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Pre-IB History 9 > European Colonization of Latin America and Settlement in North America > Flashcards

European Colonization of Latin America and Settlement in North America Flashcards

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1
Q

When was Christopher Columbus’s first trip and how many ships did he bring? How many ships were brought on the second trip?

A

1492; 3; 17

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2
Q

At first, what was Spain’s mentality once they found new land?

A

To not try to get more land; nothing new, just take over and conquer what they already have.

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3
Q

What is Eurocentralism?

A

The idea that you can claim land for your European country even if there are already people living there.

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4
Q

Who were conquistadors?

A

Conquerors who went to the Americas in search of adventure, wealth and glory

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5
Q

Why did priest come on the journeys to the Americas?

A

The Monarchs wanted to spread Catholicism, and since they were paying for the voyages, Priests were sent on them.

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6
Q

Who was Amerigo Vespucci?

A

He realized maps were wrong, and the place that thought was India was not there. They named it America after him.

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7
Q

What did Magellan do?

A

He is credited for circumnavigating the world. but died in the Philippines.

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8
Q

What did Vasco de Gama do?

A

First European to see the Pacific Ocean, make it from Portugal to India

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9
Q

What was Hernando Cortez motivated by? What did he want to find?

A

Motivated by gold, Wanted to find El Dorando (The City of Gold)

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10
Q

Where did Cortez land?

A

Mexico

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11
Q

Who was Cortez’s translator?

A

Malilche

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12
Q

Where does Cortez find the Aztecs?

A

Tenochtitlan

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13
Q

Who is the emperor of the Aztecs?

A

Montezuma II

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14
Q

How was Cortez treated at first by the Aztecs? What did the Aztecs think of him?

A

Very well; they gave him many gifts of gold. The Aztecs thought he was a god.

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15
Q

What was the excuse Cortez gave for needing gold?

A

He had a disease of the heart only gold could cure.

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16
Q

What helped Cortez defeat the Aztecs?

A

Better technology (guns, technology, canons), disease (small pox), and local/rival tribes (enemies of the Aztecs)

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17
Q

Where geographically is Francisco Pizzaro?

A

On the west coast of South America (Peru, Chile, Ecuador)

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18
Q

What id the goal of Pizzaro?

A

To find gold and get rich quick

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19
Q

Who did Pizzaro run into? How did he meet them?

A

Incas; by accident

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20
Q

What just happened to the Incas?

A

They just had a civil war

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21
Q

Who was the leader of the Incas?

A

Atahualpa

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22
Q

Describe the difference in size of the Incas and Pizzaro’s crew.

A

The Incas were the biggest civilization; Pizarro brought just a small army.

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23
Q

How did the Incas treat Pizzaro at first?

A

Very well, they threw a party in his honor.

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24
Q

How did the conflict start between Pizzaro and the Incas?

A

Religion was brought up at the party, and an Inca man was given a Bible. He threw the Bible on the ground.

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25
Q

What happened to the leader of the Incas during the conflict?

A

Atahualpa was kidnapped and held for ransom.

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26
Q

What did the Europeans want in return for Atahualpa?

A

A room full of gold.

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27
Q

How did the Incas react to the ransom?

A

They did not hesitate to give up the gold because it held no value in their society.

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28
Q

What happened in the end to Atahualpa?

A

Pizzaro decided not to give up their leader, but converted him to Catholicism so Atahualpa wouldn’t have to be burned a the stake and could just be hung.

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29
Q

How did the Incas react to their leader;s death?

A

They were set back to the chaos they were in while in the civil war, which was the perfect cover for Pizzaro and his men to get away.

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30
Q

True or False: Pizzaro used similar methods of beating the Incas as Cortez did of beating the Aztecs (ex: technology, disease, rival tribes)

A

True

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31
Q

What did Portugal and Spain claim over the Americas?

A

Sovereignity

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32
Q

What is Sovereignty?

A

Sole control

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33
Q

What did the Encomienda system do?

A

Provide labor for the new world

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34
Q

What are cash crops?

A

Crops grown only to sell

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35
Q

What are some examples of cash crops from South America?

A

Coffee, sugar, tobacco

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36
Q

What was the order of the Encomienda system?

A

Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Native American Indians, Enslaved Persons

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37
Q

Who were the Peninsulares?

A

Born in Spain

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38
Q

Who were the Creoles?

A

Born in the Americas on Spanish blood.

