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Y10 21/22 > Everything 1 > Flashcards

Everything 1 Flashcards

1
Q

SRAM =

A

static RAM

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2
Q

Optical media is also known as

A

offline storage

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3
Q

NIC =

A

Network interface card

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4
Q

What are the signs of a DoS or DDoS?

A

V slow internet on network / can’t access some websites / large amounts of spam

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5
Q

SSDs are also known as

A

flash memory or flash storage

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6
Q

Abnormal data

A

Any data that is not accepted

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7
Q

What memory stores data the computer accesses directly

A

primary memory

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8
Q

Any form of data needs to be converted to ________ format

A

binary

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9
Q

CDs and DVDs use what colour laser?

A

red

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10
Q

Secondary storage includes -

A

HDD and SSD

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11
Q

Floating gates and control gates are found in

A

transistor junctions for SSDs

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12
Q

What are problems with packet loss

A

Lost packets accumulate and network slows

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13
Q

What are the 8 bit binary placeholders?

A

128 / 64 / 32 / 16 / 8 / 4 / 2 / 1

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14
Q

What is stealing data by tapping into wired or wireless communication links?

A

Data interception

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15
Q

What is latency in HDDs?

A

Time it takes for block of data to rotate to the head and be read

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16
Q

In a flowchart, what is an input/output?

A

Input or output of something into our out of the flowchart

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17
Q

FETCH - What happens after MAR receives instruction via address bus?

A

Instruction copied to MDR

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18
Q

In the PDLC - what is testing?

A

Testing a product to make sure it works as intended

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19
Q

What is data interception?

A

Stealing data by tapping into wired or wireless communcation links

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20
Q

DVD-RAM is different because

A

It has many concentric tracks and acts more like a hard drive

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21
Q

Most common use of DVDs or Blu-rays is

A

games/movies

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22
Q

HDD =

A

hard disc drive

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23
Q

Example of parallel data transmission

A

Internal circuits in a computer

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24
Q

How to convert hex to denary?

A

Convert to hex to binary -> binary to denary

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25
Q

In the PDLC - what is coding?

A

Third step, programming

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26
Q

What’s an actuator?

A

a device that produces motion (e.g. controls wheels, motors, magnets)

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27
Q

What are advantages of USBs?

A

simple interface - cable only works one way so less chance of errors // relatively high speed data transfer // universal - lots of devices use USB // can be used for power // automatically detected by computer to transfer

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28
Q

What do we call input devices that take readings and send them to a computer or microprocessor?

A

sensors

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29
Q

What’s the order of data units from smallest to largest?

A

bit, nibble, byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte, petabyte

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30
Q

Packet trailer contains

A

ID of end of packet and error checking (CRC)

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31
Q

video, images, sounds, text, numbers, facts are all forms of

A

data

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32
Q

Whare are structure diagrams?

A

Structure diagrams are used to represent sub-systems that make up a system. Each sub-system is also split into smaller sub-systems.

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33
Q

One direction only describes what?

A

Simplex data transmission

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34
Q

The smallest piece of computer memory is a

A

bit

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35
Q

Which type of RAM has a higher memory capacity?

A

DRAM

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36
Q

What is a USB port?

A

A socket in a device/computer that allows you to plug in a cable

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37
Q

Non-volatile, not accessible by the CPU - which storage?

A

secondary

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38
Q

What are flowcharts?

A

Flowcharts indicates the inputs needed (requirements) and the processes to be followed (logic) that lead to the output (final outcome)

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39
Q

Which type of RAM is less expensive?

A

DRAM

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40
Q

A bit is….

A

the smallest piece of computer memory

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41
Q

How can you prevent DoS or DDoS?

A

Use up to date malware blockers / use firewalls to restrict traffic / use filters to block spam

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42
Q

Disadvantages of packets/packet switching

A

Packets can get lost, problems with real time streaming, delay when reassembling at end

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43
Q

What does the MAR do? (Memory address register)

A

stores the address of the memory location currently being read from/written to

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44
Q

In a flowchart, what is a terminator?

A

Start and stop of process

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45
Q

Denary counts in multiples of ____

A

10

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46
Q

Secondary storage can be ______ or _______

A

secondary storage can be internal or external

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47
Q

Drawbacks of SSDs

A

longevity, SSD endurance not as good as HDDs // can’t overwrite data, have to delete first then write new

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48
Q

How is data transmitted by USB

A

Uses serial data transmission / sending data to and from peripherals or devices.

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49
Q

What kinds of USB are there?

A

USB ports, USB cables, USB connections, USB devices

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50
Q

In the PDLC - what is design?

A

Second step refers to thinking about the technical and visual aspects of your product.

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51
Q

In the PDLC - what is analysis?

A

First step, the process of understanding what exactly you need as inputs to build your product and if you have enough resources.

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52
Q

Hexadecimal is base ___

A

16

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53
Q

How many bytes in a kilobyte?

A

1024 bytes in a kilobyte

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54
Q

stores data that computers need to access when powering up (BIOS or bootstrap)

A

ROM

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55
Q

How to reduce fragmentation problems in HDDs?

A

Defragment the hard drive

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56
Q

Convert 8 to binary

A

1000

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57
Q

NIC contains a ______ address

A

MAC

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58
Q

8 bits is a

A

byte

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59
Q

Convert 15 to binary

A

1111

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60
Q

What does the CU do? (control unit)

A

manages the execution of each instruction

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61
Q

Floating gates and control gate transistors use what technology?

