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As-Level Biology - Cell Structure And Division - Baxter > Eukaryotic Cells And Organelles > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells And Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 main types of organism?

A

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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2
Q

What are prokaryotic organisms made up of?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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3
Q

What are eukaryotic organisms made up of?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

What do both types of cells contain?

A

Organelles

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5
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells are more complex

Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler

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6
Q

What are organelles?

A

Parts of cells

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7
Q

What does each organelle have?

A

A specific function

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8
Q

4 examples of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal, plant, algal and fungal cells

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9
Q

What organelles are found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell?

A

Cellulose cell wall

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

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10
Q

What is the similarity of algal and plant cells?

A

Carry out photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is the difference between algal cells and plants?

A

Algal cells can be unicellular or multicellular

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12
Q

What can be different about the chloroplasts in algal cells and plant cells?

A

In algal cells, chloroplasts can have a different size and shape to a plant

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13
Q

What can fungal cells be?

A

Unicellular or multicellular

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14
Q

What are the 2 differences between fungal cells and plant cells?

A

In fungal cells, cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose

Fungal cells don’t have chloroplasts

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15
Q

Why don’t fungal cells have chloroplasts?

A

They don’t photosynthesise

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16
Q

What is the cell-surface membrane also called?

A

The plasma membrane

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17
Q

What is the cell-surface membrane?

A

Membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of other cells

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18
Q

What is the cell-surface membrane made mainly of?

A

Lipids and protein

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19
Q

What is the function of the cell-surface membrane?

A

Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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20
Q

Why does the cell-surface membrane have receptor molecules on it?

A

So it can respond to chemicals like hormones

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21
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope which contains many pores

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22
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Chromosomes and one or more structures called a nucleolus

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23
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls the cell’s activities by controlling the transcription of DNA

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24
Q

What does the DNA in the nucleus contain?

A

Instructions to make proteins

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25
Q

What do the pores on the nuclear envelope do?

A

Allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

26
Q

What does the nucleolus make?

A

Ribosomes

27
Q

What is the structure of a mitochondrion?

A

Usually oval-shaped

Have a double membrane

28
Q

Explain the double membrane of a mitochondrion?

A

Inner one is folded to form structures called cristae

Inside is the matrix, which contains enzymes involved in respiration

29
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

A

Site of aerobic respiration

30
Q

What does aerobic respiration produce?

A

ATP

31
Q

Where are mitochondria found in large numbers?

A

In cells that are very active and require a lot of energy

32
Q

What is a chloroplast and where is it found?

A

Small, flattened structure

Plant and algal cells

33
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

Surrounded by a double membrane and also has membrane inside called thylakoid membrane

These mebranes are stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast to form grana

Grana are linked together by lamellae

34
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane

35
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

Site where photosynthesis takes place

36
Q

What are the Golgi apparatus?

A

A group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs

37
Q

Where are Golgi vesicles usually seen?

A

Edges of sacs

38
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins

Also makes lysosomes

39
Q

What is a Golgi vesicle?

A

A smalll fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus

40
Q

What is the function of the Golgi vesicle?

A

Stores lipids and proteins made bu the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

41
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure

A type of Golgi vesicle

42
Q

What does a lysosome contain?

What happens?

A

Digestive enzymes called lysozymes

These are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane and can be useful to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell

43
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

A very small organelle that floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

44
Q

What is a ribosome made up of?

A

Proteins and RNA

45
Q

Is a ribosome surrounded by a membrane?

A

No

46
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

Site where proteins are made

47
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space

48
Q

What is the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum covered in?

A

Ribosomes

49
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

50
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum but with no ribosomes

51
Q

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesises and processes lipids

52
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

A rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi

53
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

54
Q

What is the cell vacuole?

A

A membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm

55
Q

What does a cell vacuole contain?

A

Cell sap (a weak solution of sugar and salts)

56
Q

What is the surrounding membrane of a vacuole called?

A

Tonoplast

57
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid

This stops plants wilting

Also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell

58
Q

In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, what happens to the cells?

Why?

A

Become specialised

To carry out specific functions

59
Q

Why do sperm cells contain a lot of mitochondria?

A

To provide large amounts of energy needed to propel themselves towards an egg

60
Q

In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, what do specialised cells that are grouped together form?

A

Tissues

61
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells working together to perform a particular function

62
Q

What do different tissues that work together form?

A

Organs

As-Level Biology - Cell Structure And Division - Baxter (3 decks)

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