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Events leading to War 1640-41 > Events leading to War 1640-41 > Flashcards

Events leading to War 1640-41 Flashcards

1
Q

1) Short Parliament -

13 April 1640 - 5 May 1640.

A
  • Didn’t vote for subsidies for Scottish war. Dissolved by Charles
  • Charles planned to face the Scots without Parliamentary backing.
  • Charles gathered a counsel of pears at York, they would not cooperate with Charles unless another parliament was called.
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2
Q

2) Long Parliament -

November 1640.

A
  • United on abuses of personal rule.
  • Wentworth and laud sent to the Tower of London
  • Court of the Star Chamber abolished.
  • Court of High Commission abolished.
  • Ship Money made illegal
  • Knighthood fines prohibited
  • Tonnage and Poundage without Parliaments consent (passed with enormous majorities)
  • Triennal Act (October 1641)
  • Charles gave his assent
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3
Q

3) Triennial Act

- 1641

A
  • Charles had to call parliament every 3 years and it should last a minimum of 50 days.
  • If failed it would be done automatically by the Lord Chancellor.
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4
Q

4) Radicalism and Pym
- Pym
- 1640-42

A
  • Pym emerged as a leading figure in the House of Commons during the Long Parliament, regarded as a chief opponent to Charles
  • Had a role in most political issues 40-42
    Lead attacks on Wentworth
  • Supported the Protestation Oath
  • A key figure in the Grand Remonstrance.
  • Involved in Kings finances - Only granting Charles T&P on a 2 monthly basis
  • Chair of recess committee
  • Some Historians argue he was the most prominent figure of a wider opposition network.
  • Worked with Covenanters as realised the Long Parliament depend on the Scottish Army in the North.
  • Believed in the ‘true religion’ - most important aim was to preserve a strongly Protestant Church but aware of religion being a very divisive issue so somewhat side-lined.
  • The Grand Remonstrance announced a parliament of Churchmen to be held at Westminster (didn’t meet till July 1643).
  • 1641 - Referred to as “King Pym” and those who surround him as “Pym’s Junto” (refers to Pym and his allies becoming a new ruling power - derogatory)
  • Can be argued that Charles actions pushed Pym to become more radical, perhas recognising that the King could not be negotiated with.
  • Made use of the London Mob
  • Pym essentially gained control of the capital after Charles fled.
  • Pym responsible for the Commons order of 8 September, ordering destruction of altars, rails and crucifixes
  • More radical as a result of the Irish rebellion
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5
Q

5) 10 Propositions

- July 1641

A
  • Made clear that if a settlement was to be reached, the King would need to accept limitations on his power
    e. g:
  • Parliamentary input into the Privy Council,
  • Control of those around the queen
  • Control of religious education of the royal children.
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6
Q

6) The Church

A
  • Religion was arguably the most contentious issue 1641. A main issue was how to administer the Church.
  • Measures were introduced to have Catholics removed from London
  • Long Parliament sought the right to appoint the Dean of Durham Cathedral.
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7
Q

6a) Root and Branch Bill
- Petition redrafted by Oliver St. John
- Presented to the Commons by Henry Vane Jr
> MAY 1641

A
  • Petitions arrived from all over the country in support of the Root and Branch reform.
    15,000 signatures, Londoners very vocal, numerous demonstrations and pamphlets supporting change, as well as others from people in support of the Bishops (potential source of division).
  • OLIVER ST JOHN redrafted Londoners petition into the Root and Branch Bill.
  • Presented to the Commons in MAY 1641 by Henry Vane Jr and Oliver St.John
  • Aim was to root out episcopacy - root and branch.
  • By abolishing offices of the archbishop and bishops and thus dismantle the structure of the church.
  • This would altar the House of Lords and thus reduce the Kings power
  • Bitterly divided parliament.
    e.g. NATHANIEL FINNES sympathised with the Covenanters.
    Whilst LORD DIGBY wanted to reform, rather than abolish, urging parliament “not to root up a good tree because of bad branches”.
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8
Q

6b) Exclusion Bill

- Rejected by the Lords in June 1641

A
  • All the commons could agree on was a limit of the secular powers of Bishops.
  • Introduced Exclusion Bill which meant Bishops could no longer sit and vote in the House of Lords
  • > Rejected by the Lords in JUNE 1641
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9
Q

6c) Protestation Oath
- House of Commons
- MAY 1641

A

An oath designed to bing MP’s together in a time of crisis by making them promise to prioritise and protect the protestant religion.
Initially for JP’s and magistrates but in 1642, it was extended to all adult males in England and Wales

  • Riots broke out (St Thomas the Apostle)
    > Rails pulled down and burned
    > priests were threatened
    > Services interrupted by protestors.

