Evaluate The View That Measures To Promote Racial Equality In The US Have Been Effective.(30)

Question 1

Paragraph One ➡️ Elections And Representation
- Against: Measures To Promote Racial Equality In The US Haven’t Been Effective

Answer 1

Only around a quarter of the 118th Congress identify as something other than non-Hispanic
White, in comparison to around 40% of the US population. This is particularly pronounced in the Republican Party, which has just 20% of these minority members.
- Congress failed to pass the
George Floyd Justice in Policing Act due to Republican opposition, which was a key
legislative proposal to tackle racial discrimination in the criminal justice system raised by the
Black Lives Matter Movement (BLM).
- Obama only non-white President and Kamala Harris only non-white VP

Question 2

Paragraph One ➡️ Elections And Representation
For: Measures To Promote Racial Equality In The US Have Been Effective

Answer 2

• Though the 118th Congress still over represents the white population, it is the most racially and
  ethnically diverse in history, with the number of non-white members nearly doubling since the
  108th Congress, from 67 to 137.
• This has been driven by efforts to improve representation, in particular through majority-
  minority districts. These districts are formed when the boundaries are drawn so that the majority of voters in the district are from a racial or ethnic minority.

Question 3

Paragraph Two ➡️ Laws Passed By Congress
- For: Measures To Promote Racial Equality In The US Have Been Effective

Answer 3

• The Civil Rights Act of 1964, too played a key role in dismantling institutionalised racial
  segregation and discrimination, by prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion,
  sex, or national origin.
  It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in
  schools, at the workplace, and by facilities that served the general public.
• the Black Lives Matter Movement led to a renewed focus on systemic
  discrimination in US society, particularly in the police and criminal justice system.
  This led to significant success in some state reforms, including stricter use-of-force policies
  and the formation of police oversight committees in several cities.
• In Minneapolis, where George Floyd was killed, the city council approved a measure to
  replace the police department with a community-led public safety system, reflecting a
  significant shift in local law enforcement policy.

Question 4

Paragraph Two ➡️ Laws Passed By Congress
Against: Measures To Promote Racial Equality In The US Haven’t Been Effective

Answer 4

• Congress also failed to pass any meaningful legislation to respond to the widespread
  discrimination and racism highlighted by the Black Lives Matter Movement.
  –The George Floyd Justice in Policing Act, aimed at addressing police reform, stalled in the
  Senate due to Republicans in particular not wanting to limit or end qualified immunity for
  police officers, which protects law enforcement officers from personal liability in many
  cases of alleged misconduct

Question 5

Paragraph Three ➡️ Affirmative Action
For: Measures To Promote Racial Equality In The US Have Been Effective

Question 6

Paragraph Three ➡️ Affirmative Action
Against: Measures To Promote Racial Equality In The US Haven’t Been Effective

Answer 6

• Introduced by President Kennedy in 1961 through Executive Order 10925, it initially
  mandated government contractors to take “affirmative action” to ensure employment
  practices were free of racial biases.
  This was later expanded under President Johnson to include educational institutions.
  The intention was to create equal opportunities for all citizens by considering race,
  ethnicity, and gender in decisions related to hiring, admission, and other opportunities.
• In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the Supreme Court upheld the University of Michigan Law
  School’s affirmative action policy, arguing that it did so and contributed to the increased
  enrolment of minority students in higher education institutions, therefore tackling
  prejudice and providing opportunity to students who have faced systemic educational
  barriers due to segregation and discrimination.