European Union Flashcards
Capital of Germany?
Berlin
Capital of France?
Paris
Capital of Italy?
Rome
Capital of Belgium?
Brussels
Capital of the Netherlands?
Amsterdam
Capital of Luxembourg?
Luxembourg City
Capital of Uk?
London
Capital of Denmark?
Copenhagen
Capital of Republic of Ireland?
Dublin
Capital of Greece?
Athens
Capital of Spain?
Madrid
Capital of Portugal?
Lisbon
Capital of Finland?
Helsinki
Capital of Austria?
Vienna
Capital of Sweden?
Stockholm
Capital of Hungary?
Budapest
Capital of Poland?
Warsaw
Capital of Czech Republic?
Prague
Capital of Slovak Republic?
Bratislava
Capital of Slovakia?
Ljubljana
Capital of Estonia?
Tallinn
Capital of Latvia?
Riga
Capital of Lithuania?
Vilnius
Capital of Malta?
Valletta
Capital of Cyprus?
Nicosia
Capital of Romania?
Bucharest I
Capital of Bulgaria?
Sofia
Capital of Croatia?
Zagreb
Source means?
Start of the river
Mouth means?
End of river
Tributary means?
A smaller river that joins a larger river
Confluence means?
The point where two rivers join
Watershed means?
The boundary between two drainage basins
Drainage basin means?
The area which is drained by a river, it’s boundary’s and tributary’s
Meander means?
A sweeping bend in the river
What type of system is the hydrologic system?
A closed system
What type of system is a drainage basin?
A closed system
What does the EU do?
The EU produces guidelines on a whole range of issues including health, hygiene, pollution levels and transport. The EU members try to maintain peace throughout the world.
Dates of EU enlargement?
1957 (treaty of rome) 1973 1981 1986 1995 2004 2007 2013
Enlargement means?
More countries joining the EU. The EU getting bigger.
What are the advantages of EU membership?
European funds Cheap flights Consumer protection Clean rivers and clean air (pollution levels) Foreign study Pet passports Food labelling
Disadvantages of EU membership?
Loss of economic control Mass immigration and crime Border control Too many members, this causes arguments Threats to sovereignty Fishing and agricultural policies are damaged
What is evaporation within the water cycle?
Evaporation: the process where water changes from a liquid to a water vapour.
What is condensation?
Condensation is the process where cooling water vapour turns into a liquid.
What is precipitation?
Precipitation is any water that falls on the earths surface. Eg rain,hail,snow or sleet.
What is surface runoff?
The movement of water over land possibly as a river
What is transpiration?
Plants giving off water from their leaves (trees sweating)
What is groundwater?
Water that has sunk into the rocks and soil below.
What are the 6 stages in the water cycle?
Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Surface runoff Transpiration (trees sweating) Groundwater
What is a drainage basin?
The area which is drained by the river, its boundary so and tributarys
Name the 7 stages of the drainage basin
Source Mouth Watershed Drainage basin Meander Tributary Confluence
Source is?
The start of the river
Mouth is?
The end of the river (where it meets the sea)
Tributary is?
When a smaller river joins a larger river
Confluence is?
The point where 2 rivers join
Watershed is?
The boundary between 2 drainage basins
Meander is?
A sweeping bend in the river
What are the 4 processes of erosion (wearing away land)
Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Attrition
Corrosion
Hydraulic action is?
The process where the force of the water hits the bed and banks.
Abrasion is?
The wearing down of the bed and banks by the rivers load. The river throws these particles against the bed and banks sometimes at high velocity (like sandpaper)
Attrition is?
The material (the load) carried by the river bump into each other and are so smoothed. This make the rocks easier to break into smaller particles.
Corrosion is?
Some acids in the water react with the river water to dissolve the bed and banks.
What are the 4 processes of transportation?
Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution
Traction is?
The rocks and boulders being rolled along the river bed at high discharge (in a flood)
Saltation is?
Sand sized particles are bounced along the river bed by the flow of water
Suspension is?
Fine clay and sand particles are carried along within the water even at low discharges (small stream)
Solution is?
Some minerals dissolve in the water like calcium carbonate. This requires very little energy.
River deposition is?
The material a river carries is called its load.
When it reaches flatter land the river slows down. It no longer gas the energy to carry its load, so it deposits it. The deposited material is called sediment. The river deposits the heavier stones first.
The 5 stages of a waterfall are?
The river flows over the hard rock and erodes the soft rock.
The river erodes the soft rock using hydraulic action and abrasion
A plunge pool is deepened below the waterfall. The ledge/overhang is no longer supported.
The overhang collapses. The rock falls into the plunge pool.
These processes are repeated. The waterfall moves upstream to form a gorge.
Meander hypothesis?
The faster current is always on the outer bend
All meanders have river cliffs and slip off slopes
A meander is?
A meander is a sweeping bend in the river
Describing the meander cross section
Our meander has sides that are not the same. One side is steep and one side is gentle. The steep side is the outside and the gentle side is the inside. The left is the outside of the bend. The right is the inside of the bend.
Explain the meander cross section
The outside is steep because it is eroding along the fastest flow of the river. The river is using hydraulic action and abrasion. The steep side has lots of energy to erode quickly. It creates the river cliff depth.
The inside is gentle because it has less energy so it has a slower flow. This creates a slip off slope. It takes the river longer to erode because it does not have enough energy. To solve this problem the river deposits its boulders. The river becomes very shallow.
Oxbow lakes (8 stages)
(1) . Meander starts as a slight bend. Water flows faster on the outside of the bend than the inside.
(2) . Outside of bend erodes and material is deposited on the inside of the bend.
(3) . The erosion and deposition turns the bend into a meander
(4) . The meander bends more and more over time until the meander becomes a tight loop
(5) . When the water level is really high the river has enough energy to go straight across rather than round it.
(6) . This is called a meander cut off
(7) . The river keeps its new route so the meander is left as an oxbow lake.
(8) . Over time the oxbow lake silts up dries out and plants grow over it
Flood plains
Floodplains and levees are formed by deposition in times of river flood. The river’s load is composted of different sized particles. Every time the river deposition , hauls up the flood plains.
What are floods?
Floods occur when a river gets more water than its channel can hold. Water flows over the banks and onto the flood.
What causes floods?
Floods are usually caused by heavy rain but sometimes by ice and snow melting
What is a flash flood and what causes it?
A flash flood is a flood that happens extremely quickly and without warning. It is caused by:
Impermeable rock such as granite under the soil so the rain cannot soak through the soil
Hard dry soil which is baked hard by dry weather rain can’t soak through easily it will run over instead
Very wet soil which is already saturated and cannot hold anymore water.
Steep slope which rain runs over quickly before it has a chance to soak through the ground
Cutting down trees, leaves intercept rain and roots help infiltration
Building in the drainage basin means that the water cannot get through the buildings.
Impacts of flooding (pros and cons)
Advantages
Flooding deposits fine silt into the flood plain making it very fertile and excellent for farming.
Replenishes groundwater
Disadvantages Damage to home and processions Income from tourism can be lost Vast number of insurance claims Loss of life Damage to construction lines and other important structures Stranded animals Loss of livestock Destroyed crops
Date of boscastle flood
16th april 2004
How much rain fell over boscastle in 4 hours
200 mm
