EVER LEARNER - predicted paper Flashcards
functions of proteins
Growth of body tissue
Repair of body tissue
Form muscle tissue/Form muscle
Hormone formation
Form enzymes
whys caffeine used as an aid
Increased alertness
Decreased reaction time
Increased fat metabolism
Increases activity of the central nervous system
apply use of caffeine to table tennis player
Increased alertness = anticipate which way the ball is going to travel during a rally
Decreased reaction time = react to a powerful shot and return the ball
Increased fat metabolism = maintain optimum weight/body shape for table
tennis
Increases activity of the central nervous system
activities where high levels of FOG would be beneficial
800m running
200m freestyle
1km cycling
tapering
Maintaining INTENSITY but reducing the VOLUME of training to prepare for
competition
tapering example
A runner will reduce the number of training miles completed by a third per week during the tapering period
stability definition
“the ability of the body to remain in a balanced position”
factors affecting stability
Mass
Height of the centre of mass
Size of base of support
Line of gravity
Points of contact
venous return mechanisms - anagram
some
men
prefer
red-headed
girls
venous return mechanisms
skeletal muscle pump
gravity
respiratory pump
pocket valves
smooth muscle
venous return mechanisms - skeletal muscle pump
squeezes veins and increases pressure, speeds up flow of blood back to the heart
venous return mechanisms - gravity
forces blood downwards from the upper body
gravity applies weight force to the blood
venous return mechanisms - respiratory muscle pump
uses pressure differences in the thoracic cavity to aid the movement of blood
venous return mechanisms - pocket valves
valves in veins prevent backflow of blood during diastole
keep blood moving in one direction only
venous return mechanism - smooth muscle
around veins pulses to increase pressure in the vein
smooth muscle constricts and dilates squeezing blood back
ATP PC - what does break down of PC =
releases energy
what is energy used to do in the ATP PC system
used to resynthesise ATP
energy + ADP + P = ATP
what type of reaction is used in this energy system - ATP PC
using coupled reactions
what conditions are used during the reactions - ATP PC
reaction takes place without oxygen
what enzyme is used in the ATP PC
creatine kinase
where doe the reactions take place - ATP PC
sarcoplasm
what is the energy yield - ATP PC
1 ATP per PC
1:1 energy yield
when is the ATP PC system used
during high-intensity activity
pros of attending a high altitude training camp
- Allows athlete to acclimatise to conditions
- Minimise the impact of decreased partial pressure of oxygen - hypoxic conditions
Increased release of erythropoietin/ red blood cell production = oxygen transport more efficient - Helps to stabilise breathing rate and ventilation after acclimatisation
- Oxygen extraction becomes more efficient = leads to lower SV and Q
- Reduces chances of altitude sickness and chance of breathlessness
practical eg. when dynamic flexibility is used
It is needed at the shoulder when throwing a javelin
When a dancer performs a split leap
During the bowling action in cricket
practical eg. when maximum strength is used
It is needed when performing a deadlift in weightlifting
When throwing an opponent in judo
When pushing in a rugby scrum
identify tests that assess aerobic capacity
Cooper 12 minute run
Queen’s College step test
Multi-stage fitness test
Direct gas analysis
pros of continuous traingin
Continuous training is simple/basic/easy to set up
It’s easily available for performers without needing complex facility to train in
Can be used regardless of current fitness levels
It’s specific for triathlon
Effective for improving aerobic capacity/Endurance/Cardiovascular endurance
cons of continous trainign
Continuous training can be tedious/Boring/Too repetitive
Time consuming/Takes too long/Not time-efficient
Has a detrimental effect on speed/Doesn’t help speed
Can cause chronic injury
what is glycogen loading
manipulation of carbohydrate intake in the week before competition
process of glycogen loading
Day 1 - depleted glycogen stores
through endurance exercise, use of endurance exercise to deplete glycogen
Day 2-3 - high protein/fat diet/
Day 4 - deplete glycogen stores
through endurance exercise
Days 5-7 - high carbohydrate diet
training reduced/Tapering/Rest
pros of glycogen loading
- glycogen loading leads to 50% greater glycogen stores
- takes longer to reach exhaustion - can exercise for longer before
exhaustion - delays fatigue
cons of glycogen loading
- risk of hypoglycaemia
- causes lethargy
- causes irritability/anger
- gastrointestinal problems/
- causes water retention
- can affect mental preparation/mindset
types of fractures
*compound
*simple
*incomplete
*complete
*greenstick
*transverse
*oblique
*spiral
*comminuted
*impacted
*avulsion
what is a compound fracture
the fractured bone breaks through the skin
what is a simple fracture
where the skin remains unbroken - there is no breaking of the skin
what is an incomplete fracture
where there is a partial crack/ the bone doesn’t completely separate
what is a complete fracture
where the bone separates/there is a total break
what is a green stick fracture
is a splitting partial break
is a result of a bending motion
what is a transverse fracture
perpendicular crack
what is an oblique fracture
diagonal fracture
what is a spiral fracture
a twisting fracture
what is a comminuted fracture
is a crack which produces multiple fragments
what is an impacted fracture
a break when the two ends are compressed
what is an avulsion fracture
the bone becomes detached from connective tissue
practical examples of fractures
A dangerous high tackle in football could lead to a leg/femur fracture
Stamping on an opponent’s arm during a ruck in rugby could lead to an arm/radius/ulna fracture
Punching someone in the head in a boxing match could lead to a skull fracture
Trying to catch a hard-hit cricket ball could lead to a fractured bone in the
hand/fractured bone in the
metacarpals/phalanges
Falling off a bike in road cycling could lead to fracturing your ribs/sternum/clavicle
Tripping on the goal post in netball could lead to fracturing a bone in your
toes/metatarsals
Falling from a horse during an equestrian event could lead to a pelvic fracture
newtons first law - football
The ball will remain in a state of rest until an external force is
applied to it (player kicking the ball)
application of N1L to football
Ball will not accelerate towards goal until a force acts upon it
Once ball is at a constant velocity it will remain this way until a
force acts upon it - affected by unbalanced/external force
newtons second law - football
acceleration of the ball towards the goal is dependent on the size of the force applied to it
- how hard the player kicks it
application of N2L to football
Ball will travel quickly towards goal if player contacts the middle of the ball as force is applied in a forward direction
Player applies curl or spin by kicking the side or bottom of the ball, the momentum of the ball towards goal will be slower -acceleration = slower
newtons third law - football
When the player plants their foot next to the ball, a downward force is applied.
