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CLINC > Evaluative Sciences > Flashcards

Evaluative Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

Allow for the evaluation of multiple exposures that may increase risk for a specific disease.

A

Case-control studies

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2
Q

Subjects are selected based their exposure status.

A

Cohort Studies

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3
Q

Subjects are selected based on their disease status.

A

Case-Control Studies

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4
Q

comparing the presence of periodontitis in diabetics vs. non-diabetics

A

Chi-squared test

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5
Q

Formula for incidence rate

A

(# of new cases of disease/population at risk ) over a time period

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6
Q

Is a range of values about a sample statistic that we are confident that the true population parameter lies.

A

Confidence intervals

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7
Q

cannot directly compute incidence of disease in exposed and non-exposed persons

A

case-control

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8
Q

P-value Is the ______ assuming that the _____ is true, of seeing an _______ than that in the study by chance.

A

P-value Is the probability, assuming that the null hypothesis is true, of seeing an effect as extreme or more extreme than that in the study by chance.

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9
Q

Follows a mathematical order but has no true zero

A

Interval scale

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10
Q

compares disease prevalence in the exposed and unexposed.

A

Prospective cohort: c

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11
Q

threat to internal validity

A

bias, error, and confounding

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12
Q

is a statistical method that allows for comparison of several population means.

A

ANOVA

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13
Q

Efficient for rare diseases.

A

Case-control studies

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14
Q

they begin with the exposure of interest and probe back for exposure information.

A

Retrospective cohort:

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15
Q

Provides complete description of experience after exposure, including rate of progression and natural history of disease

A

Cohort Studies

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16
Q

significance of r2

A

The higher the r2 the better the fit of the regression line.

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17
Q

In case-control studies, cases and controls must have had an

A

equal chance of being exposed

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18
Q

the usual occurrence of a disease in a given population

A

endemic

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19
Q

selection of subjects based on neither exposure or disease status

A

cross-sectional studies

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20
Q

studies are selected based on their exposure status

A

cohort studies

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21
Q

Can study multiple diseases/outcomes from a given exposure

A

Cohort Studies

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22
Q

Follows a mathematical order and has a defined true zero

A

Ratio Scale

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23
Q

are sub-types of cohort studies in which exposure (i.e treatment) is randomly assigned by the investigator

A

Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT )

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24
Q

Instructs the search engine to retrieve the information with a broad subject heading that are broken down into narrower subject headings

A

Explode

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25
Q

Cannot directly compute incidence of disease in exposed and non-exposed persons.

A

Case-control studies

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26
Q

What are considered the best types of evidence? (2)

A

Systematic Reviews and RCT

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27
Q

drawing different conclusions depending on their knowledge of which study arm particular partcipant is in

A

information bias

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28
Q

When examining categorical data, this test can be used to compare the proportion of subjects in each of two groups who have a dichotomous outcome.

A

Chi-squared test

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29
Q

the participant does not know but investigator does know treatment assignment.

A

Single blinded:

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30
Q

Does the exposure precede the disease?

A

E—>D

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31
Q

exposure of interest

A

independent variable

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32
Q

can demonstrate risk indicators and not risk factors due to the retrospective nature of the study

A

case-control

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33
Q

this is often the one the researcher thinks is the “truth”.

A

H a :

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34
Q

Name 3 observational studies

A

Cohort studies. Case control studies. Cross-sectional studie

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35
Q

only certain values possible in a range

A

Discrete

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36
Q

systematic complete summary of the literature

A

systematic review

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37
Q

Formula for prevalence?

A

(# of cases/#person in population) at a specified time

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38
Q

Good for assessing rare exposures and rapidly fatal diseases.

A

Cohort studies

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39
Q

data falls into a category, but no order to data

A

Nominal:

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40
Q

outcome of interest

A

dependent variable

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41
Q

failing to reject (accept) the null hypothesis that is actually false in the population

A

β (beta)

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42
Q

What are considered the lowest levels of evidence?