A

CMOS (complimentary metal oxide semiconductor) NAND technology

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62
Q

humans experience _________ data

A

analogue

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63
Q

Program code is usually written in ____

A

IDE (integrated development environment)

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64
Q

DoS or DDoS facts

A

Usually an internet server, usually temporary, very damaging and large breach of security, can be individual or group target

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65
Q

Normal data

A

Data within an accepted range

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66
Q

What are the 3 factors for data transmission to happen?

A

Direction of transmission, method of transmission and how synchronised

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67
Q

Another name for RAM is

A

IAS Immediate Access Store

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68
Q

Switch on = ___

A

1

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69
Q

In optical media laser wavelength determines

A

storage size - smaller wavelength = more storage

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70
Q

What’s the difference between alpha and beta testing?

A

Alpha is testing it by yourself, Beta is testing on a target audience

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71
Q

What’s the difference between a DoS and DDoS?

A

DDoS comes from many different computers all around the world

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72
Q

Example of serial data transmission

A

computer to printer via USB

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73
Q

All apps, operating systems, files are stored on…

A

secondary storage

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74
Q

Convert A00 to binary

A

1010 0000 0000

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75
Q

USB

A

Universal Serial Bus

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76
Q

Convert 43 to binary

A

101011

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77
Q

Convert 12 to binary

A

1100

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78
Q

What’s synchronous data transmission?

A

Data is sent in a continous stream including timing signals made by an internal clock. Faster than asynchronous but the timing must be accurate. Used in network communication

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79
Q

CPU means

A

Central processing unit

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80
Q

Examples of optical media are

A

CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays discs

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81
Q

Convert 50 (hex) to binary

A

0101 0000

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82
Q

Flash memory includes

A

SSDs, memory sticks and flash drives

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83
Q

Boundary data

A

Values in upper and lower bounds - pair that’s accepted, pair that’s rejected

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84
Q

Optical media discs have either _____ or _____ tracks

A

single or concentric spiral tracks

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85
Q

Convert 62 to binary

A

111110

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86
Q

Describe the data bus

A

Carries / transports data / example of data that is currently being processed OR that will be OR that has been processed // Data can travel in both directions (bidirectional)

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87
Q

Which type of RAM uses less power?

A

DRAM

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88
Q

Denary is used by _____

A

humans

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89
Q

Why are USB cables limited to 5m usually?

A

More chance of errors in data transmission over long distances

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90
Q

What are the 12 bit binary placeholders?

A

2048 / 1024 / 512 / 256 / 128 / 64 / 32 / 16 / 8 / 4 / 2 / 1

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91
Q

Data is stored by moving electrons with NAND and NOR chips

A

SSDs / flash drives

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92
Q

What’s asynchronous data transmission?

A

Groups of bits are sent with control bits. A pattern is agreed before sending and data has ‘start’ and ‘end’ bits. Stops data getting mixed during transmission

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93
Q

Parallel data transmission is…

A

several bits of data (usually a byte) sent down several wires or channels at the same time. Each wire transmits one bit.

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94
Q

2 types of MAC addresses are

A

Universally Administered Address (UAA) and Locally Administrered Address (LAA)

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95
Q

Optical media is used…

A

for backups, transfer files/media

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96
Q

What are examples of automated systems in real life?

A

industry, transport, agriculture

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97
Q

Automated systems are made up of

A

software and hardware (sensors, microprocessors/cpu, actuators)

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98
Q

Which type of RAM is main memory constructed of?

A

DRAM

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99
Q

What happens when you plug a USB into a computer?

A

Automatically detected - if it’s the first time, a driver is downloaded, otherwise it works without needing to download each time

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100
Q

What benefit does dual layer offer blu-ray and DVDs?

A

more storage

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101
Q

What is a microprocessor?

A

Same role as CPU but smaller scale // usually for a specific task // AKA embedded system // example are traffic lights, digital alarm clocks

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102
Q

What are types of red laser optical media?

A

CD-RW/DVD-RW (write many), CD-R/DVD-R (write once)

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103
Q

What do microprocessors do in automated systems?

A

process data and perform programmed actions

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104
Q

Which type of RAM has a faster data access time?

A

SRAM

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105
Q

SSDs have two transistor junctions called

A

floating gates and control gates

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106
Q

Bit sent one after another, over a single wire or channel, one bit at a time describes what?

A

serial data transmission

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107
Q

Which type of RAM needs to be constantly refreshed?

A

DRAM

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108
Q

In programming, what is the name for the process of hiding complex details and showing only what is necessary?

A

abstraction

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109
Q

Serial advantages and disadvantages

A

Works well over long distance, data arrives synchronised. BUT slow.

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110
Q

Used to store data, files, part of an application or part of the operating system in use

A

RAM

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111
Q

What is the fetch decode execute cycle?

A

Everytime a computer performs a task or runs a program it runs the FDE cycle // Fetches the instruction into the CPU // CPU decodes the instruction // Instruction is executed by CPU

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112
Q

Binary is made up of ___ and ____ (numbers)

A

1 and 0

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113
Q

Both directions at the same time describes what?

A

Full-duplex data transmission

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114
Q

What do computers do to data?

A

process it

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115
Q

NIC is needed to

A

allow a device to connect to a network

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116
Q

SSD are solid state because

A

they have no moving parts

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117
Q

Data is stored in binary as millions of transistors on…

A

SSDs

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118
Q

What’s a USB connection?

A

Anything that uses a USB cable plugged into a port

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119
Q

In programming, What is the name of the process of splitting a problem into smaller, manageable chunks?

A

decomposition

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120
Q

What are the steps in the PDLC?

A

Analysis / Design / Coding / Testing

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121
Q

What’s a USB cable?

