Europe Flashcards
What is Lay Investiture
When wealthy nobles rewarded their friends by appointing them as religious leaders.
What was heresy?
The church didn’t allow people to question the faith.
What was Simony?
People bribed their way to power.
What was the worldly lives of the clergy?
People claimed that the church only wanted wealth and luxury and didn’t live a holy lifestyle.
How many Crusades were there and in what century?
8 Crusades in the 11th Century
Who launched the first crusade and when?
Poor Urban ll launched the first crusade in 1095.
Where was the first crusade launched and it was successful?
The first crusade regained Jerusalem and was successful.
What were the causes of the crusades?
- Wanted to unite Europe
- Friction between religion
- Greed for land and power
- Adventure into unknown territories and conquests
- Financial benefits (trade)
- Religious incentives
What were some of the negative outcomes of the Crusades?
- Intolerance of religions
- Lasted over 200 years
- Death
- Exhausted European resources
What were some of the positive outcomes of the Crusades?
- Stimulated trade between east and west
- Revived ancient trade routes
- Spread knowledge
- Religious Zeal
What groups conquered British ideas in the High Middle Ages?
The Angles and Saxons
When and what was the Battle of Hastings?
In 1066, Duke of Normandy vs. Harold of Wessex. Duke of Normandy beat Harold and crowned King of England.
Why was the Magna Carta drawn up?
King John clashed with the nobles and abused his power.
What year was the Magna Carta published and what was it?
Published in 1215, the Magna Carta:
- limits the Kings power
- protected feudal rights
- gave Church freedoms
- trial by jury
- due process of law
What were some results of the Magna Carta?
In 1260s, Edward l established Parliament which was divided into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Laws are based upon court decisions known as common law.
What was the role of the merchants in the town?
- Bought and sold goods
- Became respected by everyone and left a trail of wealth behind them
- Made people convert form agrarian economy to coinage system (money)
How did Kings benefit from the rise of the town?
They hired their own armies and freed themselves from the dependence of the nobility. The land also become easier to rule.
How did Universities develop in Europe?
Byzantine and Spanish Islamic scholars made it possible for the philosophic works of Aristotle, the writings of Euclid and Ptolemy, texts of Greek physicians, Arab mathematics and the corpus of roman law to circulate among western scholars.
What was scholasticism?
Method of studying based on logic and dialect.
What were the three basic social groups in the medieval society?
Landed Nobility- knights
Clergy- those who prayed
Peasantry/Village artisans- laborers
Describe the lives of Medieval Women
Worked in fields, trades and businesses. By 15, girls were apprentices in trade and learned marketable skills. Women were prominent in clothes and food industries. They went to school but not to universities.
How did England and France develop strong royal governments in the 13th century?
- Anglo-Saxons tax system
- Parlaying- holding conferences between Kings and lesser powers who had vested interests in royal decisions
- Common law
What were some preconditions leading to the Black Death?
- overpopulation
- economic depression
- famine
- bad health
- bad hygiene
- ancient trade routes revived
Who had a constitutional government?
England
What were the social and economic results of the Black Death?
- Shrunken labor supply and a decline in the value of estates of the nobility
- Serfs moved up in the social class because they were in high demand
- Church was politically weakened and losses as a great landholder
What is a patron?
A financial supporter.
What is vernacular?
Everyday language by the people as opposed to Latin.
How did the social convicts in the Italian city states help shape the Renaissance?
Warfare increased competition and the rise of despotism (people who abuse power)
Describe the characteristics of Renaissance art
- used oil paintings
- shading
- realism
- linear perspective
- accurate/lifelike pictures
Name 3 Renaissance artists
- Leonardo DiVinci
- Raphael
- Michelangelo
What were the political theories of Machiavelli?
- Ends justify means
- Admired heroic acts of ancient Roman rulers
- Duplicity
- Terror
- Sinical
- Deceitfulness
What was the Northern Renaissance?
A rebirth that occurred in European countries north of the Alps.
How was the Northern Renaissance different from the regular one?
Northern artists were interested in furnished, tapestries and illuminated manuscripts.
What was reborn in the Renaissance?
Everything- Science, Education, Rediscovery of Ancient Rome and Greece, Literature, Holy Roman Empire, Secular/Scientific beliefs, Creativity, Human Spirit. Medieval life to Modern life.
Why did the Christians blame the Jews for the plague?
Because they weren’t getting as easily sick (good hygiene), they were jealous of Jews’ financial success and religious intolerance.
How many casualties did the plague have?
75 million casualties
In the 1340s, what war took place and who was it between?
100-year-war, between Edward lll and Philip Vl
Which port did the plague enter first into Europe?
Messina, Sicily
Who were most effected by the plague and why?
Serfs because they had poor living conditions and no doctors.
Why was there a breakdown in social order because of the plague according to Giovanni Baccaccio?
People were abandoning the sick and not helping them in fear of catching it.
Who became the scapegoats of the plague and why?
The Jews were the scapegoats because the Christians were intolerant of their religion, Jews were better of financially and Jews weren’t catching the plague as often as Christians.
How were the Jews treated because Christians thought they brought the plague?
Slaughtered, burned alive.
Who were the flagellants and why did people flock to them?
Fanatics that believed that they can get rid of the plague by using violence to repent for their sins. People lost faith in the church so flocked to them.
What can you under were the causes of the plague spreading to Europe?
Ships/Trade, Direct Contact, and animals/insects
What were some symptoms of the plague?
Sudden fever and chills, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, swollen/tender lymph nodes, parts of body turn black, vomiting, bleeding
How did Medieval physicians try to treat the plague?
Draining buboes, bloodletting, bathe in urine.
What were some major effects that the plague has in Europe?
- Faith in religion decrease
- Inflation
- Fashions of nobility more extravagant
- Peasants empowered
- Social structure crashed
Describe the 100 years war
1337-1438. English King Edward lll tried to claim the French throne.
Why did the Renaissance take place in Italy?
- Papal States, Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan, Naples were prosperous trade cities and centers.
- Gateway between east and west
- Powerful merchant class promoted rebirth
- Bankers
- Competition for power between states
- Medicci family in Florence became most famous patron
Characteristics of the Renaissance.
- Emphasized artistic expression
- Looking back on Ancient Rome
- Secularism
- Individuality
- Humanism
- Creativity
- Renewed interest in learning
- Desire to explore human experience
- No longer focused on afterlife
What is humanism?
- Worldly issues
- Human Achievements
- Love of learning
- Secularism
- Study of Human Nature
- History
- Philosophy
What were the four problems of the Roman Catholic Church?
- Lay Investiture
- Heresy
- Worldly lives of the clergy
- Simony