A

expert opinions and case reports

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43
Q

Considerations in experimental studies

A

Stopping rules Sample size Analysis and Interpretation

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44
Q

drawing different conclusions depending on their knowledge of which study arm particular participant is in

A

selection bias

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45
Q

not optimal for rare exposures

A

case control

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46
Q

Usually states that there is no difference between two groups being compared or no effect of a product or intervention.

A

H :

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47
Q

uses names

A

Nominal

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48
Q

What is the formula for impact factor?

A

IF= # citations in year/ total # articles published past 2 y

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49
Q

“point-in-time” or “snapshots” information.

A

Cross-sectional studies

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50
Q

These studies follow participants in time.

A

Cohort Studies

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51
Q

Maintains temporal sequence, ie, assesses exposure before outcome

A

Cohort Studies

52
Q

(generalizability)

A

External validity

53
Q

Name four types of scales used for quantification in epdiemiology

A

Nominal scale

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

54
Q

A variable is a confounder if:

A
  1. It is a known risk factor of the outcome. 2. It is associated with the exposure but is not the result of the exposure.
55
Q

can be used when the outcome variable of interest is only being examined in one group (testing difference from 0 or some given value).

A

one-sample t-test

56
Q

Usually states that there is a difference between two groups being compared or an effect of a product or intervention.

A

H a :

57
Q

a meaningful increase in the occurrence of a disease in a given population

A

epidemic

58
Q

community intervention trials

A

experimental studies

59
Q

Cases and controls should be different only on their

A

past exposure

60
Q

best form of studies?

A

systematic reviews and meta-analyses

61
Q

of cases/#person in population at a specified time

A

Prevalence Proportion

62
Q

Most basic study design.

A

Cross-sectional studies

63
Q

spread of a disease across a large region or worldwide

A

pandemic

64
Q

the degree to which the results of a study are likely to approximate to the ‘truth’

A

Internal validity

65
Q

Can calculate incidence among exposed and unexposed.

A

Cohort studies

66
Q

the extent to which the effects observed are applicable to a broader population

A

External validity

67
Q

Exposure and disease are assessed at the individual level

A

Cross-sectional studies

68
Q

Not optimal for rare exposures.

A

Case-control studies

69
Q

this study does not need explained etiologic objectives

A

cross-sectional studies

70
Q

point in time or snapshots information

A

cross-sectional studies

71
Q

α is commonly (but not always) set to 0.05, and is interpreted AS ?

A

as the maximum chance (5%) of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.

72
Q

Conducting a search steps

A
  1. Defining the question. 2. Choosing a resource. 3. Keyword searching vs. classification systems. 4. Search techniques.
73
Q

Follows an order based on severity

A

Ordinal scale

74
Q

Temporality cannot be assessed

A

Cross-sectional studies

75
Q

T/F Incidence is a rate and is not meaningful without a time unit.

A

T

76
Q

can calculate incidence among exposed and unexposed

A

Cohort Studies

77
Q

where neither participant nor investigator know tx assignment

A

randomized control trials

78
Q

Are used to appropriately group the terms and operators to control the order of the search.

A

Parentheses

79
Q

if P-value is > α.

A

Fail to reject the null hypothesis

80
Q

of new cases of disease/population at risk over a time period

A

Incidence Rate

81
Q

Good for assessing rare exposures and rapidly fatal diseases

A

Cohort Studies

82
Q

can be used when subjects are matched in pairs and their outcomes are compared within each matched pair (including where observations are taken on the same subjects before and after a given intervention).

A

matched-pair t-test

83
Q

Sampling and analytic methods provide for statistically valid inference to populations

A

Cross-sectional studies

84
Q

Statistical test that can be used to determine whether the mean value of a continuous outcome variable differs significantly between two independent groups.