A

Type of cable that transmits data OR provides power

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122
Q

Binary digit is abbreviated to…

A

bit

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123
Q

What makes wireless data interception harder to do?

A

If data is encrypted using Wireless Equivalency Privacy (WEP)

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124
Q

Computers are made up of billions of tiny _______

A

switches

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125
Q

Why keep data safe?

A

It has either personal or business value

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126
Q

NICs can be ______ or _______

A

NICs can be wired or wireless

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127
Q

Packets are usually around ______ in size

A

64kb

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128
Q

What is full-duplex?

A

Both directions at the same time, example is broadband internet or online gaming

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129
Q

non-volatile =

A

contents not lost when power turned off

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130
Q

What are the 3 parts that make up analysis?

A

decomposition, analysis, requirements identification

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131
Q

Parallel data transmission advantages and disadvantages

A

works well over short distances. Fast. BUT over long distances data can become skewed and arrive out of order.

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132
Q

How is binary data stored on optical media?

A

in pits and lands, representing 1s and 0s

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133
Q

Coding phase of PDLC is also referred to as

A

implementation phase, because implements design from previous stage

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134
Q

What is the name used for the specific needs of a problem that must be identified as part of the problem analysis?

A

requirements

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135
Q

What is the PDLC?

A

Steps that are followed when developing a program (e.g. smartphone app or website)

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136
Q

Give a disadvantage of RAM

A

It’s volatile

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137
Q

permanent memory - contents cannot change or be written to by user/computer/program

A

ROM

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138
Q

Convert 0110 to denary

A

6

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139
Q

Primary memory or primary storage includes

A

RAM and ROM

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140
Q

In optical media data is divided into

A

sectors

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141
Q

RAM = _______ ________ ________

A

random access memory

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142
Q

Data is stored on HDDs in ______ and ______

A

Data is stored on HDDs in sectors and tracks

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143
Q

What storage is not accesible by the CPU?

A

Secondary

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144
Q

CMOS (complimentary metal oxide semiconductor) NAND technology is used by what storage?

A

SSD or Flash drives

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145
Q

Iterative testing is useful because…

A

makes sure each section of code works as intended

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146
Q

What’s a CPU?

A

Central processing unit // performs thousands of tasks and complex instructions // example smartphones or laptops

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147
Q

contents lost when power turned off

A

volatile

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148
Q

Packets are used to….

A

Send data from one device to another over the internet

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149
Q

Advantages of IDEs

A

Adds colour coding and indents to help organise code // helps identify errors using debugger // supports many programming languages

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150
Q

Software and hardware (sensors, microprocessors/cpu, actuators) are used in

A

automated systems

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151
Q

Describe the address bus

A

Carries / transports an address / location of the next item to be fetched // Data travels one way (unidirectional)

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152
Q

Describe the control bus

A

Carries / transports signals and controls / directs the actions of the CPU / processor // Can be either Unidirectional or Bidirectional

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153
Q

ROM = _______ ________ ________

A

read only memory

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154
Q

Examples of IDEs

A

Apache Netbeans, BlueJ and Microsoft Visual Studio Code

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155
Q

Wireless data interception is also called

A

wardriving/ access point mapping

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156
Q

Which type of RAM doesn’t need to be constantly refreshed?

A

SRAM

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157
Q

What happens in the fetch step of FDE cycle?

A

PC contains address of memory location of next instruction // address is copied from PC to MAR via address bus // instruction at address contained in MAR temporarily copied to MDR using data bus // instruction of MDR copied into CIR // PC incrememts by 1, points to next instruction // instruction gets decoded then executed by signals via control bus to other parts of the computer

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158
Q

Packets are sent along different ________

A

routes

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159
Q

Facts about pseudocode

A

Resembles code but can’t be understood by a computer // written for humans // easier for programmers to write and share since close to real code

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160
Q

Sensors are

A

input devices that take readings and send them to a computer or microprocessor

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161
Q

Binary is used by _______

A

computers

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162
Q

Increasing _____ usually makes your computer run more quickly

A

RAM

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163
Q

What are disadvantages of USBs?

A

Cables are limited to 5m usually // not as fast as other cables e.g. network cables

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164
Q

Blu-rays advantages

A

hold more than DVDs or CDs, faster rate of data transfer, automatically comes with encryption to prevent piracy

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165
Q

HDD uses what kind of storage

A

magnetic

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166
Q

Benefits of SSDs

A

more reliable as no moving parts // lighter // lower power // cooler // thinner // faster than HDDs // No disc to spin or ‘get up to speed’

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167
Q

What’s a USB device?

A

Anything that plugs into a USB port

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168
Q

Which memory is volatile?

A

RAM

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169
Q

In a flowchart, what is the flow line?

A

Arrow representing control passing between the connected shapes

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170
Q

What is a wordlist?

A

A very large text file containing common words for passwords

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171
Q

Two types of RAM are

A

DRAM and SRAM

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172
Q

Data can be…

A

corrupted, deleted, or intercepted - maliciously or accidentally

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173
Q

Both directions NOT at the same time describes what?

A

Half-duplex data transmission

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174
Q

What does secondary storage hold?

A

All apps, operating systems, files

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175
Q

Data transmission can either be over

A

long distance or short distance

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176
Q

Examples of personal information/data?

A

credit card number, bank account, date of birth, passport number, passwords

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177
Q

What is hopping?

