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Cardio & Pulmonary PT I > Eval and Treatment of Cardiac Patient > Flashcards

Eval and Treatment of Cardiac Patient Flashcards

1
Q

when are males peak incidence of CV disease?

A

50s

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2
Q

females peak incidence of CV disease?

A

60s

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3
Q

how many ingredients are known to cause cancer?

A

50

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4
Q

whats in a cigarette?

A

ammonia, acetone, arsenic, cadmium, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, methanol, nicotine, tar, tolulene

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5
Q

by what % does second hand smoke increase your chances of cancer, heart disease or sudden infant death syndrome?

A

20-30%

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6
Q

Inflammation as a result of CO damage to epithelium is thought to cause _______.

A

atherosclerosis

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7
Q

smoking and CO can also cause what?

A

vasoconstriction - HTN
increased clotting & risk for stroke - increased fibrinogen, increased platelet aggregation, increased total cholesterol

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8
Q

recommendation for waist for women?

A

35 inches

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9
Q

recommendation for waist for men?

A

40 inches

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10
Q

what are the 5 steps to evaluation?

A 
interpretation 
integration 
diagnosis 
prognosis 
plan of care
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11
Q

smoking can increase the risk for:

A

CAD, PAD,CVA, SCD, MI

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12
Q

what did the cocaine study show?

A

30-35% aortic stiffening
8mm higher in systolic BP
18% greater thickness of heart’s left ventricular wall

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13
Q

marijuana has 4x more tar than cigarettes. T/F

A

T

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14
Q

adverse health effects of marijuana

A 
epithelial cell damage 
increases HR, BP 
frequent lung infections, sputum production 
slowed reaction time 
reduces fertility
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15
Q

_____ is strongly linked with HTN and diabetes.

A

obesity

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16
Q

2-4x increase in risk in CAD

A

diabetes

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17
Q

what is not perceived well if you have diabetes?

A

angina

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18
Q

Risk factors of hypertension

A

inactivity, obesity (BMI>30), Age, gender, heavy alcohol use, stress, race, genetics, high salt diet >2300mg/day

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19
Q

primary HTN means…

A

no identifiable cause

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20
Q

secondary HTN means…

A

HTN from another cause such as kidney disease

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21
Q

what should you do if a pt has greater than 10 mmHg SBP difference side to side?

A

related to CAD and therefore should be referred to MD for follow up

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22
Q

what are general lifestyle changes that all patients with high blood pressure should do?

A

DASH diet
weight loss
<2.4g/day of sodium
30 minutes of aerobic activity

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23
Q

nitric oxide causes…

A

vasodilation

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24
Q

Endothelin causes…

A

vasoconstriction

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25
stiffness in the left ventricle during HTN can cause an elevation in what?
diastolic pressures
26
what is accounted for when recommending drugs for HTN?
end stage renal disease | diabetes
27
generally, how do diuretics work?
optimizes preload, reduces afterload
28
Major mechanisms of actions for diuretics
increases Na and H2o excretion
29
adverse reactions of thiazide diuretics
hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, hyperurecemia
30
adverse reactions of loop diuretics
hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hyperuricemia
31
major difference between thiazide vs loop diuretics
increased urination vs. increased electrolyte depletion
32
hypokalemia value
<3.5 meQ/L
33
hypomagnesemia value
<1.2 meQ/L
34
hypocalcemia value
<8.6 meQ/L
35
hyperurecemia value
>6mg/dL in women | >7mg/dL in men
36
hypokalemia electrolyte abnormalities causes:
weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, constipation, dysrhythmia
37
hypomagnesemia electrolyte abnormalities causes:
weakness, confusion, diminished reflexes, muscle twitching, dysrhtyhmia
38
hypercalcemia electrolyte abnormalities causes:
weakness, increased thirst, frequent urination, constipation
39
adverse reaction of potassium sparing diuretic
hyperkalemia (5.1 meQ/L) kidney stones increased urination
40
adverse reaction of aldosterone antagonists
hyperkalemia gynecomastia impotence
41
beta 1 receptor stimulation
cardiac stimulation increase contraction and HR cardioselective beta blockers act on Beta 1
42
beta 2 receptor stimulation
``` lung stimulation (bronchodilation) peripheral vasculature (vasodilation) nonselective beta blockers act on beta 1 and beta 2 ```
43
nonselective beta blockers cause what 3 negative results?
blocks symptoms of hypoglycemia, increased risk of hypoglycemia, bronchospasm
44
what is known to have the lowest incidence of side effects?
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
45
what reduces myocardial oxygen and decreases cardiac output
non-dihydropridines
46
non-dihydropyridines are most indicated for what?
angina
47
what is the first line agent for treating high cholesterol?
statin
48
define rhambdomyolysis.
damaged skeletal muscle, breakdown of muscle cells (myoglobin) that are released into bloodstream -> kidney failure
49
myglobin released in bloodstream leads to...
kidney failure
50
Higher risk if female 1st degree relative had their first coronary event
65, 55
51
what layer is destructed during atherosclerosis?
elastic layer of media
52
4 ways CHD is presented
sudden cardiac death chronic stable angina acute coronary syndrome cardiac muscle dysfunction
53
what are stable angina symptoms relieved by?
REST reduction in work intensity nitroglycerin
54
what is difference between stable and unstable angina
unstable angina - ischemia at a lower workload of the heart or at rest
55
what should you do if someone has unstable angina
ER referral
56
what is prinzmetal/variant angina related to?
vasospasm
57
intermediate probability of MI on ECG
ST segment depression | T wave inversion
58
what wave is diagnostic for infarction?
Q wave
59
Q wave is 0.04 seconds or more or 25% or more of the amplitude of __ wave.
R
60
what is the most specific and sensitive marker for an MI?
Troponin I
61
when do troponin I serum levels peak?
24-48 hours
62
normal CK-MB levels:
men: 53-336 U/L women: 38-176 U/L
63
what can an elevated BUN level indicate?
kidney disease, CHF
64
what is a cardiac cath most commonly used for?
coronary artery disease
65
what is a stent used in conjunction with?
PTCA
66
what does angina indicate?
ischemia
67
symptoms of angina (equivalents)
diaphoresis, fatigue, lightheadedness, dyspnea, pallor, indigestion
68
chest discomfort for >20 minutes indicates what?
acute coronary syndrome: unstable angina, acute MI
69
define symptoms variant/prinzmetal angina. what is this associated with?
symptoms at rest, usually early AM | vasospasm
70
what is the most common use of a cardiac cath?
CAD extent

Cardio & Pulmonary PT I (5 decks)

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