(factors = Abolition of prerogative courts, Laud impeached, collapse of censorship, release of prisoners, collapse of thorough)

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10
Q

7) Bridge Appointments

Made Privy councillors:

  • BEDFORD
  • SAY
  • MANDEVILLE
  • ESSEX

EARL OF BEDFORD would be LORD TREASURER
PYM would be CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER

A
  • The aim was for the abolishment of confrontational and financial policies and to return to a broad Elizabethan church.
  • BEDFORD SAY, MANDEVILLE AND ESSEX appointed privy councillors
  • EARL BEDFORD would be LORD TREASURER
  • PYM would be CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER.
  • OLIVER ST.JOHN would be SOLICITOR GENERAL
  • In return, parliament would pay the kings existing debts and subsidies would be replaced by a fixed sum.
  • Didn’t find universal support in the houses.
    > PYM accused of ‘Turkish Despotism’
  • (Part of the negotiations was probably surrounding Charles not wanting Strafford to be executed)
  • MAY 1641 - BEDFORD died from Smallpox, it had lost its champion
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11
Q

8) Strafford’s Execution - May 1641 :(

A
  • Impeached NOV 1641
  • Scapegoat, was safer to blame evil counsellors than the king directly.
  • The impeachment was more about what he could do rather than what he had done - (Forces in Ireland)
  • Evidence was circumstantial and Strafford defended himself adeptly.
    > Therefore PYM proceeded against him by means of the BILL OF ATTAINDER.
  • ARMY PLOT (and Protestation Oath with the presence of the London Mob) heightened political tensions which pushed the Lords and eventually the king to sign.

“His greatest ever sin”

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12
Q

9) The Army Plot
3RD May - Plot revealed to parliament

  • PYM
  • STRAFFORD
  • CHARLES
A
  • 3RD MAY - PYM revealed the plot to parliament
  • Sealed Straffords fate as it terrified the houses
  • Misguided move by the king to rescue Strafford
    > Charles ordered officers to return to their commands in the north,
    > This was interpreted as a plan to use an English amy against Parliament.
    > There was also rumours that Charles wanted to dissolve Parliament
    > The Plot: A group of officers to seize the Tower of London, release Wentworth and dissolve parliament.
  • The evidence Charles was involved was circumstantial but was easy for many MP’s to believe he had some role in the plot.
  • Saw parliament pass a bill that meant it could not be dissolved without their own consent.
    > CHARLES AGREED 10 MAY
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13
Q

10) Protestation Oath
- House of Commons
- MAY 1641

A

Designed to bind MPs together in a time of crisis
> Unity or a source of division?

  • Charles gave consent to the Oath in JULY 1641
    > Extended to all adult males in England and Wales
  • Many communities assembled in their church to make the Oath together.
    > Spread the debate across the country, not always peaceful occasions.
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14
Q

The Protestation Oath itself:

A

“I do in the presence of Almighty God, promise vow and protest to maintain and defend… The true reformed protestant religion… against all Popery and Popish innovations… His Majesty Royal Persona, Honour and Estate, as also the Power and Privileges of Parliaments, the Lawful Rights and Liberties of the subjects.”

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15
Q

11) The Incident
- AUGUST 1641

  • CHARLES
  • HAMPDEN
  • GENERAL LESLIE
  • MONTROSE
  • ROTHES
  • AGYLL
  • HAMILTON
  • CRAWFORD
  • MONTROSE
A

AUGUST 1641
> The King travelled to Scotland, hoped to win support and gain agreement to remove the rest of the army
> Commons fearful that he might deploy the English and Scottish forces against them - Parliament sent JOHN HAMPDEN with Charles to keep an eye on him.

  • Concessions to covenanters, met the Scottish parliament, held talks with GENERAL LESLIE and appointed moderate covenanters (MONTROSE/ROTHES) in key roles.
  • Charles simultaneously plotting to remove the most radical covenanters (ARGYLL/ HAMILTON) through military action led by CRAWFORD and MONTROSE.
  • Charles attended Edinburgh Parliament accompanied by an armed force.
    > Plot leaked and targets escaped
  • Proved Charles couldn’t be trusted and divided Scottish nobility. He had to appoint key opponents to key posts.
  • CUMBERNAULD BAND signed an agreement to defend King as alarmed by Radicalism
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16
Q

12) Irish Rebellion
- 1642
- CATHOLICS PROTESTING AGAINST PROTESTANTS IN ULSTER

A
  • Strongly Catholic nation
  • Wentworth left a power vacuum
  • Elizabeth I began a policy of settling protestant in the north - Ulster- given lands plantations taken from Catholic landowners.
  • Irish Catholics watching events in Scotland
    > Popular uprising against PROTESTANTS IN ULSTER spread act across country by 1642
    > Inspired by actions in Scotland and a fear of growing Protestant and Presbyterian elements in politics
  • Clarendon: 40,000 murdered
17
Q

12a) Significance of Irish Rebellion

A
  • Reports radicalised the Long Parliament
    > Thought an Army should be sent to crush the rebellion but could the King be trusted?
    > Issue complicated by Phelim o’Neil claiming the King had ordered him to rebel.
  • PYM introduced an ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTION 151- 110
  • DEC 1641 - MILITIA BILL
    > Introduced to remove the kings power to summon a militia - Heated debates over the bill dragged on into FEB 1642
  • CONRAD RUSSELL called it the Billiard Effect
    > Scottish Revolution and Wentworth’s return prompted Irish Catholics to act before Presbyterians and Puritans imposed harsher rule on Catholic Ireland
  • In turn, the Irish Rebellion radicalised the situation in England as there was now a real fear of a Catholic invasion.
18
Q

13) The Grand Remonstrance
- November 1641
- Pym

A

NOVEMBER 1641, PYM introduced the Grand Remonstrance into the commons.

