…?

A

denatured

44
Q

Explain what is meant by the term optimum PH?

A

each enzyme is most active in its optimum conditions

45
Q

explain the meaning of the term optimum temperatures?

A

The conditions at which an enzyme is most active

46
Q

Explain the meaning of the term denatured?

A

The substrate no longer fits and so the enzyme does not function.

47
Q

how can genetic information be transferred from one cell to another naturally or artificially?

A

by genetic engineering

48
Q

What can two bacterial cells that join together exchange?

A

bacterial plasmids

49
Q

what happens if viruses infect living cells?

A

they insert their genetic information into the nucleus of their host.

50
Q

what is genetic engineering?

A

is the transfer of DNA from one organism to another using biotechnology.

51
Q

what is the organism receiving the DNA said to be?

A

genetically modified (GM)

52
Q

why can bacterial cells be genetically modified?

A

so that they have the gene for producing human insulin.

53
Q

what is genetic engineering a form of?

A

gene therapy

54
Q

The chemical energy stored in glucose must be released by all cells through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions called…?

A

respiration

55
Q

Methods that can cause respiration experiments several drawbacks?

A
  • heat is lost to the surroundings
  • the heat that reaches the water is not evenly distributed
  • the food does not burn completely to ashes
56
Q

A calorimeter can be used instead to give more accurate energy values.
It is better because?

A
  • oxygen is added to make sure the food burns completely.
  • The stirrer and coiled chimney spreads the heat evenly throughout the water.
  • The food enclosed therefore loss of heat energy is reduced to a minimum.
57
Q

the energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate what?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

58
Q

where is the highest concentration of carbon dioxide found in the lungs?

A

In the cupillary surrounding

59
Q

Is diffusion passive or active?

A

passive

60
Q

what two components is the plasma membrane made from?

A

phospolipids and protein

61
Q

where in the cell is the energy produced?

A

mitochondria

62
Q

so what is the process of which energy is produced?

A

respiration

63
Q

how many bases code for one amino acid?

A

3 bases

64
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

65
Q

what are humans aiming to make with genetic engineering?

A

a protein we want

66
Q

what organisms are we using for genetic engineering?

A

bacteria

67
Q

what is removed from a bacteria?

A

A plasmid

68
Q

what is a plasmid made of?

A

DNA

69
Q

How is it possible for a gene to fit in?

A

As all DNA is made of the same 4 bases.

70
Q

Name a cellular processes which requires energy from ATP?

A

Muscle contraction, cell division, protein synthesis, transmission of nerve impulses, active transport, carbon firation

Cell Biology (3 decks)

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