Europe Flashcards

1
Q

Italian peninsula

A

a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea

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2
Q

the Medici family

A

Medici family, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals.

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3
Q

Florence

A

a city in western central Italy, the capital of Tuscany, on the Arno River; population 365,659 (2008). Florence was a leading center of the Italian Renaissance, especially under the rule of the Medici family during the 15th century.

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4
Q

Humanism

A

an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.

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5
Q

Thomas Aquinas

A

Between antiquity and modernity stands Thomas Aquinas (ca. 1225–1274). The greatest figure of thirteenth-century Europe in the two preeminent sciences of the era, philosophy and theology, he epitomizes the scholastic method of the newly founded universities.

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6
Q

Renaissance

A

the revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th centuries.

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7
Q

Leonardo Da Vinci

A

Italian painter, scientist, and engineer. His paintings are notable for their use of the technique of sfumato and include The Virgin of the Rocks (1483–85), The Last Supper (1498), and the Mona Lisa (1504–05). He devoted himself to a wide range of other subjects, from anatomy and biology to mechanics and hydraulics: his 19 notebooks include studies of the human circulatory system and plans for a type of aircraft and a submarine.

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8
Q

Michelangelo

A

Alian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet; full name Michelangelo Buonarroti. A leading figure of the High Renaissance, Michelangelo established his reputation with sculptures such as the Pietà (c.1497–1500) and David (1501–04). Under papal patronage he decorated the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome (1508–12) and painted the fresco The Last Judgment (1536–41), both important mannerist works. His architectural achievements include the completion of St. Peter’s cathedral in Rome (1546–64).

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9
Q

Systems of patronage

A

The system of patronage is a system in which a powerful person holds authority and influence over a less powerful person, whom he protects by granting favors in exchange for loyalty and allegiance.

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10
Q

The printing press

A

a machine for printing text or pictures from type or plates.

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11
Q

Martin Luther

A

German theologian; the principal figure of the German Reformation. He preached the doctrine of justification by faith rather than by works and railed against the sale of indulgences and papal authority.

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12
Q

95 Theses

A

ninety-five Theses, propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written in Latin and possibly posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517.

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13
Q

Protestant Reformation

A

The Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine.

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14
Q

Henry VIII

A

Henry VIII was Kin-g of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is known for his six marriages and his efforts to have his first marriage annulled. His disagreement with Pope Clement VII about such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which he was excommunicated by the pope.

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15
Q

The church of England

A

the English branch of the Western Christian Church, which combines Catholic and Protestant traditions, rejects the pope’s authority, and has the monarch as its titular head.

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16
Q

Mary I

A

Mary I (born February 18, 1516, Greenwich, near London, England—died November 17, 1558, London) was the first queen to rule England (1553–58) in her own right. She was known as Bloody Mary for her persecution of Protestants in a vain attempt to restore Roman Catholicism in England.

17
Q

St. Ignatius

A

St. Ignatius of Loyola (born 1491, Loyola, Castile [Spain]—died July 31, 1556, Rome [Italy]; canonized March 12, 1622; feast day July 31) was a Spanish theologian and mystic.

18
Q

Jesuits

A

a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education.

19
Q

council of Trent

A

an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in Trento in Italy. Prompted by the opposition of the Reformation, the council clarified and redefined the Church’s doctrine, abolished many ecclesiastical abuses, and strengthened the authority of the papacy. These measures provided the Church with a solid foundation for the Counter-Reformation.

20
Q

Elizabeth I

A

(1533–1603), daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; queen of England and Ireland 1558–1603. Succeeding her Catholic sister Mary I, Elizabeth re-established Protestantism as the state religion. Her reign was dominated by the threat of a Catholic restoration and by war with Spain, culminating in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Although frequently courted, she never married.

21
Q

Spanish Armada

A

Spanish Armada, Great fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade England in conjunction with a Spanish army from Flanders. Philip was motivated by a desire to restore the Roman Catholic faith in England and by English piracies against Spanish trade and possessions.

22
Q

Tudor Dynasty

A

House of Tudor, an English royal dynasty of Welsh origin, which gave five sovereigns to England: Henry VII (reigned 1485–1509); his son, Henry VIII (1509–47); followed by Henry VIII’s three children, Edward VI (1547–53), Mary I (1553–58), and Elizabeth I (1558–1603).

23
Q

Heliocentric Theory

A

Heliocentrism is an astronomical model in which the Sun is at the center of the universe, and the Earth and other planets revolve around it1234. It replaced the earlier geocentric model that placed the Earth at the center.

24
Q

Geocentric Theory

A

Rejected by modern science, the geocentric theory (in Greek, ge means “earth ”), which maintained that Earth was the center of the universe, dominated ancient and medieval science.