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39
Q

Who were the Mestizos?

A

One parent Spanish, the other native

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40
Q

Who were the enslaved people?

A

They were brought from Africa.

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41
Q

Who did the most work in the Encomienda system?

A

The people at the bottom

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42
Q

Who did not support the Encomienda system?

A

The Church

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43
Q

What did Spain spend their riches on? What did they call it? Who did this?

A

A strong navy; Armada; King Phillip II

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44
Q

Who is Juan Ponce de Leon?

A

Seeking the Fountain of Youth in Florida for Spain

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45
Q

Who was Francisco Vasquez de Coronado?

A

Searching for El Dorado in the American SW (NM, AZ, TX)

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46
Q

What did the Catholic Church do in the New World?

A

Set up schools and taught agriculture, worked to end Native abuse.

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47
Q

How did the Natives benefit from this?

A

If they did their work, they got schooling, food, and faith.

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48
Q

What really happened to the Natives in the New World?

A

They did all the work but got no reward.

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49
Q

How did the Church use the Encomienda system?

A

Properly, how it was supposed to be, not abusing it.

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50
Q

How did the church wanting to keep their good image lead to the end of the Encomienda system?

A

Because the Church didn’t want to harm their image, they got the Spanish to abolish the Encomienda system. They could not be seen as a threat to the natives.

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51
Q

What happened once the system was abolished?

A

The workers left, so the system fell apart. The Spaniards needed workers so they got slaves from Africa.

52
Q

What are some examples of French Explorers in New France?

A

Giovanni Verrazzano, Jacques Cartier, Samual de Camplain

53
Q

What was the capital of New France?

A

Quebec

54
Q

What are some french explorers of the south?

A

Jacques Marquette, Louis Joliet, Sieur de la Salle

55
Q

Who was Louisiana named after?

A

Louis 14th

56
Q

Who were the only people in New France?

A

Single men in the fur trade and Priests.

57
Q

What was the French mentality of being in the New World?

A

No desire to build towns or families; get in, get out, make money, get back to France.

58
Q

Who did the French have a good relationship with?

A

The Natives.

59
Q

What was the first successful British settlement in America?

A

Jamestown

60
Q

What were the pros of Jamestown’s location?

A

It was far enough up the river do that the Spanish could not see them

61
Q

What were the cons?

A

River was salty, but it was undetectable. It was on a swamp, so disease was everywhere.

62
Q

What did the Jamestown settlers first focus on instead of food?

A

Search for gold.

63
Q

What was the settlers mentality towards time in Jamestown?

A

They just wanted to get rich and come back to England, no desire to stay.

64
Q

What did the settlers not do? What happened the year they came?

A

They did not plant crops. They thought the natives would trade with them for food. The worst winter in 100 years came.

65
Q

What crop saved Jamestown?

A

Tobacco

66
Q

Who brought tobacco to the colonies?

A

John Ralphe

67
Q

Who were the pilgrims?

A

Came to America with families- intent to stay and get away from religious persecution (Plymouth, MA)

68
Q

Who were the Puritans?

A

Came to America to get away from religious persecution (Massachusetts)

69
Q

Describe the area of England.

A

It was small and packed. They needed more space.

70
Q

Who was Henry Hudson?

A

Netherland Explorer, founded Manhattan, NY

71
Q

What forts did the Netherlands create?

A

Fort Orange and Manhattan Island

72
Q

Who help found New Netherlands?

A

Dutch West India Company

73
Q

What was wrong with the location of New Netherlands?

A

It was in between two British colonies

74
Q

Who was sent to take out New Netherlands?

A

The Duke of York (Charles II’s (the king) brother)

75
Q

What happens once he gets there?

A

Netherlands flees and gives up

76
Q

What is New Netherlands renamed?

A

New York

77
Q

The English needs to expand? Why can’t they go north, east, or south?

A

North- too cold, East- ocean, South- Spain

78
Q

England pushes West and runs into who?

A

The French

79
Q

What begins?

A

The Seven Years War, the French- Indian War

80
Q

Who did the natives mostly side with and why?

A

The French, strong relationship built up over time.

81
Q

Who won?

A

The British, even though it was close and the French were winning at the beginning

82
Q

What ended the war?

A

The Treaty of Paris

83
Q

What new land does Britain gain?

A

The land between the App. Mountains and the Mississippi river. Doubled their size

84
Q

How much territory did the french lose?

