Europe

Question 1

Renaissance

Answer 1

The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe. b. The period of this revival, roughly the 14th through the 16th century, marking the transition from medieval to modern times.

Question 2

Milan

Answer 2

an industrial city in central Lombardy, in N Italy: cathedral.

Question 3

venice

Answer 3

a seaport in NE Italy, built on numerous small islands in the Lagoon of Venice.

Question 4

florence

Answer 4

a city in central Italy, on the Arno River: capital of the former grand duchy of Tuscany.

Question 5

rome

Answer 5

a city in and the capital of Italy, in the central part, on the Tiber: ancient capital of the Roman Empire; site of Vatican City, seat of authority of the Roman Catholic Church.

Question 6

medici family

Answer 6

Italian noble family that produced three popes (Leo X, Clement VII, and Leo XI) and two queens of France (Catherine de Médicis and Marie de Médicis). Cosimo “the Elder” (1389–1464) was the first of the family to rule Florence.

Question 7

humanism

Answer 7

an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.

Question 8

machiavelli

Answer 8

being or acting in accordance with the principles of government analyzed in Machiavelli’s The Prince, in which political expediency is placed above morality and the use of craft and deceit to maintain the authority and carry out the policies of a ruler is described.

Question 9

perspective

Answer 9

the art of drawing solid objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other when viewed from a particular point.

Question 10

gutenberg

Answer 10

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) Synonyms: Gutenberg, Johannes Gutenberg Example of: pressman, printer. someone whose occupation is printing.

Question 11

erasmus

Answer 11

The Erasmus Programme (European Region Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students) is a European Union (EU) student exchange programme established in 1987

Question 12

william shakespeare

Answer 12

An English playwright and poet of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, generally considered the greatest writer in English.

Question 13

sir thomas more

Answer 13

venerated by Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to 16 May 1532.

Question 14

flemish

Answer 14

the Dutch language as spoken in Flanders, one of the two official languages of Belgium

Question 15

michelangelo

Answer 15

Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.

Question 16

john van eyck

Answer 16

was an Early Netherlandish painter active in Bruges and one of the most significant Northern Renaissance artists of the 15th century.

Question 17

albert durer

Answer 17

was a painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance.

Question 18

fresco

Answer 18

a painting done rapidly in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling, so that the colors penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it dries.

Question 19

indulgences

Answer 19

the action or fact of indulging.

Question 20

predestination

Answer 20

as a doctrine in Christian theology) the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin.

Question 21

reformation

Answer 21

the action or process of reforming an institution or practice

Question 22

Martin Luther

Answer 22

A sixteenth-century German religious leader; the founder of Protestantism. Luther, a priest of the Roman Catholic Church, began the Reformation by posting his Ninety-five Theses, which attacked the church for allowing the sale of indulgences.

Question 23

Henry VIII

Answer 23

A king of England in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his Parliament, Henry established himself as head of the Christian Church in England, in place of the pope, after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved

Question 24

John calvin

Answer 24

French theologian and reformer in Switzerland: leader in the Protestant Reformation. 2. Melvin, 1911–97, U.S. chemist: Nobel Prize 1961. 3. a male given name: from a Latin word meaning “bald.”

Question 25

Huguenots

Answer 25

a French Protestant of the 16th–17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France.

Question 26

Anglican

Answer 26

of, relating to, or denoting the Church of England or any Church in communion with it.

Question 27

95 thesis

Answer 27

Ninety-five Theses, propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written (in Latin) and possibly posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Schlosskirche (Castle Church), Wittenberg, on October 31, 1517. This event came to be considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

Question 28

counter revolution

Answer 28

a revolution opposing a former one or reversing its results.

Question 29

ignatius of Loyola

Answer 29

A sixteenth-century Spanish priest of the Roman Catholic Church; the founder of the Jesuits. Ignatius of Loyola is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church.

Question 30

Zwingli An

Answer 30

Ulrich or Huldreich, 1484–1531, Swiss Protestant reformer. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun. 1. Zwingli - Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)

Question 31

Jesuits

Answer 31

a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education.

Question 32

scientific revolution

Answer 32

The scientific revolution refers to the rapid advances in European scientific, mathematical, and political thought, based on a new philosophy of empiricism and a faith in progress that defined Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Question 33

heliocentric theory

Answer 33

The theory that the earth revolves around the sun is called the heliocentric theory, helio meaning ‘sun’ and centric meaning ‘in the center.’ This theory was developed in parts by different astronomers over many years, namely Aristarchus, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.

Question 34

Sir Roger Bacon

Answer 34

also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor Mirabilis (Latin for “wondrous doctor”), was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical

Question 35

Kepler

Answer 35

German astronomer and mathematician who is considered the founder of celestial mechanics. He was first to accurately describe the elliptical orbits of Earth and the planets around the Sun and demonstrated that planets move fastest when they are closest to the Sun