A

Adding a hop number to each packet which reduces by 1 at each router. If number reaches 0, the packet gets deleted

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178
Q

A single 1 or 0 on a computer is called a

A

bit

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179
Q

Packet headers contain

A

sender IP address, receiver IP address, sequence number (for reassembly), size in bytes

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180
Q

Optical media tracks…

A

spiral from the centre to the edge of the disc

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181
Q

Convert A0 to binary

A

1010000

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182
Q

Magnetic storage includes

A

HDD

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183
Q

Data is stored on SSDs as

A

binary in millions of transistors

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184
Q

Convert 11111 to denary

A

31

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185
Q

Which memory is non-volatile?

A

ROM

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186
Q

How many bits in a MAC address and how are they grouped?

A

48 bits, six groups of 2 hex digits

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187
Q

____ is base 10

A

denary

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188
Q

Blu-ray lasers…

A

are blue and narrower than CDs or DVDs

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189
Q

What is data transmission?

A

Signals being sent from one device to another

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190
Q

_________ is base 16

A

hexadecimal

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191
Q

Removable HDDs are external and connect via

A

USB cable

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192
Q

HDD is magnetic storage because…

A

Disc heads are electromagnets and a magnetic field determines the binary value

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193
Q

DVDs and blu-rays can have what layer types?

A

single or dual

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194
Q

In a flowchart, what is a decision?

A

A decision (yes/no, true/false) that results in two lines representing different outcomes

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195
Q

What does iterative mean?

A

Any action that’s carried out in a loop until it produces correct outcome

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196
Q

Switch off = ___

A

0

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197
Q

What does abstraction mean?

A

the process of hiding complex details and showing only what is necessary

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198
Q

Advantages of packets/packet switching

A

Easier to control than a stream of data, packets can go different routes in case route is busy/broken and allows high transmission of data

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199
Q

0 = switch ____

A

off

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200
Q

Convert AA to binary

A

10101010

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201
Q

Wired data interception uses a

A

packet sniffer

202
Q

Which type of RAM is used by the CPU memory cache?

A

SRAM

203
Q

DDoS

A

Distributed Denial of Service

204
Q

What does the PC do? (program counter)

A

stores the address where the next instruction to be read can be found

205
Q

Give an advantage of RAM over other types of memory

A

RAM is much faster to write to or read from than other types of memory

206
Q

What do packet sniffers do?

A

Look at packets going over a network

207
Q

What does the CIR do?

A

stores the current instructions being decoded and executed

208
Q

Packet payload contains

A

The actual data (around 64kb)

209
Q

How does packet switching work?

A

Each packet broken down at sender, sent independently, route decided by routers, receiver reassembles

210
Q

serial data transmission can be ….

A

simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex

211
Q

How to convert binary to hex

A

Start right and move left, convert each group of 4 bits. If less than 4 bits, fill in with 0s from left. Take each group of 4 and convert to hex

212
Q

In hexadecimal A to F represent…

A

A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15

213
Q

Binary is base __

A

2

214
Q

How do you convert binary to denary?

A

Each time a 1 appears in a binary column, add the heading (value) to the total

215
Q

Example of a 4 digit Hex number

A

A23F or 12FF or 79BB etc

216
Q

What are some problems with HDDs and data?

A

Data stored gets fragmented which reduces performance // latency

217
Q

A byte is ____ bits

A

8

218
Q

Which type of RAM uses flip flops to hold each bit of memory?

A

SRAM

219
Q

_____ is the basic building block of all computers

A

binary

220
Q

What does the MDR do? (Memory data register)

A

stores data which has just been read from memory/data and is about to be written to memory

221
Q

Why is test data important?

A

Make sure the product works as intended

222
Q

Convert 1C to binary

A

0001 1100

223
Q

Data is read from optical media by

A

The disc spinning and the disc head uses laser light

224
Q

What is a cyber attack that is..usually an internet server, usually temporary, very damaging and large breach of security, can be individual or group target

A

DoS or DDoS

225
Q

Data is sent from one device to another using ___________

A

packets

226
Q

Which type of RAM consists of transistors and capacitors?

A

DRAM

227
Q

How many kilobytes in a megabyte

A

1024 kilobytes in a megabyte

228
Q

analogue data is experienced by

A

humans

229
Q

DRAM =

A

dynamic RAM

230
Q

Primary memory contains ____ _____ and _______________

A

ram, rom and cache memory

231
Q

When you run a program data is retrieved from _____ ______ and placed temporarily into ____

A

When you run a program data is retrieved from secondary storage and placed temporarily into RAM

232
Q

How to convert denary to hex?

A

Convert denary to binary -> binary to hex

233
Q

Requirements dictate the ______ ______ to a program.

A

essential inputs

234
Q

SSD and HDD are examples of…

A

secondary storage

235
Q

Convert 6 to binary

A

110

236
Q

examples of data are…

A

video, images, sounds, text, numbers, facts

237
Q

____ is base 2

A

binary

238
Q

What needs to be converted into binary before it can be processed by a computer?

A

data

239
Q

When instructions are executed by CPU, what component performs maths and logic calculations?

A

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

240
Q

In a flowchart, what is the process shape?

A

Represents something being performed or done

241
Q

FETCH - What happens after the PC gets first instruction?

A

Address copied from PC to MAR

242
Q

SSD stores data by

A

moving electrons with NAND and NOR chips

243
Q

How does a DoS or DDoS work?

A

Floods a network with spam traffic and web servers can only handle so many requests, so they become overloaded and can’t answer legitimate requests

244
Q

DoS

A

Denial of Service

245
Q

Convert 1001 1011 to hex

A

9B

246
Q

How do cyclic redundancy checks work?

