Everythin Flashcards
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds with the same general formula
What is E(x) of a geometric distribution?
1/p
What is the Var(x) of a geometric distribution
(1-p)/p^2
What is the E(x) of the Poisson distribution?
Lambda (the mean)
What is the Var(x) of the Poisson distribution?
Lambda (the mean)
What is the E(x) of the binomial distribution?
np
What is the Var(x) of the binomial distribution?
np(1-p)
What is the equation for PMCC
Sxy/(sqrt(Sxx times Syy))
What conditions are needed for the nitration of benzene? and what type of mechanism is it?
Mechanism: Electrophilic substitution
Conditions: HNO3 and H2SO4 (both conc)
55 degrees Celsius
How would you distinguish between two stereoisomers?
.Shining plane polarised light through it
. each enantiomer will rotate the light in different directions
What are the two types of stereoisomerism? and how are they achieved?
E/Z isomerism: No free rotation around the double bond
Optical isomerism: When there is a chiral carbon with 4 different groups attached to it
What are the 3 different types of structural isomerism?
Chain isomerism
Position isomerism (where the fuctional group moves)
Functional group isomerism ( where the functional group changes)
What is the difference between structural and stereoisomerism?
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but has a different structure
Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula but are arranged differently in 3D space
What is the equation for Impulse?
I=Ft
I= final - initial momentum
What is the equation for the light absorbed by a electron?
E=HF or E=HC/(lambda)
What pair of bases have 3 hydrogen bonds between them
Cytosine and guanine
What reagent is used to hydrolyse a protein
Conc HCl
How would you see an amino acid on a chromatography graph
UV light or ninhydrin
What does complementary mean in terms of DNA strands
Complementary means the two strands must have base sequences)
that match (all) A to T and C to G
What is the formula for a peptide link
CONH
What is an oxide that is insoluble in water
Al2O3
What is the product when you react aluminium oxide with sulphuric acid?
Aluminium sulfate and water
What are the observations when you mix sodium in oxygen
White powder forms
Yellow light
What are the observations when you mix phosphorous in oxygen
Misty white fumes
How do you test melting point and purity of a sample?
Place sample in thiele tube
Place in melting point apparatus
Heat slowly to establish melting point range
Compare melting point to literature value
What are the products of the reaction between a carboxylic acid and a carbonate?
Carbon dioxide, a salt and water
How is an ester formed?
An alcohol with a carboxylic acid or acid anhydride
What reagent is needed for the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
Sulfuric acid
What are the uses of esters?
Perfumes or food flavourings, polar solvents and plasticisers
What conditions are needed for the acid hydrolysis of an ester
Dilute acid and under reflux
What are the products of acid hydrolysis on a ester
Carboxylic acid and alcohol
What are the conditions of base hydrolysis of an ester? And what are the products.
Dilute base plus reflux
Carboxylate ion plus alcohol
How is a soap made?
Animal/vegetable fat with NaOH
What is the product of the reaction between water and acyl chloride
A carboxylic acid and HCl
What are the products from the reaction of an acyl chloride and ammonia
An amide plus HCL
What are the products of the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
Ester plus HCl
What are the products of the reaction between an acyl chloride and a primary amine?
An N-amide and HCL
what is the equation for centripetal acceleration?
a=V^2/r
What is the equation for Velocity in a circular motion diagram?
V=rW
in a pendulum, what is the equation w?
w=sqrt(g/l)
In a pendulum, what is the equation for theta?
theta = a cos(wt) where w=sqrt(g/l)
When a particle is suspended on a spring, what is the equation for w?
w= sqrt (lamda/m times l)
What is the period of a particle suspended on a spring?
p= 2π time sqrt(ml/lambda)
What is the equation for elastic potential energy?
