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Hydrology (Finals) > Evaporation > Flashcards

Evaporation Flashcards

1
Q

changes into a gas or
it is the process by which a
liquid changes into a gas or
vapor at temperatures below
its boiling point.

A

evaporation

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2
Q

It refers to the transformation of liquid water into water vapor

A

evaporation

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3
Q

In a liquid, molecules are in constant motion with varying
kinetic energies.
kinetic energies

A

Molecular motion

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4
Q

Molecules at the liquid’s surface have fewer neighboring molecules above them compared to those in the bulk liquid

A

surface molecule

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5
Q

For evaporation to occur, a molecule must have enough ________ to
overcome the intermolecular forces holding it in the liquid state.

A

overcoming intermolecular forces, kinetic energy

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6
Q

As molecules evaporate, they create a _________ above the liquid surface.

A

vapor pressure

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7
Q

Evaporation continues as long as this vapor pressure is less than the
__________ at that temperature

A

saturation vapor pressure

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8
Q

In a __________, evaporation will eventually reach a balance with
condensation (gas molecules returning to the liquid).

A

dynamic equilibrium, closed system

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9
Q

The wider the _________, the
faster the water evaporates

A

surface area

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10
Q

Factors Affecting Evaporation

A

Surface Area
temperature
humidity
wind velocity
water quality
water depth

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11
Q

The _______ the temperature, the
faster the evaporation

A

higher

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12
Q

Lower humidity = ________
Higher humidity = _________
100% humidity = __________

A

faster evaporation
slower evaporation
no net evaporation
(equilibrium)

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13
Q

Higher wind velocity =
___________
Lower wind velocity =
___________

A

faster evaporation
slower evaporation

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14
Q

______ or _______ water
evaporates slower than fresh
water.

A

Salty, impure

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15
Q

_________ evaporates faster due to
more surface area exposed to heat and air.

A

Shallow water

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16
Q

__________ evaporates slower as it
retains heat longer and has less exposure

A

Deeper water

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17
Q

Molecules contained in a liquid evaporate from the __________

A

surface area

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18
Q

The surface area can be estimated based on the _________ of the evaporating substance

A

dimensions

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19
Q

The higher the _________, the more molecules move, enabling them to escape from the surface of a liquid

A

temperature

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20
Q

Instruments commonly used to measure temperature in evaporation studies and hydrology

A

Thermometer
Thermo-hydrograph
Maximum & Minimum Thermometer
Thermocouple

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21
Q

Measures how hot or cold the atmosphere is in (Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin)

A

Thermometer

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22
Q

an instrument which records the environmental temperature and humidity at the same time, usually both continually

A

Thermo-hydrograph

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23
Q

This records the highest and lowest temperature over a specific period.

A

Maximum and minimum thermometer

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24
Q

this is a sensor that converts temperature into an electrical signal, allowing for precise and continuous temperature measurements.

A

Thermocouple

25
Q

It’s often used in evaporation studies to monitor the temperature a=of the evaporating substance of the surrounding environment

A

Thermocouple

26
Q

an instrument used in meteorological science to measure the humidity, or amount of water vapor in the air

A

hygrometer

27
Q

Common types of hygrometer

A

Psychrometer
electronic hygrometer
hair hygrometer

28
Q

a type of hygrometer used to measure the moisture content or relative humidity in the air

A

psychrometer

29
Q

psychrometer consists of two thermometer

A

dry bulb & wet bulb

30
Q

detects the change in the electrostatic capacity or electric resistance of a sensor when it absorbs moisture.

A

electronic hygrometer

31
Q

uses dielectric material made of high polymer membrane, as a sensor

A

electrical capacitive hygrometer

32
Q

a traditional and most common tool used to measure wind speed and direction

A

anemometer

33
Q

composed of a vertical pillar and three or four cups. These cups capture the movement of air flow

A

anemometer

34
Q

have no moving parts and measure wind speed using high frequency sound and acoustic resonance

A

Ultrasonic anemometer

35
Q

uses beam light from a laser based on the principle of reflective signal

A

laser doppler anemometer

36
Q

It is one of the most important factors in a
healthy ecosystem. _____ supports a
diversity of plants and wildlife

A

Water quality, Clean water

37
Q

properties measured by scientists to determine water quality.