A

BEFORE SENDING - sender adds together 1 bits in payload and states value as hex in trailer / WHEN RECEIVED - receiver counts 1 bits, if they match accept it, if not request resent

247
Q

Why does smaller wavelength = more storage in optical media?

A

smaller pit/land size so more binary data can be stored

248
Q

What category of storage includes RAM and ROM

A

Primary

249
Q

What are the 4 basic sub-systems that make up a computer system?

A

input / process / output / storage

250
Q

Input / process / output / storage are…

A

the basic sub-systems that make up a computer system

251
Q

What is the purpose of a DoS or DDoS?

A

Attempt at preventing users from accessing part of a network

252
Q

What’s the ALU’s special register for storing interim calculations called?

A

Accumulator (ACC)

253
Q

Convert 23 to binary

A

10111

254
Q

Convert 101010 to denary

A

42

255
Q

1 bit is a single

A

1 or 0

256
Q

Serial data transmission is…

A

when data sent one bit at a time over a single wire or channel. bits are sent one after another

257
Q

What is half-duplex?

A

both directions but NOT at the same time, example is walkie-talkie

258
Q

Convert 1011101 to denary

A

93

259
Q

Memory that’s directly accessible by the CPU, contains RAM, ROM and cache memory

A

primary memory

260
Q

contents not lost when power turned off

A

non-volatile

261
Q

What’s von Neumann architecture?

A

CPU access memory directly // memory stores programs and data // programs are series of instructions carried out in order

262
Q

volatile =

A

contents lost when power turned off

263
Q

Convert 1100 1010 to hex

A

CA

264
Q

Example of short distance data transmission

A

computer to printer

265
Q

What is a brute force attack?

A

A hacker tries to crack a password using all combinations of characters

266
Q

Extreme data

A

Data at upper and lower bounds (accepted)

267
Q

How is a MAC address divided?

A

NN-NN-NN-DD-DD-DD (Manufacturer-Device serial)

268
Q

Parallel data transmission can be…

A

simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex

269
Q

The design process involves which representations?

A

structure diagrams, flowcharts, pseudocode

270
Q

Data is read and written to optical media by

A

laser light

271
Q

MAC address =

A

Media Access Control address

272
Q

What does decomposition mean?

A

the process of splitting a problem into smaller, manageable chunks

273
Q

1 = switch ____

A

on

274
Q

SSD =

A

solid state drive

275
Q

Example of long distance data transmission

A

One computer to another in a global network (i.e. internet)

276
Q

Magnetic storage spins discs….

A

about 7000 rpm

277
Q

Can be written to or read from and data can be changed by the user or the computer

A

RAM

278
Q

Name facts about brute force attacks

A

No sophistication, time consuming, often uses wordlists

279
Q

Denary is base __

A

10

280
Q

In a flowchart, what is a subroutine?

A

Subroutine call that will relate to a separate flowchart

281
Q

What does dual layer mean?

A

Two layers are sandwiched, one is slightly deeper, DVD/Blu-ray reads both

282
Q

Name 3 types of buses in CPU

A

data bus, control bus, address bus

283
Q

Convert 01101 to denary

A

13

284
Q

Magnetic storage stores data on

A

discs or platters

285
Q

____ testing is testing it by yourself, ______ is testing on a target audience

A

Alpha is testing it by yourself, Beta is testing on a target audience

286
Q

What is simplex

A

data sent in one direction only, example is computer to printer

287
Q

What hacking is when a hacker tries all combinations of characters?

A

brute force attack

288
Q

FETCH - Where do instructions go after MDR?

A

CIR

289
Q

Binary counts in multiples of _______

A

2

290
Q

Packets are made up of

A

Header / Payload (Data) / Trailer

291
Q

What are the key questions to consider when reviewing automated systems?

A

What is the system? / What sensors are used? / What do the actuators do? / What does the computer/microprocessor do?

292
Q

What does PDLC mean?

A

Programming development life cycle

293
Q

How do you add two binary numbers?

A

Write them like column addition sum, start from right side and carry any 1+1 otherwise keep value

294
Q

What is an overflow error?

A

When a number is too big to be stored in (value) bits

295
Q

Maximum number value of 8 bits is

A

255

296
Q

Maximum number value of 12 bits is

A

4096

297
Q

Maximum number value of 16 bits is

A

65535

298
Q

Binary logical shifts mean

A

moving a number to the left or right

299
Q

A left logical shift means ________ the number by 2

A

multiplying

300
Q

A right logical shift means ________ the number by 2

A

dividing

301
Q

During logical shifts, empty positions are filled with

A

zeros

302
Q

Left shift this binary number 1 place: 0010 &laquo_space;1

A

100

303
Q

Left shift this binary number 2 places: 0010 &laquo_space;2

A

1000

304
Q

Right shift this binary number 1 place: 1011&raquo_space;> 1

A

101

305
Q

Right shift this binary number 3 places: 1011&raquo_space;> 3

A

1

306
Q

Two’s complement allows

A

representing negative integers

307
Q

In two’s complement the left-most bit is changed to a _____ value

A

negative

308
Q

The left most value is changed to a negative number in _____ _________

A

two’s complement

309
Q

Bitmap images are made of

A

pixels

310
Q

pixel =

A

picture element

311
Q

Each image is made up of a _________ matrix of pixels

A

two dimensional

312
Q

Pixels are represented in

A

binary

313
Q

Bitmaps are stored as a series of

A

binary numbers

314
Q

Black and white images only require ______ per pixel

A

1 bit

315
Q

In 2 bit pixels, each pixel can be

A

1 of four colours

316
Q

Number of bits used to represent each colour is called

A

colour depth

317
Q

8 bit colour depth means each pixel can be _____ colours

A

256

318
Q

Modern computers have ___ bit colour depth

A

24

319
Q

Image resolution means

A

number of pixels that make up an image

320
Q

Lower image resolution means

A

Less image detail

321
Q

Pixelated means

A

Fewer pixels to represent the image

322
Q

Whats the main drawback of using high resolution images?

