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Biology 2.1.1 Cell structure > eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • makes up multicellular organisms
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2
Q

describe the structure of the nucleus

A
  • nuclear pores allow movement of molecule e.g. mRNA
  • double membrane called nuclear envelope
  • contains chromatin
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3
Q

describe the function of the nucleus

A
  • contains genetic info (DNA) which directs protein synthesis
  • DNA associates with histone proteins to form chromatin which prevents the DNA getting tangled
  • controls metabolic processes
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4
Q

describe the nucleolus

A
  • responsible for producing ribosomes
  • composed of proteins and RNA
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5
Q

describe the structure of mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane folded to form cristae
  • fluid interior = matrix
  • contains mitochondrial DNA
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6
Q

describe the function of mitochondira

A
  • site of aerobic respiration
  • inner membrane coated in enzymes
  • energy stored in bonds of organic molecules
  • produces ATP
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7
Q

describe the structure and function of vesicles

A
  • membranous sacs
  • single membrane with fluid inside
  • transport materials inside the cell
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8
Q

describe the structure and function of lysosomes

A
  • specialised vesicles
  • contain hydrolytic enzymes
  • break down waste materials
  • role in immune system
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9
Q

describe the structure of the cytoskeleton

A
  • network of fibres
  • consists of microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate fibres
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10
Q

describe the function of the cytoskeleton

A
  • mechanical strength
  • maintain shape and stability
  • many organelles bound to cytoskeleton
  • microfilaments = cell movement
  • microtubules = scaffold-like structure
  • intermediate fibres = mechanical strength
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11
Q

describe the structure and function of centrioles

A
  • component of cytoskeleton
  • composed of microtubules
  • 2 centrioles form centrosome in organising spindle fibres
  • animal cells only
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12
Q

describe the structure and function of flagella

A
  • protruding extensions
  • enables cell mobility
  • detect chemical changes in cell’s environment
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13
Q

describe the structure and function of cilia

A
  • hair like
  • stationary = present on cell surface in sensory organelles
  • mobile = create a current to move fluid or objects adjacent to cell
  • 9+2 microtubules, parallel slide over each other causing beating motion
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14
Q

describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • network of membranes
  • flattened sacs called cisternae
  • connected to nucleus
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15
Q

describe the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

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16
Q

describe the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • ribosomes bound to surface
  • synthesis and transport of proteins
  • secretory cells have more RER
17
Q

describe the structure and function of ribosomes

A
  • free floating or attached to rough ER
  • not membrane bound
  • exits nucleus via pores
  • constructed of RNA and proteins
  • site of protein synthesis
18
Q

describe the structure of golgi apparatus

A
  • compact
  • folded membranes making cisternae
  • secretory vesicles pinch off from cisternae
19
Q

describe the function of golgi apparatus

A
  • modifies proteins
  • packages proteins into vesicles
  • form lysosomes
  • transport, modify and store lipids
20
Q

describe the structure and function of cell surface membrane

A
  • composed of lipids and proteins
  • regulates movement of substances in and out
  • receptor molecules allow it to respond to chemicals
21
Q

describe the structure and function of cellulose cell wall

A
  • freely permeable
  • gives it shape
  • keep cell rigid
  • defence mechanism
  • surrounds cell surface membrane
22
Q

cell wall pores

A
  • plasmodesmata
  • connect two cells by cytoplasm
  • enable exchange and transport of substances
23
Q

describe the structure of chloroplasts

A
  • double membrane
  • stroma fluid enclosed
  • internal membrane = thylakoids
  • several thylakoids = granum
  • granum joined by lamellae
  • granum contain chlorophyll
24
Q

describe the function of chloroplasts

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • contain DNA and ribosomes so can make proteins
  • found in green parts
25
Q

organelles involved in protein synthesis

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • ribosomes
  • golgi apparatus
26
Q

why do liver cells have so many mitochondria?

A

to provide sufficient energy to support the metabolic functions so large amount of ATP required

27
Q

what is the function of nuclear pores?

A

allows transport of mRNA and nucleotides

Biology 2.1.1 Cell structure (4 decks)

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