E.P.E = 1/2 kx^2
what is the equation for velocity in simple harmonic motion?
v^2 = w^2(a^2-x^2)
What are the equations for displacement in simple harmonic motion?
x=asin(wt) if x is 0 or x=acos(wt) if x is not 0
What is the equation for Period in Simple harmonic motion?
P=2π/w
What is the volume of a sphere?
4/3πr^3
Where is the Centre of mass on a sphere?
C.O.M=r
what is the volume of a hemisphere?
2/3πr^3
Where is the centre of mass on a hemisphere?
C.O.M=3/8r
What is the volume of a cone?
1/3πr^2h
Where is the Centre of mass on a cone?
1/4h
what is the surface area of a hollow hemisphere?
2πr^2
where is the Centre of mass on a hollow hemisphere?
1/2r
What is the surface area of a hollow cone?
πr(sqrt(r^2+h^2))
Where is the centre of mass of a hollow cone?
1/3h
what is the equation for average power?
Work done/time taken
How do you test for halide ions?
Nitric acid + silver nitrate
What reagent and condition is needed for an elimination reaction?
ethanolic + NaOH
How do you make an aldehyde from an alcohol?
Primary alcohol, acidified pottasium dichromate
How do you make an alcohol from an aldehyde?
NaBH4 in methanol and water
How do you make a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?
Acidified pottasium dichromate under reflux
How do you make a ketone from an alcohol?
Secondary alcohol, Acidified potassium dichromate under reflux
How do you make an alcohol form a ketone?
NaBH4 in methanol and water
How do you make an alkene from an alcohol?
Conc H2SO4/ H3PO4 and heat
How do you make an alcohol from an alkene
Steam, H3PO4 catalyst, 300atm, 60 celcius
How do you make an haloalkane from an alcohol?
Sodium halide, H2SO4 and 20 celcius
How do you make an alcohol from a haloalkane?
Warm NaOH, H2O, reflux
How do you make a haloalkane from an alkane?
Halogen with UV light
How do you make a haloalkane from an alkene?
Hydrogen halide, 20 celcius
How do you make an alkene from a haloalkane?
KOH, ethanol, reflux
How do you make a dihaloalkane from an alkene?
Halgoen, 20 celcius
How do you make an alkane from an alkene?
H2, nickel catalyst at 150 celcius
How do you make a nitrile from a haloalkane?
KCN, ethanol, reflux
How do you make a primary amine from a nitrile?
LiAlH4 + dilute H2SO4
How do you make a primary amine from a haloalkane?
NH3 + heat
How do you make a secondary or tertiery amine from a haloalkane?
NH3 + heat
How do you make a hydroxy nitrile from a ketone or aldehyde?
KCN, H2SO4 at 20 Celsius
How do you make a carboxylic acid from a acid chloride/anhydride?
H2O at 20 Celsius
How do you make an ester from a carboxylic acid?
Conc H2SO4, alcohol, heat and catalyst
How do you make a carboxylic acid from an ester?
Dilute H2SO4, H2O reflux and catalyst
Or
Dilute NaOH plus reflux
How do you make an ester from an acid chloride/anhydride?
alcohol at 20 Celsius
How do you make a primary amide from an acid chloride/anhydride?
NH3 at 20 Celsius
How do you make an N-substituted amide from an Acid chloride/anhydride?
Amine at 20 Celsius
How do you make nitrobenzene from benzene?
Conc H2SO4 and Conc HNO3 at under 55 Celsius
How do you get Phenylamine from Nitrobenzene? and what type of reaction is it?
Conc HCL, Sn and reflux. Add NaOH
How do you get Phenylamine from Nitrobenzene? and what type of reaction is it?
Conc HCL, Sn and reflux. Add NaOH
Reaction is Reduction
How do you make N-Phenylethanamide from Phenylamine?
Acid chloride at Room temperature
How do you make Phenylketone from Benzene? and what is the reaction called?
Acid chloride with ALCl3 catalyst under reflux in anhydrous conditions
What is the integral of tan(x)
ln(secx)