A

Increase in file size

323
Q

Unicode and ASCII code are _________ _____

A

character sets

324
Q

What represent letters numbers and characters found on a standard keyboard?

A

Unicode or ASCII

325
Q

Whats a disadvantage of ASCII?

A

Not suitable for most languages around the world

326
Q

What character set code can represent all languages of the world?

A

Unicode

327
Q

Unicode is…

A

universal, efficient, uniform, unambiguous, supports up to 4 bytes per character

328
Q

Amplitude =

A

loudness of sound

329
Q

Sound is a____________

A

analogue

330
Q

Sound waves need to be __________ to be stored in a computer

A

sampled

331
Q

Sampling means measuring the ____________

A

amplitude

332
Q

Sound conversion is done using

A

ADC (analogue to digital converter)

333
Q

Sampling happens at

A

regular time intervals

334
Q

bits per sample =

A

sampling resolution / bit depth

335
Q

Sampling rate =

A

number of samples per second (in hertz, Hz)

336
Q

How is sampling used to record a sound clip?

A

amplitude is determined with sampling rate, each sample encoded as series of binary digits

337
Q

Using more bits to sample amplitude =

A

more accuracy of sampled sound

338
Q

Higher sampling rate or larger resolution =

A

better quality sound, larger file size

339
Q

Name 3 drawbacks of larger sampling resolution when recording sound

A

larger file size, takes longer to transmit/download data, requires greater processing power

340
Q

Name 3 benefits of larger sampling resolution when recording sound

A

larger dynamic range, better sound quality, less sound distortion

341
Q

What has 16-bit sampling resolution and 44.1kHz sample rate?

A

CDs

342
Q

What does the system clock do?

A

Defines the clock cycle that synchronises all computer operations

343
Q

Which bus transmits timing signals ensuring sychronisation?

A

Control bus

344
Q

What defines the clock cycle that synchronises all computer operations?

A

System clock

345
Q

What happens if you increase clock speed?

A

Processing speed is also increased - but NOT NECESSARILY overall performance

346
Q

3.5 Ghz is equivalent to

A

3.5 billion clock cycles per second

347
Q

What hardware factors improve overall performance of a computer?

A

Number of cores, size of cache and speed of clock can affect performance of CPU

348
Q

How do you increase processor speed (but not necessarily overall performance)?

A

Increase clock speed

349
Q

What happens if you increase Number of cores, size of cache and speed of clock?

A

Improve overall computer performance

350
Q

Increasing clock speed is known as

A

overclocking

351
Q

Overclocking higher than design limits leads to…

A

unsynchronised operations, crashing, overheating of CPU

352
Q

If your computer has unsynchronised operations, crashing and overheating of CPU, what might be the cause?

A

Overclocking

353
Q

Unlike RAM, cache memory is located in

A

the CPU

354
Q

Cache memory has ______ access times than RAM

A

faster

355
Q

What has faster access times than RAM

A

cache memory

356
Q

What does cache memory store?

A

frequently used instructions and data

357
Q

When a CPU wants to check memory, it checks ______ first then _____

A

cache first, then RAM

358
Q

Larger cache memory =

A

better CPU performance

359
Q

The use of a different number of ______ can improve computer performance

A

cores

360
Q

One core is made up of an ____ , ____ ___ and _______

A

ALU, control unit and registers

361
Q

What’s made up of an ALU, control unit and registers?

A

A core

362
Q

Using more cores means less need to increase ______ ________

A

increase clock speed

363
Q

What’s a factor in increasing the number of cores?

A

CPU needs to communicate with each one which can reduce performance

364
Q

What are cookies?

A

Small files or code stored on a user’s computer

365
Q

What are small files or code sent from a webserver and stored on a users computer

A

Cookies

366
Q

Everytime a user visits a website, the site checks if it has set _______ on their ________ before

A

Everytime a user visits a website, the site checks if it has set cookies on their browser before

367
Q

What are the two types of cookies?

A

Session and persistent

368
Q

What are session and persistent types of ?

A

Cookie

369
Q

Which cookie is temporary and don’t collect or store user information?

A

Session cookies

370
Q

Name two facts about session cookies

A

Temporary, don’t store/collect user info

371
Q

Which cookies cease to exist when a browser is closed?

A

Session cookies

372
Q

Session cookies _____ to ______ when a browser is closed

A

cease to exist

373
Q

What are session cookies used for?

A

Temporary shopping baskets

374
Q

Which cookies are used for temporary shopping baskets?

A

Session cookies

375
Q

____ cookies are stored on the hard drive of a users computer

A

persistent cookies

376
Q

Which cookies have an expiry date or stay until deleted?

A

persistent cookies

377
Q

Which cookies remain even after the browser is closed?

A

persistent cookies

378
Q

What are persistant cookies used for?

A

Allow website to remember usernames, passwords, emails, baskets, preferences

379
Q

What kind of user preferences do cookies hold?

A

language, currency, login

380
Q

Payments can be sent digitally over the internet using…

A

Credit cards, Paypal, Apple Pay, Kakaopay and more!

381
Q

Digital payments over the internet are secure because they are

A

Encrypted

382
Q

The central authority for currencies are

A

banks

383
Q

Banks are the ________ _________ for currencies

A

central authority

384
Q

An example of a central bank is….

