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A Level Biology: Topic 2 (Edexcel) > Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell wall in plants made of?

A

Insoluable cellulose

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2
Q

How does the cell wall become wood?

A

Impregnanted with lignin

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3
Q

What does pectin do in cell walls?

A

It holds the cell walls of neighbouring cells together and is formed as part of the middle lamella

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4
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary cell wall?

A

In a primary cell wall all the cells face the same way and it’s more flexiable. Secondary walls have more cellulose and are more ridged

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5
Q

What is the plasmodesmata?

A

Cytoplasmic bridges between cells to allow communication

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6
Q

What is the tonoplast?

A

A membrane that surrounds the vacuole and controlls what moves in and out

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7
Q

Why is the vacuole important in the cell’s water content?

A

The vacuole is filled with cell sap which means water moves into the cell by osmosis. This keeps the cell turgid once the turgor pressure stabalises and stops the plant from wilting

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8
Q

What are the similarities between chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A 
Large
Have seperate DNA
Have an outer membrane
Folded inner membrane
Endo-symbyotic theory
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9
Q

What are the differences between chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

Site of photosynthesis

Contain chlorophyll

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10
Q

How is magnification calculated?

A

Objective lense x magnification of eyepeice lense

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11
Q

What are the advantages of a light microscope?

A

Can use living tissue
Cheap
Portable

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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of a light microscope?

A

We have to prepare slides before we view them which may affect what we see
Limited resolution and magnification

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13
Q

How do you use an electron microscope?

A

Specimin must be dead and placed in a vacume

Electrons bounce off it to form an image

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14
Q

What are the benifits of using an electron microscope?

A

Huge magnification and resolution

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of using an electron microscope?

A

Must be dead first
Hard to prepare slides
Expensive
Not portable

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16
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane?

A

They control what comes in and out of the cell and allows the fluids either side of the cell to have different compositions

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17
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Membrane sacks that hold the secretions made in cells

18
Q

What two molocules make up cell membranes?

A

Lipids and proteins

19
Q

What kind of lipids are in the membrane?

A

Phospholipids

20
Q

What structure do the phospoholipids form in the membrane?

A

A bilayer

21
Q

How does the proportion of phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acids affect the fluidity of the membrane?

A

The more unsaturated fatty acids, the more fluid the membrane

22
Q

What is the main function of membrane proteins?

A

To help substances move in and out of the cell.

23
Q

In what ways can proteins help things move in and out of the cell?

A

Gated channels

Receptor molocules sensative to specific changes such as hormones

24
Q

What is the protoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm and the nucleus combined

25
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A

Surrounded by a double nuclear envelope with pores
Contains DNA and proteins
DNA bonded to proteins to form chromatin

26
Q

What is chromatin?

A

When DNA is bonded to proteins when the cell is not actively dividing

27
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

To produce ATP for energy

28
Q

What is the basic structure of a mitochondria?

A

They have an inner folded membrane and their own DNA

29
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A

When the cells divide, they pull apart to form spindle that are involved with the movement of chromasomes

30
Q

What are the two types of ribosome?

A

80s

70s

31
Q

Where are 70s ribosomes located?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

32
Q

Where are 80s ribosomes located?

A

Cytoplasm

33
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Covered in 80s ribosomes involved in the production and transport of proteins

34
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Where a vesicle fuses with the cell surface membrane and it’s contents are released outside the cell
requires energy

35
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Has no ribosomes

Involved with transporting steroids and lipids into the cells

36
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

A stack of membranes that modify proteins and package them into vesicles for transport

37
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

An organelle full of digestive enzymes to break down old organelles or cells

38
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of specialised cells carrying out a particular function

39
Q

What is an organ?

A

A structure made up of several different types of tissues grouped together to carry out a function

40
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to carry out particular functions in the body.

A Level Biology: Topic 2 (Edexcel) (4 decks)

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