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Bio 3: Voice of the Genome > Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Key features of a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • Has membrane bound organelles
  • Complex
  • Big ribosomes
  • If it has a cell wall = made of cellulose
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2
Q

Around what size is a eukaryotic cell?

A

20+ micrometres

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3
Q

What are the two main types of eukaryotic cell?

A
  • Animal cell

- Plant cell

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4
Q

List the organelles common to all eukaryotic cells

A
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosome
  • Centriole
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
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5
Q

Describe the nucleus 3

A
  • Enclosed by double membrane nuclear envelope
  • Contains nucleolus
  • Contains chromatin/chromosomes of DNA
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6
Q

What is the nuclear envelope composed of?

A

Two membranes containing many pores, allowing substances to move between cytoplasm and nucleus

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7
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A
  • Dense body where ribosomes are made
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8
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus? 3

A
  • Where ribosomes made
  • Contains instructions on protein making in genetic material
  • Controls cell activities through controlling DNA transcription
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9
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Spherical sacs bound by a single membrane keeping digestive enzymes inside (lysozymes) separate from the cytoplasm

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10
Q

What are the 3 functions of lysosomes?

A
  • Digest invading cells
  • Destruction of whole cells when old cells replaced/during development
  • Breakdown of unwanted structures in cells
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11
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Very small organelles made of RNA and proteins

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12
Q

What 2 places are ribosomes found?

A
  • On the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ReR)

- Free floating

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13
Q

Are ribosomes surrounded by a membrane?

A

No

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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15
Q

What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum made of?

A

A system of:

  • Interconnected
  • Membrane bound
  • Fluid Filled
  • Flattened sacs
  • Outer surface: covered in ribosomes
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16
Q

What are the 2 functions of the RER?

A
  • Folds and processes proteins from the ribosomes

- Transports proteins from ribosomes to other parts of the cell

17
Q

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum made of?

A

A system of:

  • Inerconnected
  • Fluid filled
  • Membrane bound
  • Flattened sacs
  • No ribosomes on the outer surface
18
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Synthesis of lipids and steroids (e.g reproductive hormones)

19
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Group of flattened fluid filled membrane bound sacs

20
Q

How is the Golgi Apparatus formed?

A

Fusion of vesicles from the ER

21
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Golgi Appartus?

A
  • Processes and modifies proteins and lipids
  • Package proteins and lipids in vesicles for transport
  • Makes lyosomes
22
Q

What do mitochondria look like?

A

Oval shaped organelles with a double membrane

23
Q

What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria look like and why?

A

Folded to form finger like projections (cristae) to increase surface area

24
Q

What is contained inside the mitochondria?

A

The matrix - containing respiration enzymes

25
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of ATP production

26
Q

Where are mitochondria found in large numbers?

A

Active cells requiring a high amount of energy

27
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Small hollow cylinderical tubes made of a ring of 9 protein microtubles

28
Q

What are the 3 functions of the centrioles?

A
  • Seperation of chromosomes in cell division
  • Transport within cell cytoplasm
  • Can develop into cilia and flagella
29
Q

How are centrioles found?

A

In pairs

30
Q

Give the steps of protein processing

A
  • Proteins made at the ribosomes
  • Enter rough ER lumen
  • Protein move through RER assuming 3D shape en enroute as they are folded and processed
  • Vesicles pinched off the rough ER contain the protein
  • Form flattened sacs of the Golgi Apparatus
  • Proteins undergo further processing at the Golgi Apparatus e.g addition of a carbohydrate to form glycoprotein
  • Secondary vesicles pinched off the GA contain the modified protein
  • Become part of vesicle membrane
  • Vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane releasing protein
31
Q

What defines a prokaryotic cell? 6

A
  • Single celled organism
  • No nucleus
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • Small ribosomes
  • Cell wall: murein
  • All have a plasmid
  • Some have a flagella and a capsule
32
Q

What is DNA in eukaroyotic cells like?

A
  • Long linear
  • Double helix
  • Folded around histones
  • Folded into chromosomes
  • Found in nucleus
33
Q

What is DNA in prokaryotic cells like?

A
  • Shorter and circular
  • No proteins/histones
  • No nucleus
  • Can be found in plasmids
34
Q

Which eukaryotic organelles contain their own DNA?

A
  • Mitochondria

- Chloroplasts

Bio 3: Voice of the Genome (9 decks)

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