Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
Nucleus
Double membrane with nuclear pores for selective passage of molecules
Nucleoli
Ribosome assembly
Cytoplasm
Everything other than nucleus and cell membrane
Cytoskeletal fivers and cytosol
Site of cellular processes like metabolism
Mitochondria (4 points)
-Energy production
-Location of citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
-Have mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and are self replicating
-mtDNA inherited maternally
Endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria originated from a bacterium engulfed by another cell
Mitochondrial inner membrane:
(3 points)
-Krebs cycle
-Electron transport chain complexes
-ATP synthase (for oxidative phosphorylation)
Cristae
Part of mitochondria, increase surface area of inner membrane
Mitochondrial inter membrane space:
(2 points)
-Proton gradient
-Facilitating ATP synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
-Net-like organelle ___ with ________
-Invaginations (___) increase surface area
-Net-like organelle continuous with the nuclear membrane
-Cisternae increase surface area
Rough ER:
1) ___ create rough appearance
2) ___ synthesize ___
3) In ER, ___ can undergo glycosylation, proteolytic ___, ____ bridge creation, and other function group addition
4) ___ synthesized usually destined for ___ or ___ in cellular membrane
1) -Ribosomes
2) -Ribosomes synthesize proteins
3) Proteins undergo - cleavage, disulfide bridge
4) Proteins secreted or embedded
Smooth ER:
1) No ___
2) Role in ___ ___ and ___ ___ synthesis
3) Extensive in ___ cells due to detox function
4) Participates in ___ production for cellular membranes
5) In muscle cells, specialized to store ___ for muscle contraction (___ ___)
1) No ribosomes
2) lipid metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis
3) liver cells
4) phospholipid production
5) calcium, sarcoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
1) stacks of chambers called ___
2) Receives ___ packed vesicles at ___ face, modifies, then packages into vesicles budding off from ___ face
3) Vesicles usually for ___ ___ of cell
1) cisternae
2) protein, CIS, TRANS
3) secretion outside of cell
Lysosome
1) “___ ___”
2) Fuses (via ___) with vesicles of ___ material needing ___
3) ___ intracellular ___ through autophagy
4) Contain ___ enzymes originate from ___ ___
5) Interior kept at pH of ___ to ___ for optimal enzyme function
1) Garbage disposal
2) Via endocytosis; with vesicles of extracellular material needing degradation
3) Degrades waste
4) Hydrolytic enzymes; from Golgi apparatus
5) pH of 4.5-5.0
Peroxisome
1) ___ and neutralizes ___
2) Protects from ___ stress
3) Role in very ___ ___ ___ ___ degradation and ____ of harmful substances
1) Accumulates peroxides
2) oxidative stress
3) long-chain-fatty-acid degradation and detoxification
Cytoskeleton
Provides :
Comprises :
Provides structure and enables movement
Comprises microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
1) ___ unit of cytoskeleton
2) Composed of intertwined stands of ___ ___
3) Role in cell ___, ___, cell ___, ___ contraction, as well as ___ and ___
1) Smallest
2) Actin polymers
3) Cell motility, phagocytosis, cell division, muscle contraction, as well as endocytosis and exocytosis
Microtubules
1) ___ than microfilaments, composed of ___-___ and ___-___ protein dimers
2) Maintains ___ ___ and ___ for ___ proteins
3) Forms ___ ___ during cell division
4) Part of eukaryotic ___ and ___
1) Wider; alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin
2) Maintains cell structure and highway for motor proteins
3) Forms mitotic spindle during cell division
4) Part of eukaryotic flagella and cilia
Kinesin and Dynein
Motor proteins walk along microtubules
Kinesin
Moves from cell center towards cell edfe (anterograde) - ex: delivering NT in neurons
Dynein
Moves from cell edge to the center (retrograde)
___ form part of the ___, the main microtubule organizing center
Centrioles; centrosomes
Flagella
Long, thin; propel cell forward (sperm)
Cilia
Short; move substances along cell surfaces
Polarity in microfilaments and microtubules :
1) one end labeled ___ and the other ___
2) Grow at the ___ end and shrink at the ___ end; known as ___
3) ___ proteins can halt polymerization by stabilizing either end
1) Plus; minus
2) Plus; minus
3) Capping proteins