A

Bank of England, Bank of Korea

385
Q

Examples of cryptocurrencies are

A

bitcoin, dogecoin, ethereum, cardano

386
Q

bitcoin, dogecoin, ethereum, cardano are examples of

A

cryptocurrencies

387
Q

Bank of England and Bank of Korea are examples of

A

central banks

388
Q

Cryptocurrency has no ________ _________

A

central authority

389
Q

What has no central authority for payments?

A

cryptocurrencies

390
Q

No central authority as also called

A

Decentralised

391
Q

Decentralised

A

means no central authority

392
Q

Cryptocurrency payments over the internet are secure because

A

they are encrypted

393
Q

Payments are made for cryptocurrencies using…

A

blockchain

394
Q

Blockchain is how _________ payments are made

A

Cryptocurrency

395
Q

A blockchain is like a

A

digital ledger or list of all records of payment

396
Q

Blockchains record…

A

All payments with time and date stamps

397
Q

Once added to a blockchain, records….

A

cannot be changed

398
Q

Blockchains are accessible by…

A

every connected computer

399
Q

A single 1 or 0 is called a

A

bit

400
Q

How many bits in a byte?

A

8

401
Q

How many bits in a nibble?

A

4

402
Q

1 kibibyte = 1 KiB = how many bits?

A

1024

403
Q

1 mebibyte = 1MiB = how many KiB?

A

1024

404
Q

KiB =

A

Kibibyte

405
Q

MiB =

A

Mebibyte

406
Q

GiB =

A

Gibibyte

407
Q

TiB =

A

tebibyte

408
Q

PiB =

A

Pebibyte

409
Q

EiB =

A

Exbibyte

410
Q

How many mebibytes in a gibibyte?

A

1024

411
Q

How many gibibytes in a tebibyte?

A

1024

412
Q

How many tebibytes in a pebibyte?

A

1024

413
Q

How many pebibytes in an exbibyte?

A

1024

414
Q

Order the data units from SMALLEST to largest

A

bit, nibble, byte, kibibyte, mebibyte, gibibyte, tebibyte, pebibyte, exbibyte

415
Q

Order the data units from LARGEST to smallest

A

exbibyte, pebibyte, tebibyte, gibibyte, mebibyte, kibibyte, byte, nibble, bit

416
Q

What’s missing from this list of data units - bit, ______, byte, kibibyte…

A

nibble

417
Q

What’s missing from this list of data units - mebibyte, ______, tebibyte

A

gibibyte

418
Q

What’s missing from this list of data units - gibibyte, ______, pebibyte

A

tebibyte

419
Q

What’s missing from this list of data units - nibble, ______, kibibyte

A

byte

420
Q

We use mebibyte, gibibyte etc, instead of megabyte, gigabyte because…

A

Mebibyte, gibibyte (etc) system of units is more accurate

421
Q

How to calculate size of image file?

A

multiply image resolution and colour depth

422
Q

How to calculate size of sound file?

A

multiply sample rate , resolution and length of track

423
Q

How to calculate image resolution?

A

Multiply height by width in pixels

424
Q

What are sensors?

A

Input devices which read or measure physical properties from their surroundings

425
Q

Examples of sensors

A

temperature, pressure, pH, humidity

426
Q

Real data in nature is a________

A

analogue

427
Q

What does analogue mean?

A

Constantly changing doesn’t have a single discrete value

428
Q

Analogue data is converted to _______ format

A

digital

429
Q

Analogue converted to digital using _______

A

ADC Analogue to digital converter

430
Q

Sensors send out c______ values

A

constant

431
Q

What analyses the input from sensors?

A

microprocessor

432
Q

Temperature sensor

A

measures temperature of surroundings

433
Q

Moisture sensors

A

measure water levels, e.g in soil

434
Q

Humidity sensors

A

measure amount of water in the air

435
Q

Light sensors

A

use photoelectric cells that produce output based on brightness of light

436
Q

Infrared (active) sensors

A

uses invisible beam of infrared radiation with detector. If beam broken, then change has happened

437
Q

infrared (passive) sensors

A

measure heat given off by an object

438
Q

Pressure sensors

A

Transducer that generates electrical currents depending on pressure applied

439
Q

Acoustic/sound sensors

A

Microphones that convert sound into electric signals/pulses

440
Q

Gas sensors

A

measure gas being monitored, e.g. oxygen or carbon dioxide

441
Q

pH sensors

A

measure acidity changes, e.g. in soil

442
Q

Magnetic field sensors

A

Measure changes in magnetic fields

443
Q

Accelerometer

A

Measure acceleration and motion of an application, e.g. change in velocity

444
Q

Proximity sensor

A

Detect presence of nearby object

445
Q

Flow (rate) sensor

A

Measure flow rate of moving liquid or gas and produce an output based on amount passing over sensor

446
Q

Level sensor

A

Use ultrasonics (for liquid changes) or capacitance/conductivity (for static levels)

447
Q

Example uses of temperature sensors

A

control heating system, control/monitor a chemical process, control/monitor temperature in a greenhouse

448
Q

Example uses of moisture sensors

A

control/monitor moisture levels of soil in a greenhouse

449
Q

Example uses of humidity sensors

A

measure humidity in a building, factory, greenhouse

450
Q

Example uses of light sensors

A

switching on street lights on or off depending on light levels, switch on car headlights when it gets dark

451
Q

Example uses of infrared sensors (active)

A

turn on car windscreen wipers when it detects rain, security alarm when intruder breaks beam

452
Q

Example uses of infrared sensors (passive)

