Europe Flashcards
Anglican
of, relating to, or denoting the Church of England or any Church in communion with it.
95 theses
propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written (in Latin) and possibly posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Schlosskirche (Castle Church), Wittenberg, on October 31, 1517. This event came to be considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation
counter reformation
the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty
Zwingli
was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland.
ignatius of Loyola
A sixteenth-century Spanish priest of the Roman Catholic Church; the founder of the Jesuits. Ignatius of Loyola is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
council of trent
held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church’s most important ecumenical councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.
jesuits
a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education.
city-state
a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.
scientific revolution
The scientific revolution refers to the rapid advances in European scientific, mathematical, and political thought, based on a new philosophy of empiricism and a faith in progress that defined Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.
heliocentric theory
The theory that the earth revolves around the sun is called the heliocentric theory, helio meaning ‘sun’ and centric meaning ‘in the center.’ This theory was developed in parts by different astronomers over many years, namely Aristarchus, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.
roger bacon
Roger Bacon, OFM (Latin: Rogerus or Rogerius Bacon, also Frater Rogerus, “Brother Roger”; c. 1219/20 – c. 1292), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor Mirabilis (Latin for “wondrous doctor”), was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical …
Copernicus
of or relating to Copernicus or the belief that the earth rotates daily on its axis and the planets revolve in orbits around the sun.
Kepler
German astronomer and mathematician who is considered the founder of celestial mechanics. He was first to accurately describe the elliptical orbits of Earth and the planets around the Sun and demonstrated that planets move fastest when they are closest to the Sun.
Galileo
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)
scientific method
a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