The ground applies an equal and opposite upward reaction force
application of N3L to football
If the ball hits the post an equal and opposite reaction force is
applied to the ball and it rebounds back/
If the ball is saved by the goalkeeper, an equal and opposite reaction is applied by the reaction force of the ball rebounding off the goalkeeper
If the player applies a forward force to the ball when kicking it, the ball applies an
equal and opposite downward reaction force to the player’s foot
how is topspin created
Applies an eccentric force to the ball - applies torque above the centre of the ball
Causes the ball to spin forwards around the transverse axis
Airflow decreases above the ball - Air moves more slowly above the ball
High-pressure above the ball
Increased air flow below the ball - Air moves faster below the ball
Slow moving air below the ball
Low pressure below the ball
Pressure gradient forms
Magnus force = downwards/
Ball has a reduced flight path/non-parabolic flight path
factors that affect the magnitude of drag acting on a body moving through water
Velocity
Frontal cross-sectional area
Streamlining/Shape/Aerodynamic shape
Smoothness of the surface
what is limb kinematics, practical example
Limb kinematics is 2D modelling of human movement
motion analysis of movement
video analysis of movement
e.g. mapping knee motion for a sprinter
throwing action for a javelin thrower
joint angles when hurdling
what are wind tunnels, practical example
Wind tunnels are for measuring aerodynamic properties/air resistance and drag
Measuring the drag of a new design of a road bike
Measuring drag of a F1 car
Measuring air resistance of a ski jumper’s suit
what are force plates, practical example
Force plates are metal, rectangular plates which measure the size and direction of
forces acting on an athlete
They give immediate graphical readings of forces acting on an athlete
Assess the force produced for a basketball
player in a jumping motion for a rebound
Force produced by a gymnast balancing on one foot
Force produced by a sprinter when their foot hits the floor in their running action
why does a hard-hit shuttle cock = non parabolic flight path
travels very fast and has a high air resistance bc high velocity causes
high air resistance
has a large relative cross-sectional area so has a high air resistance
has rough surface characteristics so a high air resistance - wood and glue are rough and cause air resistance
not streamlined, so it has a high air resistance
is very light so the air resistance is dominant - low mass means air
resistance is dominant
flight path is shortened because of high air resistance - travels less horizontal
distance = shortened flight path
Explain how the ice skater manipulates their body shape to spin on the ice.
Bringing arms and legs closer to the longitudinal axis - increases spin rate
Ice skater tucking arms in and bringing legs together reduces their moment of
inertia
Ice skater tucking arms and bringing legs together in increases angular velocity
Tucking arms in and bringing legs together results in an increase amount of rotation
regulation of heart rate during exercise
Autonomic nervous system determines the firing rate of the SA node
Cardiac control centre receives information from sensory nerves
Three sources of information determine action of CCC
- Neural control/ Chemoreceptors/ Proprioceptors
- Intrinsic control/Temperature change/Venous return changes
- Hormonal control
Chemoreceptors located in muscles/Aorta/Carotid arteries
Proprioceptors located in muscles/Tendons/Joints
Baroreceptors in blood-vessel walls
Hormonal control through release of adrenaline
Hormonal factors are the release of adrenaline – stimulates the SA node
Neural factors are movement, blood pressure and blood chemistry
Baroreceptors detect increases in blood pressure
Chemoreceptors detect decrease in blood pH
Proprioceptors detect movement
Intrinsic factors are thermoreceptors in the heart detecting changes in temperature
Intrinsic factor is venous return changes, which affect stretch of ventricle walls/
Based on action-provided CCC actions either increase or decrease heart rate
Parasympathetic nervous system = reduce HR
Sympathetic nervous system = increase HR
Describe the different types of cardiovascular disease that could occur as a result of long-term physical inactivity
Atherosclerosis
is the stiffening of artery walls/loss of elasticity
= less blood flow to the vital organs/reduces BP and reduces
flow = hypertension
Coronary heart disease/CHD
results from atheroclerosis of coronary arteries that supply the heart with
oxygenated blood
reduction in blood flow and oxygen limits cardiac muscle ability to respire, which
can result in heart attack
Heart attack
is a result of a blood clot
causes oxygen to be cut off
Stroke
occurs through blockage of cerebral artery
occurs when blood vessel burst within or on surface of the brain
= heamorrhagic stroke occrus when blood vessel bursts within or on the surface of
brain