A

1/2

85
Q

What happened to England? What did they do because of this?

A

England was in debt so they taxed the colonies

86
Q

What was the difference between the French and Dutch and the British?

A

French and Dutch worked well with Native Americans, British did not

87
Q

Why were the British not well like by the natives?

A

They tried to take over their land and there were religious differences

88
Q

What was the name of the conflict between the English and the Natives?

A

King Philip’s War

89
Q

Who was the leader of the Natives during the conflict? What was his name?

A

Metacom, King Philip (English insult)

90
Q

How did the conflict end?

A

The Natives won a couple of battles but the English won the war

91
Q

What is an example of a disease that wiped out the natives? How did this affect labor?

A

Small pox; the English wanted the natives to work their land, but most of them were wiped out by disease or conflict

92
Q

Was slavery in the Americas like slavery in Africa?

A

No, it was much worse

93
Q

What was the triangular trade?

A

trade of manufactured materials to Africa, slaves to Americas, and raw materials to England

94
Q

What was the middle passage?

A

Route between Africa and America that slaves traveled on; 20% of slaves died on the route

95
Q

What was the difference between Northern and Southern Slavery?

A

North- urban setting, treated better, South-worse conditions

96
Q

What is the task system? Where was it founded?

A

Task system gave jobs to slaves, and once they finished them they had more free time. It was founded on rice plantations.

97
Q

Why were Slave Codes created?

A

Because whites were scared of the growing black population and chance of revolt.

98
Q

Who was Phillis Wheatley?

A

1st female black poet

99
Q

Who started the Columbian Exchange?

A

Christopher Colombus

100
Q

Why did Spain need workers?

A

They wanted to work the land for cash; Natives got wiped out by war and disease, so they turned to slaves

101
Q

Slavery increased with the spread of what major religion?

A

Islam

102
Q

Describe African Slavery

A

temporary, for punishment, not based on skin color, treated well, had rights, not hereditary

103
Q

Why were Africans such good slaves?

A

They were experienced farmers, they did not know their way around so they could not escape, and their skin color was so different that it made them stand out if they did escape

104
Q

Who did the Europeans get the slaves from?

A

African rulers and merchants

105
Q

What were slaves traded for?

A

Guns and gold

106
Q

How big of an affect was opposition on the slave trade?

A

Didn’t really matter, they could just buy slaves from someone else

107
Q

Who were slaves sometimes traded for and for what?

A

West Indies; sugar and coffee

108
Q

What type of treatment did the slaves receive on the Middle passage?

A

Horrible; whipping, disease, abuse, 20% died, killing just to send a message

109
Q

Where would slaves work?

A

Mines. Fields, or as servants; long days and beatings

110
Q

How long were you a slave?

A

Forever, and it was hereditary

111
Q

How did slaves resist?

A

Working slow, breaking tools, uprooting plants, running away

112
Q

What is the name of a famous Slavery revolt?

A

Stono Rebellion

113
Q

What are the consequences of the Slave Trade

A

Africans lost many generations, tore apart families; Introduction of guns, African more violent; Contribution of labor, success of colonies; African American population starts

114
Q

What is the Columbian Exchange?

A

The global transfer of food, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas

115
Q

What are some good from America?

A

Tomatoes, pineapple, tobacco, cocoa beans, corn, potatoes

116
Q

What are some goods to America (and bad)?

A

Horses, cows, sheep, pig, small pox, measles

117
Q

What is capitalism?

A

Economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources for profit.

118
Q

What is the goal of capitalism?

A

To make profit

119
Q

Who else, beside the monarchs, have wealth?

A

Merchant class

120
Q

What happens in resources the the huge serge in gold?

A

Inflation

121
Q

What are joint-stock companies?

A

Company where investors buy shares of stock in the company; Littler profit, but littler risk so more people do it.

122
Q

What is mercantilism?

A

A country’s power depends on its wealth

123
Q

What is the goal of mercantilism?

A

To gain wealth

124
Q

What country is a good example of this and why?

A

Spain; did anything to become the richest- stole and conquered land, to become powerful, but they didn’t do this for long and decided to work the land

125
Q

What was the Favorable Balance of Trade?

A

Sell more goods than you buy

126
Q

What was the role of the colonies?

A

To supply England with raw materials and pay British taxes

Pre-IB History 9 (3 decks)

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