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Week 227 - AKI > Evaluation of Renal Function > Flashcards

Evaluation of Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of component of urinalysis?

A

Chemical composition

Protein composition

Formed elements

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2
Q

What does specific haemoglobin suggest in urine?

A

Free Hb => glomerulonephritis, renal Ca, haemolysis

RBCs => UTIs, stones, BPH

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3
Q

What does myoglobin in urine suggest?

A

Muscle breakdown

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4
Q

What does ketones in urine suggest?

A

Fat breakdown

- as a result of breaking down FAs for aerobic respiration

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5
Q

What do nitrites in the urine suggest?

A

Infection

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6
Q

What does a raised bilirubin and decrease urobilinogen in the urine suggest?

A

Biliary obstruction

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7
Q

What does raised urobilinogen in the urine suggest?

A

Haemolysis

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8
Q

What are causes of proteinuria?

A

Increased protein in serum, i.e. Hb and Mb

Glomerular disease => increased permeability

Tubular disease => decreased reabsorption

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9
Q

What does Bence-Jones protein signify?

A

May be suggestive of myeloma

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10
Q

What formed elements may be included in urine?

A

Cells (RC, WC)

Fat

Casts

Crystals

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11
Q

When are casts most commonly formed?

A

In dehydration or increased exercise

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12
Q

Name two types of cast

A

Hyaline casts - normally benign, made from mucoprotein

Granular/Waxy casts - suggest low flow assoc. with CKD

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13
Q

What other elements may be formed in casts?

A 
RBCs - glomerulonephritis
WBCs - acute pyelonephritis/intersitial nephritis
Fat - nephrotic syndrome, DM, ATN
Pigment - haemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria
Myeloma
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14
Q

List four different types of crystals?

A

Calcium oxalate - square enveloped shape

Triple phosphate - coffin-lid shape, alkaline urine

Uric acid - diamond shape, hyperuricaemia

Crystine - hexagonal, sharp edges

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15
Q

How can GFR be estimated?

A

Serum levels of: creatinine and urea

Clearance of: Urea, creatinine, inulin

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16
Q

What is creatinine?

A

Metabolic product of creatine and phosphocreatine in muscles

17
Q

What is urea?

A

Breakdown product of amino acids

18
Q

List the five types of renal imaging

A

X-ray

Ultrasound

CT

MR - non-contrast, contrat, MRA, MR-urography

Nuclear Imaging

19
Q

What are the complications of renal biopsy?

A

Bleeding
AV fistula
Aneurysm
Infection

20
Q

Describe the histology of acute tubular necrosis?

A

Dilated tubules
Loss of tubular epithelial cells
Mitotic figures in tubular epithelial nuclei

21
Q

Describe the histology of acute interstitial nephritis?

A

Leucocyte infiltrate in the interstitium esp. Eosinophils

Normal glomeruli

22
Q

Describe the histology of Crescenteric glomerulonephritis

A

Crescent shaped cluster of acute inflammatory cells within the Bowman’s capsule space displacing glomerular tuft

Assoc. with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Week 227 - AKI (7 decks)

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