A

temperature, acidity (pH), dissolved
solids (specific conductance), particulate matter (turbidity),
dissolved oxygen, hardness and suspended sediment

38
Q

____________ is important to fish and aquatic plants.
________- can affect the level of oxygen, as well as the ability
of organisms to resist certain pollutants.

A

Water temperature, Temperature

39
Q

Make sure the thermometer is submerged at
least _____ under the surface of the water. Hold
under the water for ______ You’ll know it’s
ready when the temperature has remained the
same for at least ______.

A

10 cm, 5 minutes, 30 seconds

40
Q

___ is the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) present in a substance
such as water. Knowing the amount of hydrogen in a
substance allows us to judge whether it is acidic, neutral, or
basic.

A

PH

41
Q

3 ways to test your water’s ph level.

A

pH meter
pH test strips
Litmus papers

42
Q

________ comprises a digital or
moving coil pH meter and two probes.
Your test kit should also contain a
stirrer, pH electrode, calibrated
cylinder, a jar, a sample of deionized
water, and buffers

A

A pH meter

43
Q

_________ will help you test for
chemicals in your private water
system and ensure its fit for
consumption. The closer to ____ on the
meter the more likely it is that your
supply contains pure water.

A

A pH meter, 7

44
Q

________- are another method to test whether
your potable supply has acidic, neutral or alkaline
water.

A

pH test strips

45
Q

________ will only tell
you whether water is acidic or basic.

A

litmus papers

46
Q

The most common and fastest way of
measuring ocean depth uses ______-. Ships
using technology called _____, which stands
for sound navigation and ranging, can map
the topography of the ocean floor. The
device sends sound waves to the bottom of
the ocean and measures how long it takes
for an echo to return.

A

sound, sonar

47
Q

it is a widely used technique to estimate evaporation from open water bodies like lakes and reservoirs.

A

pan evaporation method

48
Q

is used to estimate evaporation by applying the principle of conservation of mass to a water body

A

mass balance method

49
Q

This method uses the movement of moisture
from the surface into the atmosphere to
estimate evaporation. In order to determine
the evaporation rate. Parameters such as wind
speed and the gradient of vapour pressure are
frequently used in the mass transfer technique.

A

mass transfer method

50
Q

-Framework considering energy inputs and
outputs.
-Determines rate of evaporation from land or
water.
-Energy difference between entering and
leaving surface represents available energy.
-Essential for understanding and forecasting
evaporation in various climatic and
environmental conditions.

A

Energy Budget Model

51
Q

Rs

A

incoming solar radiation

52
Q

RI

A

outgoing longwave radiation

53
Q

Rn

A

Net Radiation (Rn= Rs-RI)

54
Q

To find the Latent Heat Flux used for evaporation

A

L= Rn−H−G

55
Q

determined from
meteorological data, towards which
the water temperature is driven by
the net heat exchange, that is,
when the water is at equilibrium
temperature the net rate of heat
exchange is zero.

A

EQUILIBRIUM
TEMPERATURE METHOD

56
Q

It does not lend itself to manual
calculation and requires a certain
amount of coding and data
preparation and transformation
in order to be used.

A

EQUILIBRIUM
TEMPERATURE METHOD

57
Q

A valuable tool in operational estimates of evaporation, especially in
regions with limited data. These factors are used to adjust reference
evaporation rates (often measured using a standardized method like the
Class A pan) to account for the specific characteristics of different land
surfaces.

A

EMPIRICAL FACTORS

58
Q

Measurements of evaporation from water were used to calibrate ___________ and so these factors should be used with estimates of reference
evaporation calculated using this model

A

Penman’s model of
evaporation

59
Q

Dalton’s law used for evaporation:

A

EL = C (es – ea)

Hydrology (Finals) (3 decks)

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