A

t-test

85
Q

systematic complete summary of the literature Cochrane Collaboration: http:

A

Systematic Review

86
Q

Define Pico

A

P= Patient or Problem I= Intervention C= Comparison (if relevant) O= Outcomes

87
Q

Minimizes error in ascertainment of exposure (at least if prospective)

A

Cohort Studies

88
Q

Group of interest (smokers) with comparison group non-smokers and follow over time to compare outcomes

A

Cohort Studies

89
Q

rejecting the null hypothesis that is actually true in the population.

A

Type I Error:

90
Q

can study diseases with long latency periods

A

case-control studies

91
Q

Comparing the mean years of survival for implants in women vs. men to see if they differ significantly.

A

t-test

92
Q

Name 3 types of observational studies

A

Cohort Studies

Case Control Studies

Cross-sectional studies

93
Q

Prevalence is a rate. T/F

A

False. Prevalence is not a rate; the term “prevalence rate” should not exist

94
Q

test hypothesis.

A

H 0 :

95
Q

an event, condition, or characteristic that preceded the disease and without which the disease would not have occurred at all or would not have occurred until some later time

A

cause

96
Q

• Inefficient for rare diseases.

A

Cohort studies

97
Q

inference can only correctly be made to the population from which the sample was drawn

A

External validity

98
Q

combined analysis of data from different studies following strict guidelines

A

meta-analysis

99
Q

With regards to diagnosis, prognosis, or causation what type of studies are the most accurate?

A

longitudinal studies like cohort studies

100
Q

Ex: how often do you brush your teeth? (never, few times/month, few times/week, every day)

A

Ordinal:

101
Q

what are boolean operators

A

and/or/not

102
Q

must have had an equal chance of being exposed in case-control studies

A

Cases and controls

103
Q

they observe the outcomes without intervening to affect them

A

observational studies

104
Q

we often leap to inference far beyond the targeted population

A

External validity

105
Q

Case-control studies should theoretically mimic

A

cohort studies

106
Q

What type of study is this

Group of interest (eg cancer patients)

with comparison group (non-patients), take histories, compare histories and draw conclusions

A

case-control

107
Q

Situation is which a non-causal association between a given exposure and an outcome is observed as a result of the influence of a third variable

A

Confounding

108
Q

relatively efficient in terms of time and money

A

case-control studies

109
Q

Many search engines allow you to place a symbol at the end of a word, which tells the engine to retrieve the word stem with different endings. A common symbol used is asterisk (*) although this is not universal.

A

Truncation

110
Q

•Power is calculated as _____and is related to the _____ used in the study

A

•Power is calculated as (1-β) and is related to the sample size used in the study

111
Q

where neither participant nor investigator know treatment assignment.

A

Double blinded:

112
Q

combined analysis of data from different studies following strict guidelines

A

Meta-analysis

113
Q

The level of statistical significance is described as

A

(alpha).

114
Q

study recruiters can be eager to recruit “sick person” into experimental arm

A

selection bias

115
Q

Systematic error in the design, conduct or analysis of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of an exposure’s effect on disease.

A

Bias

116
Q

In this study, the temporal relationship cannot be established with certainty.

A

Case-control studies

117
Q

data has a specific order to it

A

Ordinal:

118
Q

most basic study design

A

cross-sectional studies

119
Q

Diseased people are compared to non- diseased people.

A

Case-control studies

120
Q

The researcher manipulates the exposure (usually a drug or treatment) to compare it to the standard of care.

A

Experimental studies

121
Q

The primary purpose of randomization of RCTs is the minimizing of

A

confounding

122
Q

if P-value is ≤ α

A

Reject the null hypothesis

123
Q

includes most books, review articles, and indexes to the literature, and usually summarize, reivews or organize information

A

Secondary Source

124
Q

must be the first disclosure containing sufficient information to enable peers to assess observations, repeat experiements and to evaluate intellectual processes

A

Primary Sources

125
Q

how the study was carried out is a measure of

A

internal validity

126
Q

do the findings apply to my patient is a measure of

A

external validity

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