Events Of The Civil War Flashcards
THE BATTLE OF EDGEHILL What year? Describe the events? How many men did each side have? How many men died? Who won and why was this significant?
THE BATTLE OF EDGEHILL 1642
- Charles was hoping for a quick victory so he could get to London. At first, it looked bad for parliament, but by the end of the day, there was no clear victor. Under the cover of darkness, Essex’s parliamentary army snuck away
- Fairly balanced - 15,000 men each
- More then 3000 died
- Charles perceived parliaments running away as a victory, which gave him the confidence to change his tactics
What was the OXFORD TREATY?
What year?
OXFORD TREATY 1642-3
A mild version of the 19 propositions, also including laws agains papists
By 1643, what areas were under royalist control?
- The whole of Yorkshire except Hull - parliamentarian commander Fairfax couldn’t prevent victories at Tadcaster, Seacroft Moore and Adwalton
- Scarborough castle
- Most of the south west except Plymouth
1st Battle of Newbury
What year?
What happened?
What was the outcome and why was this significant?
1ST BATTLE OF NEWBURY 1643
- Parliamentarians were very well prepared, with 40 barrels of gunpowder and canons
- When Essex arrived, the King abandoned the siege, which was seen as a turning point as the Royalist forced began to weaken
MARSTON MOORE
What year?
What happened?
What was the outcome and why was this significant?
MARSTON MOORE 1644
- Parliament fought with Manchester Eastern Association Army and others, plus scots
- Significant because it was the first decisive win for parliament, and virtually destroyed royalist power in the north. Also marked the beginning of the ‘British’ civil war (as the scots are brought in) and reflected the power of combined forces
Surrender of Essex’s army
What year?
Describe events
ESSEX’s army surrender 1644
Essex marched his army to relieved several garrisons in Devon, but the King blocks his path and his inexperienced army are forced to surrendered
Essex escaped by sea and his army forced to surrender
2ND BATTLE OF NEWBURY
What year?
Who won?
Why was this battle significant?
2ND BATTLE OF NEWBURY 1644
- Action was indecisive, but there was a crisis of confidence with commanders Essex and Waller
- The battle exposed growing political rift among parliamentary officers. This was important as it inspired change - it was because of this that the Model Army and Self Denying Ordinance was brought in
THE BATTLE OF NASEBY
What year?
Why was it significant?
THE BATTLE OF NASEBY 1645
Parliaments first battle with the New Model Army - however, it was an extremely close battle and could have gone either way
Describe the events of the Battle of Naseby
THE BATTLE OF NASEBY 1645
- Doesn’t begin immediately, but Okeys Dragoons kick things off
- One one wing, Ruperts cavalry charge is successful, but on the other, Cromwell wins
- Cromwell sends a few men to chase away royalist cavalry, but the rest STAY TO HELP. Otherwise, the parliamentarians would have lost
- Royalists flee
- Parliament try to capture Charles, but he is protected by impressive royalist discipline
What may have happened had the royalists win the Battle of Naseby?
The royalists would have…
- destroyed the reputation of the model army
- destroyed Fairfax and Cromwells reputation
- taken London
At the beginning of the war, why were the Royalists so strong in terms of their MILITARY?
Give 4 strengths
- EXPERIENCED OFFICERS - gained experience from 30 years war
- A CLEAR STRATEGY - to take London. Although this strategy changed after Edgehill
- CAVALRY HORSES - brought by Rupert and Maurice - although they often lacked discipline and were relied upon to heavily
- IRISH SUPPORT - however, Irish rebellion left unprotected, and this only fuelled the Catholic conspiracy
At the beginning of the war, why were the Royalists so strong in terms of their FINANCES?
Give 2 strengths
- LOCAL COMMITTEES - used pre-war taxation methods to raise revenue
- DONATIONS - huge donations from wealthy gentry eg Earl of Worcester gave £900,000 - but donations soon began to run out
At the beginning of the war, why were the Royalists so strong in terms of their LEADERSHIP?
Give 3 strengths
- EXPERIENCED OFFICERS - gained experience from 30 years war
- CENTRAL POLITICAL AND MILITARY COMMAND STRUCTURE - a clear hierarchy of command. However, tactics change and troops are divided
- EXPERIENCED GENERALS - skilled and charismatic leaders eg Rupert and Maurice
THE SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT
What year?
What were its terms?
THE SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT Sept 1643
Parliament create an alliance with the Scottish Covenanters
- Provided 21,000 men led by Earl of Leven
- Helped defeat the King in the North eg Marston Moore
- Stretched the Kings resources
Also an important catalyst for the military reforms which followed
PARLIAMENTARY MILITARY REFORM
New Model Army
What year?
Describe
THE NEW MODEL ARMY 1645
- Combination of 3 association armies under talented commander Thomas Fairfax
- Regular pay
- Stricter discipline