A

security alarm (detects body heat), monitor temperature inside a freezer

453
Q

Example uses of pressure sensors

A

weighing of lorries at weighing station, measure gas pressure in a nuclear reactor

454
Q

Example uses of acoustic/sound sensors

A

Security system - noise of footsteps, detect sounds of liquid dripping in a leak

455
Q

Example uses of gas sensors

A

Monitor pollution levels at an airport, monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in a greenhouse

456
Q

Example uses of pH levels

A

Monitor/control acidity levels in the soil in a greenhouse, control acidity levels in a chemical process

457
Q

Example uses of magnetic fields

A

detect magnetic field changes in mobile phones in smart phones, anti-lock braking systems in cars

458
Q

Example uses of accelerometers

A

in cars for deploying airbags in a crash, used by phones to detect portrait/landscape

459
Q

Example uses of proximity sensors

A

Detect when face is close to smart phone

460
Q

Example uses of flow (rate) sensors

A

used in respiratory devices and inhalers in hospitals, measure gas flows in pipes

461
Q

Examples of level sensors

A

monitor levels of petrol in gas tank, leak detection in refrigerant in AC units

462
Q

How are sensors used in a monitoring process?

A

Sensors send signals to microprocessor, converted using ADC, checks against stored values, if outside value set, alarm sounds or message sent

463
Q

How are sensors used in a control process?

A

Sensors send signals to microprocessor, converted using ADC, checks against stored values, if outside value set, signal sent to control values/motors etc, output checked against other sensors

464
Q

Examples of monitoring sensors

A

monitoring of patient vitals in hospital, monitoring of intruders in security system, checking temperature levels in car engine, checking pollution in a river

465
Q

Examples of control sensors

A

Turning on and off street lights at day/night, control temperature in heating/AC, control chemical process

466
Q

What is virtual memory?

A

Type of memory created for temporary use and used as an extension of RAM

467
Q

Where is virtual memory created?

A

In an area of the hard drive

468
Q

Why is virtual memory needed?

A

Computers have a limited amount of RAM and need additional resources to run programs users need

469
Q

What happens when RAM gets full and has more instructions to run?

A

It transfers some data to virtual memory until its needed

470
Q

What’s data transferred from RAM to virtual memory (and back) called?

A

a page/pages

471
Q

______ are moved to virtual memory when not needed then transferred back when processed

A

pages

472
Q

What’s memory created for temporary use and used as an extension of RAM?

A

virtual memory

473
Q

What’s created in an area of the hard drive to support RAM?

A

virtual memory

474
Q

What are pages in memory?

A

data that’s transferred from RAM to virtual memory and back

475
Q

What are the key parts in the virtual memory process?

A

RAM, pages, virtual memory and hard drive

476
Q

What are benefits of virtual memory?

A

Programs larger than RAM can be processed. No need to waste RAM. No need to buy more RAM

477
Q

What’s thrashing?

A

In virtual memory when swapping large amounts of pages, high rate of head movement reduces processing speed

478
Q

What are privacy settings?

A

Controls available on web browsers, social networks and web sites desinged to limit access to personal profile

479
Q

What controls available on web browsers, social networks and web sites desinged to limit access to personal profile?

A

Privacy settings

480
Q

What kind of privacy settings are there?

A

Do not track, saving payment methods, safer browsing option, storing browser history/cookies, app settings like location data

481
Q

What are these settings called? Do not track, saving payment methods, safer browsing option, storing browser history/cookies, app settings like location data

A

Privacy settings

482
Q

What are proxy servers?

A

Proxy servers act as an intermediate between the user and web server

483
Q

P______ s_______ act as an intermediate between the user and web server

A

Proxy servers

484
Q

What are features of proxy servers?

A

Filter internet traffic, block access to websites, hide IP address, block requests from IP, prevents direct access to web server, helps prevent DoS & hacking

485
Q

What do these features describe? Filter internet traffic, block access to websites, hide IP address, block requests from IP, prevents direct access to web server, helps prevent DoS & hacking

A

Proxy servers

486
Q

A firewall can either be s_______ or h________

A

software or hardware

487
Q

What is the purpose of a firewall?

A

Sits beween a users computer and external network - filters information in or out of a computer

488
Q

Firewalls are the p________ d________ for computer systems to help protect it from hacking, malware, phishing and pharming

A

primary defence

489
Q

Firewall main tasks are…

A

Examine traffic between users computer and a network, checks if incoming/outgoing data meets criteria, can block traffic that doesn’t meet criteria, logs all traffic

490
Q

What’s main tasks are: Examine traffic between users computer and a network, checks if incoming/outgoing data meets criteria, can block traffic, log traffic?

A

Firewall

491
Q

What is artificial intelligence?

A

The development of programs to simulate human behavior.

492
Q

What are types of AI?

A

image recognition, speech recognition, natural language, computer games, diagnostic systems

493
Q

What is image recognition?

A

identify objects or people in an image

494
Q

What is speech recognition?

A

Identify words spoken by humans and store them

495
Q

What is natural language?

A

To receive a command or instruction that is not in a set format and perform the required task (e.g. Siri question)

496
Q

What use is AI in computer games?

A

to move elements or characters independently based on the environment

497
Q

What is a diagnosis system in AI?

A

e.g. to diagnose medical problems

498
Q

What are the features of AI programs?

A

collect data, programmed rules, ability to reason, ability to learn and adapt

499
Q

What is collecting data in AI?

A

programs need data input - data might come from users or from sensors

500
Q

What are programmed rules in AI?

A

Programs use rules to make decisions

Y10 21/22 (2 decks)

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