  • Recess committee (Pym head of) worked on the Grand Remonstrance
    > Contained an overview of Charles reign.
    > Blamed evil advisors, bishops and papists for the present troubles
    > Made a list of demands, e.g.
  • Parliament to have more influence over royal officers, -House of Lords to be cleared of Bishops and
  • the Church was to be reformed.
  • Thus a proactive programme of limiting the Kings power
19
Q

14) Militia Bill
- December 1641
- Haselrig

A
  • Forced MPs to take sides
  • DECEMBER 1641, Sir Haselrig introduced the MILITIA BILL which removed the trained army from the Kings power.
  • Created intense division.
20
Q

14a) Additional Instruction

- Pym

A

Pym introduced an ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTION to crush Irish revels, stated that the army raised by Charles should only appoint councillors approved by Parliament.

> Won 151-110
Real split
Many strong Protestants voted against.

21
Q

14b) 5MPs
- Impeachment announced on the 3 JAN 1641
- Action taken 4 JAN 1641
5 MPs:
> Pym
> Hampden
> Holles
> Haselrig
> Strode

A
  • At this point, Charles decided it was time to arrest 5 MPs.
    > Impeachment announced on the 3 Jan 1642, 4 Jan he entered the commons. Pym could use this as further proof of the danger that Charles posed/ not to be negotiated with.
  • End of 1641, Charles believed he had enough support to reassert his authority
  • DEC, impeachment of bishops accepted by the Lords
  • Charles issued impeachment proceedings for treason against 5 commons members and 2 lords
    (Pym, Hampden, Holles, Haselrig, Strode)
  • 4th Jan, Charles assembled 500 soldiers
    > members forewarned and fled to safety by boat
22
Q

14c) Significance of the 5 MPs

A
  • London Mob surged onto the streets in protest to the Kings actions
  • Rumours spread that the king was advancing on the city with 1500 cavalrymen (city prepared to defend itself)
  • 1000 sailors offered support
    > men assembled in Buckinghamshire to support their MP Hampden
  • Charles took the decision to move his family to Hampden Court Palace
    > Lost connection with London, making negotiations difficult and allowing Mob to radicalise further
  • Charles had demonstrate absolutist tendencies by disregarding parliamentary privileges and using force

> Removed Bishops from the lords

-

23
Q

14d) Exclusion Bill

- 5 Feb

A

Removed Bishops from the Lords

24
Q

14e) Militia Ordinance

- 15 Feb

A

Parliament in command of Militia, law without needing royal assent enacted 5 March

25
Q

15) 19 Propositions

- June 1642

A
  • Last effort to contain the King
  • Radical, confrontational, would have stripped king of his power
  • 19 conditions laid out including:
    > Parliament to give assent to all royal appointments
    > Parliament to take responsibility for educating the royal children and arranging marriages
    > Stronger anti-Catholic legislation
    > Church reformed according to Parliament
    > Kings should approve Militia ordinance
  • Rejected by the King
26
Q

16) Constitutional Royalism
- NOBILITY
- CHARLES
- PYM

A

Reaction by moderates to the development of parliamentary radicalism since 1640.
> Many Nobles looked to the monarchy (not necessarily CHARLES) to protect law and order and the moderate protestant church.

  • PYM became more of a threat than Charles = Caused division
  • Breakdown of unity with the ACT OF ATTAINDER
27
Q

17) The London Mob

A
  • London Mob = the population of London who participated in politics
  • London had become a key point of contact for Puritan Merchants
    > already began radicalising under the pressure from Laudianism
  • Radicalised further in the 1640s as Charles lost control over the censorship of the press. - Pamphlets flooded the streets
  • Parliament began to actively HARNESS the mob to increase pressure on the king
    > They were most readily moblised in support of religious reform - e.g ROOT AND BRANCH PETITION 1640 and turned out in force at other points too
    > Came out to defend the Tower of London amid rumours of a royalist plot to seize it and release WENTWORTH
  • Used to put pressure of the Lords to exclude Bishops
  • Linked to a Puritan network
28
Q

How did Charles make conflict more likely?

A
  • During the short parliament he sought money from Spain and Rome (Catholic)
  • Army Plot
  • The incident
  • Potential involvement in the Irish Rebellion
  • Arrest of 5 MPs
  • Attempts to seize arsenal at Hull
HOWEVER
> Made a number f concessions (religious and political changes)
- Royal assent to the BILL OF ATTAINDER
- Bridge Appointment
- Triennial act.

Events leading to War 1640-41 (1 decks)

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