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Veterinary Clinical Pathology > Evaluation of RBC Morphology > Flashcards

Evaluation of RBC Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Erythron

A

all RBC results, including analysis of regenerative response and morphologic features

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2
Q

Leukon

A

all WBC results, including total and differential leukocyte count, and assessment of WBC morphologic features

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3
Q

Thrombon

A

platelet number and size (check with slides)

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4
Q
A

Avian erythrocyte - normal shape is oval

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5
Q

What species’ RBCs are these?

A

Normal canine erythrocyte - note central pallor, looks like donuts

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6
Q

Species?

A

normal canine erythrocytes - can tell by central pallor

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7
Q

Species?

A

normal equine erythrocytes

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8
Q

Species?

A

normal llama erythrocytes

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9
Q

Which species?

A

normal feline erythrocytes

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10
Q

species?

A

bovine

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11
Q

This film demonstrates what type of RBC morphology disorder?

A

anisocytosis

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12
Q

This film demonstrates what type of RBC Morphology?

A

Hypochromasia

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13
Q

This film demonstrates what type of RBC Morphology?

A

Polychromasia

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14
Q

Are these “bullseye” RBCs an artifact or pathological?

A

Artifact - torocytes

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15
Q

This film demonstrates what type of RBC Morphology?

What species is this normal for?

A

Pokilocytosis - Normal in goats and young healthy cattle

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16
Q

Match RBC shape to species. ( may have to click photo to see all)

A

Drepanocyte/sickle cell- deer

echinocyte- pig

dacrocyte - goat

ovalocyte - bird

elliptocyte - llama

17
Q

These RBCs indicate what type of changes?

A

These are echinocytes - indicate crenation, a reversible shape change.

Usually an artifact but can be due to snake bites, uremia, post transfusion PK deficiency, glomerulonephritis, neoplasia, doxorubicin, RBC dehydration, ATP depletion, increased pH, increased RBC calcium

18
Q

This RBC morphology change indicates what?

A

acanthocytes - liver disease, hemangiosarcoma, glomerulonephritis, DIC in dogs, normal in young goats/cattle, fragmentation when you have iron deficiency

19
Q

This RBC morphology change indicates what?

A

keratocytes - iron deficiency anemia due to fragmentation, liver disorders, various disorders associated with acanthocytosis such as DIC, doxorubicin toxicity in cats, formation potentiated by blood storage in cats

20
Q

What are these and what do they indicate?

A

Schistocytes - fragmented cells usually due to DIC in dogs, severe iron deficiency, liver disease, hemangiosarcoma in dogs, myelofibrosis, glomerulonephritis, histiocytic disorders, PK deficiency post splenectomy

21
Q

Name the three categories of causes of RBC fragmentation.

A

Mechanical - ie. DIC, caval syndrome from heartworms, glomerulonephritis, cardiac valvular stenosis

Endothelial - hemangiosarcoma, vasculitis, splenic/hepatic disease

Thermal - heat stroke, severe burns

22
Q

Characterize the anemia type and RBC morphologies seen with RBC fragmentation.

A

anemia is often mild/moderate and subclinical

morphologies - acanthocytes, keratocytes, schistocytes

23
Q

How can you determine if a keratocyte was created by fragmentation or oxidative injury?

A

look at its company - if there are also heinz bodies assume oxidative, if also acanthocytes and schistocytes assume fragmentation

24
Q

What bloodwork value often accompanies fragmentation and why?

A

thrombocytopenia, due to DIC

25
Q

What are these and why do they exist?

A

stomatocytes - often artifact in thick blood films, hereditary (will see swollen RBCs with increased MCV and decreased MCHC), drugs that preferentially bind to inner half of lipid bilayer

26
Q

What do spherocytes indicate?

A

IMHA (esp. in dogs)

snake bites, bee stings

zinc toxicity

hemoparasites

transfusion of stored blood

dyserythropoiesis in English springers, RBC band 3 deficiency in Japanese black cattle, partial spectrin disorder in golden retrivers

27
Q

What is this and would you worry about it if you only saw 3 of them?

A

Leptocytes (ie. codocytes and knizocytes)

no - low numbers in normal dogs

increased in canine regenerative anemia, iron deficiency anemia, rarely liver disease, congenital dyserythropoiesis in English springers

28
Q

If you saw these RBCs in a dog or cat blood smear would you be concerned?

A

Yes - they are elliptocytes, only normal for camelidae

in cats - marrow abnormalities, hepatic lipidosis, portosystemic shunts, doxorubicin toxicity

dogs - myelofibrosis, myelodysplastic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, hereditary RBC band deficiency

29
Q

What conditions would cause RBCs to look like this?

A

being a deer or angora goat

hemoglobin polymerization when you have increased oxygen tension and pH

30
Q

What is your plan if you see these in a dog blood smear?

Would that plan change if it was a ruminant blood smear?

A

Further diagnostics for dog - could be myelofibrosis, myeloproliferative disease, glomerulonephritis, or hypersplenism

For ruminant - usually indicates iron deficiency anemia so yes plan would change

31
Q

These rectangular things are normal in the blood of what species?

A

cats and llamas

rare in dogs

horses - when they have metabolic protection against oxidants

32
Q

List reasons why you would see lysed erythrocytes on a blood smear.

A

IMHA

Oxidant - induced hemolysis

enzymatic and/or osmotic hemolysis

smudged cells that look like lysed RBCs

33
Q

Which shape abnormalities are usually seen with hemangiosarcoma?

A

acanthocytes

schistocytes

34
Q

Which shape abnormalities are normally seen with iron deficiency anemia?

A

hypochromasia

microcytic

fragmentation - keratocytes, acanthocytes, schistocytes

ruminants - drepanocytes

35
Q

Which conditions have multiple shape abnormalities?

A
  1. hemangiosarcoma in dogs
  2. glomerulonephritis
  3. myeloproliferative disorders
  4. myelofibrosis
  5. liver disorders
  6. DIC
  7. Chronic iron deficiency anemia
  8. doxorubicin toxicity
  9. congenital dyserythropoiesis
36
Q

What are these? Why are they important?

A

nucleated erythrocytes - usually metarubricytes and rubricytes

present in low numbers in healthy cats/dogs

indicative of: regnerative anemias, lead toxicity, marrow injury/disease, various disorders (cardio, inflammatory, trauma, hyperadrenocorticism in dogs, hepatic lipidosis in cats), splenic dysfunction, hereditary dyserythropoiesis

37
Q

What are some examples of marrow injuries that can cause nucleated erythrocytes but not necessarily anemia?

A

Septicemia

endotoxic shock

systemic inflammation

drugs

Veterinary Clinical Pathology (5 decks)

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