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Biology MCAT > Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes a eukaryotic cell different from a prokaryotic cell?

A

Has membrane-bound nucleus, organelles, and goes through mitotic division

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2
Q

Which eukaryotic cell does not have a nucleus or any other organelles?

A

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

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3
Q

What kind of DNA is found in eukaryotes?

A

Linear DNA on linear chromosomes

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4
Q

How many phospholipid bilayers make up the nuclear envelope?

A

2

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5
Q

Where does ribosome assembly occur? And what do ribosomes synthesize?

A

Occurs in the nucleus and synthesizes proteins

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6
Q

Who do you inherit your mitochondria from?

A

Your mother (her egg)

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7
Q

Why is mitochondria believed to have been a prokaryote?

A

Contains its own DNA (mtDNA), DNA is circular, and splits by binary fission

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8
Q

What is found inside of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

The mitochondrial matrix which contains the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

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9
Q

What is found in the wall of the inner membrane?

A

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and ATP synthase.

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10
Q

Where is the proton gradient formed to power ATP synthase?

A

Intermembrane space (between the outer and inner phospholipid membranes of the mitochondria)

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11
Q

What are the key points of cell theory

A

Cells are the basic unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells, and cells make up all living organisms. (NEW- genetic info encoded by DNA is transmitted from cell to cell)

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12
Q

Function of nucleus?

A

Stores and compartmentalizes genetic information

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13
Q

What do nuclear pores on the nuclear envelope (membrane) allow to enter and leave the nucleus?

A

RNA and proteins

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14
Q

Function of nucleolus?

A

Found in the nucleus and is responsible for ribosome assembly

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15
Q

What is the cells 2nd most basic function?

A

Metabolism= energy production

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16
Q

What organic compound is responsible for most of the energy in the cell?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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17
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Studded with ribosomes. Create proteins that feed into RER and they are folded into their 3D shapes with the help of chaperone proteins.

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18
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

No ribosomes. Involved in lipid metabolism (synthesis and breakdown), steroid hormone synthesis, detoxification , and storage of Ca in muscle cells (used to contract muscle)

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19
Q

What is the Smooth ER called in muscle cells?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

Which organ’s cells tend to have a high amount of Smooth ERs and why?

A

Liver because it is the detox center

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21
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus?

A

Receives transport vesicles full of protein in cis face, modifies proteins internally, then packages protein in membrane bound vesicles that bud off from trans face and head toward plasma membrane to be secreted. (Post office of cell)

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22
Q

Function of Lysosome?

A

Garbage disposal of cell. Pinch off of Golgi Apparatus. Involved with endocytosis and autophagy

23
Q

Endocytosis

A

How material from outside the cell is engulfed and brought to lysosome

24
Q

Autophagy

A

Intracellular waste recycling by lysosome

25
Q

In what pH do hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosomes work best?

A

4.5 - 5.0 pH

26
Q

Function of Peroxisome?

A

Accumulates and neutralizes peroxides, detoxify ethanol, metabolizes very long chain lipids via beta-oxidation.

27
Q

What is beta-oxidation?

A

The break down of fatty acids that generate energy.

28
Q

Function of Cytoskeleton?

A

Provides structural support to a cell and helps cell move

29
Q

List the 3 major components of the cytoskeleton from smallest to largest.

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules

30
Q

What do single G-actin monomers form when added to other G-actin monomers?

A

F-actin polymers

31
Q

Microfilaments structure and function?

A

Smallest of the 3 components. Double helix of actin polymers. Cell motility, endo/exocytosis, cell cleavage furrow, and interacts with myosin to initiate muscle contraction.

32
Q

Microtubules structure and function?

A

Largest of the 3 components. Polymers of the tubulin dimers (alpha and beta-tubulin). It maintains structural integrity, act as highways for motor proteins, make cilia and flagella, and create mitotic spindles to separate chromosomes in anaphase.

33
Q

Name the two motor proteins that walk across microtubules.

A

Kinesin and Dynein

34
Q

Kinesin

A

Motor ATPase. Moves in anterograde fashion. Moves from minus side to plus side. Moves from center of cell to edge of cell (like neuronal transmitters)

35
Q

Dynein

A

Motor ATPase. Moves in retrograde fashion. Moves from plus side to minus side. Moves from edge of cell to center of cell

36
Q

What important structure involved in anaphase do microtubules create?

A

Centrosomes which are composed of 2 centrioles which are made of 9 sets of microtubule triplets

37
Q

What is the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC)?

A

Centrosome

38
Q

What are flagella and cilia made out of?

A

Microtubules

39
Q

What are good examples of flagella and cilia?

A

Flagella (long and thin) - Sperm tail (uses ATP to flap back and forth)
Cilia (short) - help move substances along cell surface. Clears mucous out of lungs

40
Q

What do microtubules and microfilaments have in common?

A

Both have polarity (directionality in the plus and minus ends)

41
Q

How do microtubules and microfilaments polymerize (grow)? Depolymerize (shrink)?

A

Grow at plus end

Shrink at minus end

42
Q

Tread-milling

A

When monomers are added and removed simultaneously

43
Q

Function of capping proteins?

A

Prevent growth or shrinkage

44
Q

Function of Intermediate Filaments?

A

Provide structural support and are involved in cellular adhesion (interaction) process.

45
Q

List two common types of intermediate filaments.

A

Lamin - structural support of nucleus (cytoskeleton of nucleus)
Keratin - hair, nails, skin

46
Q

Are ribosomes membrane bound?

A

NO

47
Q

If scientists induce a deleterious mutation to all voltage gate cell-surface Calcium ion channels, could muscle contractions still occur? Why?

A

Yes, because calcium comes from the endoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

What is another name for vesicles surrounding proteins that are secreted from plant cells?

A

Vacuoles

49
Q

How can mutations affecting microtubules cause birth defects?

A

By impacting the ability for chromosomes to pull apart during anaphase

50
Q

Who discovered cells and when?

A

Robert Hooke and in 1665

51
Q

Net ATP from glycolysis (anaerobic) and where it occurs?

A

2 ATP and in the cytoplasm

52
Q

Net ATP of Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation and where it occurs?

A

30+ ATP and in Mitochondria

53
Q

Deleterious mutations in mtDNA can lead to what?

A

Malfunctioning oxidative metabolism

Biology MCAT (6 decks)

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